Disaster Risk Reduction and
LESSON: DISASTERS PROFESSOR: RONAN S. BAUTISTA (SIR BASTI)
QUESTIONS: TOPIC: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND HAZARDS
Why do Volcanoes
Erupt?
- The built-up
pressure causes
it to burst due
to higher
temperatures.
What are the
Classifications of
Volcanoes
- Active
Volcanoes
- Dormant
Volcanoes
- Extinct
Volcanoes
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
- Volcanoes that have a history of eruption for the past
few years, and are likely to erupt again
- Examples: Taal and Mayon
DORMANT VOLCANOES
- Volcanoes that haven’t erupted in a while but are
possible/have signs to erupt again as they show some
activity.
- Examples: Pinatubo
EXTINCT VOLCANOES
- Volcanoes that do not have any current activity, and
are not expected to erupt again.
- Examples: Mount Batulao
VOLCANO HAZARDS
LAVA FLOW
- Once magma reaches the surface, it is then called lava.
- A cascade of lava streaming down the slope of a
volcano.
DOME GROWTH
- Formation of lava domes of viscous magma that
solidified around the vent.
- It spews out and thickens the volcano.
PYROCLASTIC
- Pyro = Fire, Clastic = Materials comes with the smoke
(the fragments)
- Small pieces of debris, rocks, ashes, and smoke mixed
that come from the explosion of volcanoes.
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
- Composed of an extremely hot mixture of rock
fragments, expanding gases, and ashes with a
temperature greater than 800 Celsius.
- The flow moves with a speed of 10 m/s to 200 m/s
PYROCLASTIC SURGE
- It is also a pyroclastic flow except it has fewer rock
fragments and more gases, making it less dense. It’s
gassier.
BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- Happens due to the built-up gas pressure that quickly
launches volcanic materials, particularly volcanic
bombs and blocks bigger than 64mm, high up in the air.
VOLCANIC GASES
- Super small particles that are harmful to inhale, which
are toxic, and cells in our lungs get hurt In the process.
- Water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.
LAHAR FLOW
- A mixture of volcanic ashes, debris, fragments, and
water that flows out of the volcano. It is also known as a
mudflow or volcanic debris flow.
- It is a type of pyroclastic surge, but with water.
- Consistency is like cement and it dries like cement,
- Bacolor Church na nakalowered lol
VOLCANIC ERUPTION PREPARATION AND SAFETY REMINDERS
SUMMARY:
Active volcanoes, such as Taal and Mayon, exhibit frequent eruptions and are
expected to erupt again in the near future. Dormant volcanoes, like Pinatubo, have not
erupted recently but display signs of potential activity. Extinct volcanoes, exemplified by
Mount Batulao, show no current signs of activity and are not anticipated to erupt again.
Volcanic hazards include lava flow, which occurs when magma reaches the surface
and streams down the volcano's slope, and dome growth, where viscous magma
solidifies around the vent, thickening the volcano. Pyroclastic events involve the
expulsion of hot rock fragments, gases, and ashes during volcanic eruptions, with
pyroclastic flows and surges being particularly dangerous due to their high temperatures
and speeds. Ballistic projectiles, propelled by built-up gas pressure, can launch volcanic
materials into the air, posing a risk to surrounding areas. Additionally, volcanic gases,
such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, can be harmful to inhale. Lahar flows,
resembling cement in consistency and drying, are mixtures of volcanic debris, ash, and
water that flow from the volcano's slopes, posing further danger to nearby communities.
Disaster Risk Reduction and
LESSON: DISASTERS PROFESSOR: RONAN S. BAUTISTA (SIR BASTI)
QUESTIONS: TOPIC: LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES
The occurrences of landslides that can be caused by one or
several factors
GEOLOGICAL
- Refers to the particular features of the material making
up for the slope.
- Generally, this type-causing landslide involves the
physical characteristics of the rock and mineral
composition and features of the slope.
MORPHOLOGICAL
- Alnd structure is considered under this type of cause.
- A slope with decreased vegetation cover due to fire or
drought is highly prone to landslides.
- Plants and roots prevent the soil from sliding down the
slope.
HUMAN ACTIVITY
- The impact of human activity aggravates the conditions
leading to landslides (mining.)
TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
FLOW
- The landslide movement is
marked by high speed
due to the fluidity and
consistency and water.
- Debris flow, mudflow,
mudslide
TOPPLE
- The landslide movement is
characterized by the
tumbling over of a blocked
unit or units due to gravity,
the added force exerted by neighboring units, and
water in the fissures.
SLUMP
- The landslide movement is
characteristic of the sliding
mass movement of
materials along an arched
position of the slope.
SLIDE
- The landslide movement
happens along weak
portions of the slope such
as a fault, joint, or a
bedding plane.
CREEP
- The unnoticeable gradual
motion of material
characterizes the type of
landslide movement.
FALL
- Free-falling of the materials
that include bouncing or
rolling happens in this type
of landslide movement.
TYPES OF SINKOLES
DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE
- Since a thin layer of
soil or vegetation
covers the limestone
bedrock, rainwater
finds its way into
spaces within the
bedrock and
dissolves the rocks,
gradually forming the
dissolution sinkhole
a.k.a limestone-
solution sinkhole.
COVER-SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE
- Sediments like
sand lying on
the bedrock fill
in the cavities
within the
bedrock, which
slowly sinks the
surface and
creates the
cover-subsi-
dence sinkhole.
COVER-COLLAPSE SINKHOLE
- Can suddenly form, making it the most dangerous type
of sinkhole. It takes place in an area with a layer of clay
covering the bedrock.
SUMMARY:
Landslides can be triggered by various factors, including geological, morphological,
and human activity. Geological factors involve the characteristics of the slope material,
such as rock composition and slope features. Morphological factors consider the land
structure and vegetation cover, with decreased vegetation increasing landslide
susceptibility. Human activities like mining exacerbate these conditions. Landslides
manifest in different types, including flow, topple, slump, slide, creep, and fall, each
characterized by distinct movement patterns. Sinkholes, another geological
phenomenon, come in different forms such as dissolution sinkholes, formed by the
gradual dissolution of limestone bedrock, cover-subsidence sinkholes, caused by
sediment filling cavities in the bedrock, and cover-collapse sinkholes, which can
suddenly form, posing significant danger, especially in areas with clay covering the
bedrock.