Rates Arate is a way of comparing two quantities that use different units. They usually involve the word per which means ‘for each’ and has the symbol /or the letter ‘p’ Arte is similar to a unit ratio—itis the number of the first quantity for every 1 of the second quantity. Some examples of rates are as follows. If the price of apples is $4.96/kg, you Hair grows at an average rate of will pay $4.96 for 1 kg of apples [Link] per month APPLES $4:96/kg Speed is rate that compares distance and time. Its used to describe how fast something is 1g for example, a car could be travelling at 60 kilometres per hour (kph or km/h), or a cheetah could be running at 25 metres per second (m/s or mps). [Link] speed of 60 km/h means that in 1 hour, a car would travel a distance of 60 km provided. it stayed at a constant speed, It is more likely that a car would speed up and slow down at various times during the hour. In this case, we would be calculating an average speed. = Slstance travelled average Speed ~ time taken This can also be written as the formula Worked Example 18 werd Calculate the average speed for the following. Express your answers correct to two decimal where necessary, that travels 360 km in 4} hours (©) a female athlete who sprinted 100 metres in 10.49 seconds 236 Pearson mathematics 8Thinking 4=360 km (a) 1 Write the formula for calculatin, @ I t=45h average speed. 2 Substitute the values for distance and time, 3 Evaluate. Note that as the original average speed = 80 km/h units are km and hours, the speed unit is km/h, (©) 1 Write the formula for calculating average speed 2 Substitute the values for distance and time, i049 3 Evaluate, rounding your answer to average speed = 9.55 m/s the stated number of decimal places. Note that as the original units are ‘metres and seconds, the speed unit ismis The unitary method Arte represents a certain number of a first quantity for every one of a second quantity. Calculating a number per ‘unit’ (where a ‘unit’ might be litres, kilograms, boxes or people) is a useful method for solving problems and is known as the unitary method. The first part of the method is similar to calculating a unit ratio, which was discussed in Section 4.3. Worked Example 19 (@) Arecipe for blueberry muffins requires 150 g of blueberries. The recipe makes 12 muffins. ‘What mass of blueberries is required to make 40 muffins? (b) 5 kg of potatoes costs $12.99, How much would 16 kg cost? Thinking Working (@ 1 Calculate the amount requitedfor (a) 150 g for 12 muffina one ‘unit’ (one muffin, 2 Multiply the amount per unit by the number of units (40 muffins) (0) 1 Calculate the price per unit (per kilo) 2 Multiply the price per unit by the = $2598 for 1kg number of units (16 kg) . x16 ) x16 $4157 for 16 ka 4 Ratio and rate 237We can modify the unitary method slightly if we are working with numbers that have common factors. Instead of finding the cost or amount per one unit, we can find it fr, say, 10 or 20 units or a number of units that is a common factor. For example, if 30 L of petrol costs $45, then we can calculate the cost of 50 L by first finding the cost of 10 L. $45 for 30L = $15 for 10L (+3) = $75 for 50 L (5) Similarly, if one number is a multiple of another, our task is made simpler. For example, if 1100 g of mixed nuts costs $2.50, then we can simply multiply by 3 to find the cost of 300 g. $250 for 100 g = $7.50 for 300 g (x3) Percentage rates of change A rate is often used to describe how quickly or slowly a quantity is changing over time. Speed is an example of distance changing over time. In order to track change over periods such as months, years or decades, the rate is often calculated as a percentage increase in the previous quantity: Percentage rates are commonly used to describe the yearly growth in a population (of a country, city or school), or financial growth (such as the value of shares in a business or the price of oil).A percentage rate is calculated by writing the change (the amount of increase ot decrease) as a fraction of the previous amount, then converting to a percentage. For example, ifthe population of a suburb increased in one year from 250 to 270 people, the percentage rate of change is: 29 x 100%, or 8% per year If the population continued to grow at this rate in the following year, the population at the end of that year would be 108% of 270: 1.08 x 270 = 292 (rounded to a whole number) Rates Navigator Q1, Q2, Q3, Q5, Q6, Q8, Q9, Q1 (Hh), Q2, Q3, Q5,Q7,Q8, Q1 (e}-(h), 2, Q3, 04, Q7, Q8, Q10, Q11, Q13, Q14, Q15, Q9, Q10, Q11, 12, 413, 15, Q9, Q10, 11, Q12, Q13, Q14, 18 @, G19, a21, 022 218, 020, a21, 022 216, a17, a8, @19, 220, a21 Equipment required: Calculator Fluency Cosy ' Calculate the average speed for the following, Express your answers correct to two decimal places where necessary (a) 80 kilometres travelled in 2 hours (b) 200 kilometres travelled in 4 hours {) 160 kilometres travelled in 2.4 hours (@) 150 kilometres travelled in 3.9 hours {¢) 1120 kilometres travelled in 12 hours () Cathy Dreemin running 400 m in 48,80 seconds {g) Michae! Quik swimming the 100 m freestyle in 49.2 seconds {(h) a parasail floating 3.5 km in 20 minutes 238 Pearson mathematics 82 (@) A recipe for ANZAC biscuits requires 125 g of butter. The recipe makes 24 cookies. What mass of butter is required to make 100 cookies? (Answer to the nearest gram.) "(QLa9 (b) 4kg of tomatoes costs $19.75, How much would 10 kg cost? (€) A box of 24 mangoes costs $65. How much would 20 mangoes cost? (&) Arecipe for vegetable soup requires three stalks of celery. The recipe feeds fou How much celery is required if soup is to be made for 11 people’ 3. The following table shows the change in population of Australia's three largest cities, as ‘well as Australia’s total population in the year from June 2008 to June 2009. city Population 30 June 2008 | Population 30 June 2008 | Change Sydney 4419075 4504 469 85394 Melbourne 3902059 3995 537, 98.478 Brisbane 1952158 2004262 52104 ‘Australia - Total 21498540 21955 256 456716 For each of the cities, and also for the whole of Australia: (a) calculate the increase in population as a number of people per week (b) express the change in population as a percentage increase in the 2008 population (Round answers to two decimal places.) (€) Ifthe population continued to grow by the rate calculated in (b), what would the population have been by June 2010? 4 (a) Mal has just started his annual get-fit campaign. He wishes to jog 5 km a day in the first week. If the 5 km took him 45 minutes to complete, his average speed would be closest to: A 0.15 kmih B 3.75km/h © 545 kmih, D 6.7 kmh (b) Angela has just completed her daily 4 km walk. Today, it took her 40 minutes. Angela's average speed, in metres per second, was: A 100 mis B 167 mis c mis D 0.0017 mis 5 Find the cost of petrol, in centsilitre, for each of the following situations. Give your answers correct to the nearest tenth of a ce! (a) It costs $37 for 30 litres, {(b) It costs $31.40 for 25 litres. (6) It costs $22.84 for 15.7 litres (6) It costs $66.52 for 46.8 litres. 6 A typical healthy resting heart rate for an adult is in the range 60-80 beats per minute (bpm). Find the number of beats per day if the rate is: (@) 60 bpm (©) 80bpm Understanding 7 (a) Emily walked 22 kilometres at a constant speed of 4 km/h. How long did it take her? (b) Luan averaged 80 km/h in her car for’3 hours. How far did she travel? 4 Ratioand rate 239240 8 Here are Martha's ingredients for scones. The quantities shown make 12 scones. Rewrite the quantities of ingredients to make 40 scones. 4 cups self-raising flour 2 tablespoons icing sugar mixture cup milk 3 cup thickened cream $ cup thickened crea 1 egg, lightly beaten 9 In one-day cricket, the ‘run rate’ is the number of runs that need to be scored each over by the batting team in order to win the match Australia needed to score 215 runs to win a 50-over cricket match against England, (a) Find the run rate required at the start of the innings, (b) If Australia had scored 42 runs in the first 10 overs, find the run rate required for the next 40 overs for Australia to win the match. (6) Shane Watson scored 20 runs from 16 balls Express his run rate as the number of runs per bal (@) David Hussey scored 68 runs from 89 balls. Express his run rate as the number of runs per ball 10 Calculate the following. Use mental strategies wherever possible. (@) Ham costs $13/kg, F yw much does it cost for: @ 500g (i) 250 g? (©) Dried apricots cost $9/kg. How much does it cost for: @ 100g (i) 300 g? (€) 30. of petwol costs $42. How much does it cost for @ 201 i) 50L? (€) Chocolate-coated nuts cost $3/100 g. How much does it cost for: @ 250g (i) 350 g? 11. Water costs $1.7924 per kilolitre (KL). For each of the following charges for water supply, find the amount of water used, correct to four decimal places. (@) $52.40 (b) $16.55 (©) $22.40 (a) $18.90 PEARSON mathematics 812. The following currency conversion table gives some conversion rates for the Australian dollar to other currencies on a particular day. The first column tells you how much of the other currency you will get if you exchange one Australian dollar (1 AUD). The second column tells you how many Australian dollars you will get if you exchange one unit (dollar, real, pound or yen) of the other currencies 1 AUD IWAUD “American dollar 0.989.139 1.01098 Brazilian real 1.65245 0.605 168 British pound (0,618 406 161706 Tapanese yen. 80.7705 0.012.229 ‘New Zealand dollar 130534 0.766085 {@) Calculate how much $500 Australian dollars would be worth in: @ American dollars @@ Brazilian reals, (i) British pounds (0) You have 2500000 Japanese yen. ‘How much would you get in Australian dollars for this amount? (6) You have 750 New Zealand dollars, How much would you get in Australian dollars for this amount? 13 The following table gives the population and the percentage growth rate of that population in July 2010 for the world and a number of countries in the Asia~Pacific region, Country | Population | Growth rate (million) (2) World 6768 1.133 ‘Australia 223 17 China 1330 0.494 India 1173 1376 Indonesia 243 1.087, (@) Assuming the population growth rate remains constant for each country, find an estimate for the population of the world and each of the countries listed above for: @ 2011 iy 2012 Round your answers to one decimal place (0.1 million) (b) Which country has the: @ fastest growth rate (i) slowest growth rate? (6) What would a growth rate of zero tell you about the population of a country? (4) What would a negative growth rate tell you about the population of a country? 4 Ratioand rate 2471 biscuits looks like this: 14 The nutritional information table on a packet of ex Per serving: 179 Per i006 (one biscuit) Protein 52g Fat — total 26.78 Fat — saturated 31g Carbohydrate — total cary Carbohydrate ~ sugars 2768 Use the unitary method to complete the’per serving’ column. 15 Emily and Josh went bushwalking and travelled approximately 6.5 km in the first 3 hours, Correct to two decimal places: (a) what was their average speed? (b) If they maintained this speed for the next 52 houts, how far would they teavel fh total over the day? Reasoning 16 Kieran and Jess walk to the bus stop each day. The stop is approximately 1.8 km away. I it takes them 20 minutes, calculate their average speed in (@) metresiminute — (b) km/h. 17 In May 2010 the following world records stood. All events are athletics except for the 100 m swimming, 100m | 100m swimming | 400m | 5000m. Marathon (42 km) Men | 9585 46915 43.185 | 12min 3735s | 2h3min 59s Women | 10.495 52078 47.60 [14min 1115s | 2h 15min 25s (@)_ Whatis the average speed of the men’s 100 m running record in mis to one decimal (b) Ifthe men could maintain the speed calculated in part (a how long would it take to cover the 42 km of the full marathon? (Answer to the nearest minute.) () What is the average speed in m/s for both the women’s 100 m and 5000 m running events, to two decimal places? (d) Inwhich event is the ratio of the men’s time to the women’s time closest to 1:1? (@) Complete the following sentence. (Write the answer correct to two decimal places.) ‘Men can run 100m —____ times faster than they can sivim 100 m. 18 (a) As the use of electricity increases so does its cost. For the first 1000 kilowatt hours (KWh) the cost is 19.05 cents per kWh. Any extra energy consumed is charged at 1951 cents per kWh. Find the cost of: @ 1203kWh =) 1424KWh i) 1046 KWh (vy 1822 KWh (b) Now, find, correct to two decimal places, the number of KWh used if the total cost is @ $172.50 $199.85 (i) $203.45 (iw $220.90 242, Pearson mathematics 819. The graphs below show the population growth rates for Australia (blue) and China (green) over the past 50 years. Population growth rate Percentage change oresicent population compared to previous year 4% 35% an 25x Austrata 2x 2.05% 15% 1% osx ox 1960 1970 980 1990 2000 2009 Population growth ate Percentage change of resident copulation compared o previous yoar 1960 1870 1980 +880 2ac0 208, . {ookat ne dtonce | (a) What does a growth rate of 0% indicate? | inthe numbers onthe | {o) What unusual thing happened to the Chinese population in the early 1960s? Lsonnece gopne, | {e) Summarise the population growth rate of Australia over the past 50 years. (@) Summarise the population growth rate of China over the past 50 years. {6) List some possible reasons for the differences between the two countries. (f) What further information do you require to be able to calculate how many people ‘were added to each population in 20097 4 Ratioand rate 24347 20 The pink line on the graph below shows the population of Australia steadily increasing. Itrepresents the actual number of people over the period 2000-2100. (Note that the part ofthe graph after 2010 is the predicted population.) The blue line on the graph shows the percentage growth rate of the population. After a sharp increase near the beginning, it decreases for most of the time period shown. (2). What are the two main ways that the population of a country can grow? (b) Explain how the population can keep increasing even though the growth rate is decreasing, ‘Australian population so PO ns) Perea 5 4 18 “ 14 % 12 * 10 2% os 20 ‘s os 10 Joa 5 Jo2 ° loo 2000 2010 2020-7030 7040 2050 2060 2070 2080 ©2000 2100 — Persons LHS) — Growth FHS) Open-ended 21. Make a list of factors that could influence the rate at which a population of a city or a country could grow. 22 By estimating the time between haircuts and the length of hair the hairdresser cuts each. time, calculate the growth rate of your hair in mmiweek. Outside w: Happy numbers & ‘Strategy options + Guess and check. + Work backwards, + Test all possible combinations. Bi remonreiramaties