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River Sand - Bamban River,

Lahar Sand - Pampanga
Tarlac
Granural material passing 3/8 in
sieve or No.4 (4.76mm) and
retained on No. 200 sieve
Result of natural disintergration
and abrasion of rock
Kinds of sand available in the market:
Lahar or White Sand
Natural or River Sand
 Granural material retained on No. 4
(4.76mm) sieve
Result of processing of weakly bound
conglomerate
Sizes of gravel available in the market:
3/4
3/8
G1
G4
Product result from the artificial
crushing of rock resulted from
crushing operation or from blasting
Crushed Shells Fibers

Aggregate added to concrete in

order to attain a certain
characteristics
Brands used in the Philippines:
Rizal
Holcim
Republic
APO
Island

A binder, a substance that sets

and hardens independently, and
can bind other materials together.
The water used should be clean
and free from injurious quantities
of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar,
organic materials, vegetable
growth
Potable water is generally
considered satisfactory for mixing.
The pH value of water should be
not less than 6.
TYPES OF ADMIXTURES:
Accelerators....................early-strength development
Air detrainers..................decrease air content
Air entraining....................improve durability in environments
An ingredientsofother than water, & alkali
freeze-thaw,sulfate
aggregates, cement, and fibers
Bonding admixtures..................increase bond strength
that are added to the concrete
Coloring agents....................colored concrete
Corrosionbatch
inhibitors..................reduce
immediately beforesteel or corrosion activity
Pozzolans......................improves
during mixing. workability, plasticity, sulfate
resistance; reduce alkali reactivity,
This is added to permeability, heat of hydration
change certain
Fungicides..................control
characteristics of thebacterial
concretegrowth
Pumping aids................improve pumpability
Retartders................retard setting time
Superplasticizer.....................reduce water-cement ratio
Water reducer...................reduce water
Pantheon
Roman Temple

Location Rome
Built in 126 AD
To minimize shrinkage:
Keep minimum amount of water
Cure well
Place in small sections
Use construction joints to control cracks
Use shrinkage reinforcement
 Creep
Deformation of structure under sustained
load.

Building damage caused by creep

in Hayward, California
,
Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete ASTM Method C [Link]
• One-third to four-
fifths of the ultimate
compressive strength
 Plain Deformed
• Not used very often • Have ribbed projections
except for wrapping rolled onto their
around longitudinal surfaces (patterns
bars, primarily in differing with different
columns. (e.g. ties and manufacturers) to
spirals) provide better bonding
between the concrete
and the steel.
Plain Deformed
• Indicated by their diameters • Vary in sizes from #3 to #11,
in fractions of an inch as with two very large sizes,
3/8” ф, ½” ф, and 5/8” ф. #14 and #18

Reinforcing bars may be purchased in lengths up to 60 ft. Bars longer than 60 ft

are too flexible and difficult to handle.
1.10 GRADES OF
REINFORCING
STEEL
GRADES & MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTHS
Minimum Yield Strength
inch-pound metric
grade grade in pounds in
per square inch megapascals

Grade 40 Grade 280 40,000 280

Grade 60 Grade 420 60,000 420

Grade 75 Grade 520 75,000 520

1. ASTM A615, billet steel, grades 40 and 60.
2. ASTM A616, rail steel, grades 50 and 60.
3. ASTM A617, axle steel, grades 40 and 60.
4. ASTM A706, low-alloy steel, grade 60.
 Applicable ASTM Standard by Grade
Mark Meaning 300 &
40 & 50 60 75 420 520
350
S billet A615 A615 A615 A615M A615M A615M
I rail A616 A616 — A996M A996M —
Rail
Meeting
Supplem
IR A616 A616 — — — —
entary
Require
ments S1
A axle A617 A617 — A996M A996M —
Low-
W — A706 — — A706M —
alloy
IDENTIFYING
MARKS
ON
REINFORCI
NG
BARS
 BAR IDENTIFICATION MARKS

3rd ---TYPE STEEL:

S for billet meeting supplemental requirements S1
(A 615)
N for new billet (A 615)
R for rail meeting ASTM A617, Grade 60 bend test
requirements (A616)
for rail (A616)
A for axle (A617)
W for low alloy (A706)
 Continuous line Number system
Grade Metric grade
system number stamped onto bar

1 line running
the length of the
bar
60 420 offset at least 60 4
five spaces from
the center of the
bar
2 lines running
the length of the
bar
75 520 offset at least 75 5
five spaces from
the center of the
bar
PAG-ASA STEEL WORKS, INC.
408 AMANG RODRIGUEZ AVE., MANGGAHAN,
PASIG CITY
TEL 646-2196 TO 99, 646-5945 | FAX 681-4601 |
CONTACT@[Link]
PAG-ASA STEEL WORKS, INC.
408 AMANG RODRIGUEZ AVE., MANGGAHAN,
PASIG CITY
TEL 646-2196 TO 99, 646-5945 | FAX 681-4601 |
CONTACT@[Link]

Our products are made in accordance with Philippine

National Standards for Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement, under PNS-49:2002.
1.12
FINE AGGREGATES
AGGREGATES COARSE AGGREGATES

--granular material when used

natural AGGREGATES
with a cementing medium forms
a hydraulic cement concrete manufactured AGGREGATES
or mortar. recycled AGGREGATES
 MAXIMUM-SIZE
AGGREGATES

These limiting values are as follows:

 one-fifth of the narrowest dimension

between the sides of the forms
 one-third of the depth of slabs, or
 three-quarters of the minimum clear
spacing between reinforcing
 NOTATIONS

1.13 LOADS D = dead load

E = earthquake load
F = load due to fluids
H = load due to lateral
pressure of soil
and water in soil
L = live load
Lr = roof live load
P = ponding load
W = load due to wind
pressure
T = self-straining force
and effects from
contraction or
expansion
1.14 DEAD
LOADS
Frame
Walls
Floors
rooF
Plumbing
Fixtures
 Snow and Ice

 Rain
 Traffic loads for bridges
(truck or train wheels)

 Impact loads
(vibration of moving or movable loads)
 Lateral loads
◦ Wind loads
◦ Earthquake loads

 Longitudinal loads
(stopping train on railroad bridge or a truck on a
highway bridge)
 Other live loads:
◦ Soil pressure

◦ Hydrostatic pressure

Blast Load