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ছায়া রসায়ন

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16 views37 pages

P-Block Elements

ছায়া রসায়ন

Uploaded by

sakshormohanto5252
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
| Wecuse * | ware p-ae GiePrR | YEARWISE EXAM TREND ANALYSIS 21 ta | ens Os 1/229 + EXAM |Mea] ia) Qs. |Marks| Marks| JEM | Apwoneer | Wecuse | wouee JEEMAIN ‘AIPMT/NEET| Ween chee: Erabvfom, egies Wecnse | Wouee | JEE-MAIN AIPMT/NEET| | WOIEE | JEE-MAIN -AIPMTINEET 2013 ‘8 WBCHSE ‘ WBUEE © JEEMAIN © NEEV/AIPMT 2014 2015 2016 2017 ene) [ie toon one-one vive ean sae apo oat "om sh sy titan @ | | wanna bae ea M idie Giowitors) wale Bp Hor bea, ‘alls 9 tateghe @ bila @ | loca Gert om BereBat era ates auea feat pRB CURE ame BTS SIN eA TTA p aT CA Faeal @ vriroratia p-ace of qr ome | aya 713, 115,16, 17 ae 10 (RAI ereT| ARE geo Si eee OMB Lo pF GT AEA © paw cites wees vec TTT here: ns?np!-6, crm n= 2-6] Tt ara here ERRATIC CREECH (inner core) Abeer AH AT AT a A OTH PAE CAS tara eee tees aS =eAT ATL] ie ay Sein 0 paar cient eran seers ashes eae AMM STO CATE leery cannes, enite SnTeT SETS “TT art) @ =e prs BETES (CX,, X =F. Cl. Be, 1) tot ae fey warn wengtr cmenates att A [siFgI2~. [GeCl,]?-. (SnCI,F2°. [PbCI,|?> Fen i] afro: d-wtemcaa CaPutea oar gata at 6 srtcnt erga fata seircas citeryfira gearn cifice afar ee] com, srice GEremamoyft (CCl. CBr, Yen) ciftcafe re at REE peat wenn tena Soertwyhs (SIC, Sach, Penh) emesis eel ea eet re Foret ag 31 FET PACT SAN NAL ACO prep ETAT ata am, oor C=C, C=C. NSN, C=O, N=0, CoN Ten ak amor xa ont tenga cmca fauferter atl @ raghns x ame ota aa, Fey Of amr ddr etre sect aay ayfit Ea dx-px A dr-dx 761 SEF, SO, BIC Fe x amet A da-pa a UAE PA pa-pxl BF da-px amey miretaa asi wiyt sa -widenesa ret cfc ae® wigt apie afore m2] @ acer de amen p-witia coat Ge ata, ot ange PRAT dx-pr RUST TWH px-pr TAA WOT FO dr-px wera cw oe Shayne sae BATT eeu SN fSorer tem gRY ot SE, 45 OFT TUN am P ESR NOS (3 ceraftern, cnet No xara ar p-afdins araeta aa) ate POP (4 EMER, GMI P, Ont AT x ame oT Ad RE arama tA) UcsHTETTETT TB BTA ce les ey gris Serges seen ews maeee Bore Ra nap! RO n= 2.6 | RET ER OTT EY OT eee A BOER TT 10S GSA aK TATA TA OT ee oy $F ESR TER, he am 2 Sees Ne Rea Wo aes ESB as ere ayy (inner core) ZE=R, TEES SR DEES Be j ox = 10 d ot Sore 1 [iter 2°2p! ew [asaeaptaeapt Teel3e3p! a [iF ataptaaptaa Paap [ar] 3daPaph i s [tea FatapAsaiacaphaalisstep! [ke sa5 apt | i & [Leta Aa RU a PS sdMEAEp! | (Xela ad Et6pt H13 HPPA BiglSe erg Otter, MeEN s wine ctagine angie op ® —. mi rg Ss Svs Se Ss EW] STSETEE (Germanite) = fran Tl>Ga>Al> in! ctengfe were, Arete are pet cereeMaT are st: . Aly < Sf, < Afly Gt Te eis ahenyer 3@ crore Perea ew at aT IB se Dre ee 1B peor Ser! ea a ee a 0, ot aA mmnad TaN cram com GBS +3 | Tag Urea a Tene ga erect BSS cae ta my, sfaacé a won aoe ys ec OTN a tT al Alaa ae at (aret AICI, ) TATE eS ARDEA B aa Al Ypma 63 aie came ria aera, fg Ga, In SAT) +3naA ren 61 Dre tS wer aera, Ure AT sfraérta ort wad eset cet) v3 Or ETE Pafeheret AL Mee T)-a get Peo ae 6 TY HOT Pafetierer gant git omni 1 ey cere Pafeterett Al1000°C) “RTO ace areca errr FE: Cero TET aT] Sfke-wergest B ofS camncen resi ca oH, ae Tee were yt TATT F ce Al-a safer rata afer ama are Soe ‘ef pe -aarerarets 2 goer afer om et d 9 Poste git oat tera es crac artenh Frsfaer or x ® BAL S Gace yfare snaaiiesr amin Ger CU TL AL Gee Tha 41 Die can gm Partzenat Bar Ce TPs sega fem ont CA cat WH em oT Ina Yate That a, at 3 cat att ote Gaga eroraretaee arpa ql cae Geyer =e cae Bega once carat aA Be SET =H GET? Commarea cata ait orem afta mh —ansat =P BANC Tha ome Here ae hes om ea? Ws Merrycea attain wf (Chemical properties of group-13 elements) This chorea onorersecm: a Pere eace NTL ETF ae chagfa amutate apt ot i ak Tent Ree eT et rae tt Gee TE 4a Ota erm samen 2A1,05() Wee trem ciate acer fafa BS ARNE aia 41 2B(s) + No(g) 2» 2BN(s); 2AN(s) + Ng(g) 2+ 2AIN(2) Ga. In ae 1) atecercorera moe afaru ake ott A aca a al i ety a BN Be cai . | gee oN. “Ya onsret jet rem coerng Meat, et Vongte arene Ol ace rpporgfe asta va AEM NA B GN “A eexnc creer aoa | ete SEI wai ae | eremame Da ce atta gra iter arree) Teta on aooreptece fet rere OAT CE NIA SPARE (inorganic graphite)" At ea (fe naj! WANES aay EE FRTET TMT tt ihypes steepest eheateyfy one cer fate EWES or ATH: M,O, + 31,0 — 2M(OH, U) gow oma sce Agr URES o Mtaetoyia ephes oferta P| BO, ah MOM), 233 TRE | sat ere aedige LOH MTEA THE “TOA ETA! 8,0, + 2NaOH ~+ 2NaBO,(OMTSRTE EATS) + 11,0 tu) gore oo orca tie acer cael ETH om ae staat sed of stn ae RENT ONT ond NE te toe array arora ATT, BOL MO SH Fee he er cp are Ta fc OW nia omen gfe mal yea, AL s rtgatoyir tal ar ins That ‘ atesanreye aeeth 10,0, ALO, | Ga,0, 1,0, Oy) See came cumyften ane emgiaeanra steers rs ce sea Soca cen fafa aca wat bat eT © A1,0, + 2NaOl-2NaAIO, + HO ALO, + 611CI-+2AICL, + 31,0 © AON), ¢ NaOH--Na* [AKON] S amor 2A(OH), + 3H,SO,-eAL (504), + 61,0 vi) Sterna ye eeera eft tr ea: sf ero gIeS (THOH),) ate soar stegsney COM) | THOHD, oem we TOK oon wa any unenge ettynticsa seer fg aati oer (uy) st tae | semrats alo, secegia got serra apse a eae at CBE ear (corundum) AB CEO a, ah ek eM, labrasiog) teotca araye em| commerete exigtentze tm 200K wa atte erbat Wept-rs-aa oheonpe Mant, ere faien ea wera ene fine ata carcan catcae om otcatcae (BAI) | WE, 9 MTs elie scx aa Sacereme at OT A, rig) + GLI) 2BF tg) + OLIN @coree BET THAT (oovet ety BH, BP, at ae Befetey ott ar SEN STC Seoret ESOT AT SE GSMA RT ARNT EFT es Tee ORE SECS aka ATL SEC BH, TTT F(R) SEN a ATT Bat Revs oe Pega SHS “pT SH fi] SUGAR, AIH, RA Sal aB ast often sir AOREFS (AIN), @R STE AL-H—AL OE SETI a ST argh orea ae fe Sey or BRAT ‘wang tte TEMES (LAIN) | SARE LIN oT AIK, 37 RAST SRor & sent Rome eet age =a Hl aint atch, 225 pats auict ui wires ae ORs ERE oT Fe (LiGaH,])| wistatey gis gh units fers sr se a se GO ER TOT GE YORI (adduct) TA ST, AGH AMET RES HyM—-B (B= FS) (H,N—AlHy] confrcea acer fate A) Sua SoRre Pe HCl aa ace fafsear Sea atl See a wee Ge ern OMe Ente ga oTETe ET crt—a® TSE TW HAS0, = HNO, (2:1)-27 faeces ron Foran seca CURE ME Tee STH] 7EHS0, B(s) + 3HNO,(aq) 2" 11,B04(aq) + 3NOA(s) caterers UW) & gear ona arte cearay chert ae ar SOT So see wnfieea ager fafa eral OAL, Ba HCL a0 acer fafa Na,B,0, + 101,01 NajB,0,—+2NaBO, + B,0, we ge cater corer cata ugft: Gow sony caren wave a1 ag] 1,S0,-21 Fes cafe =mPre (11,80,) Seem eal oe cfroce be trem tee ars a eae Ponies om ar THERES (8,0,) MAE Sl cat SEI Mg Ee (89 carn ca Sem a Na,B,0, +11,50, + 5H,0-+Na,S0, #4115805 211,80,-2+8,0,+311,0 :B,0,+3Mg—2+2843Mg0 (ataar =e ltt (Borax bead test) © 2 vet Ry asta crea yates HERIOT A aR = @ ae wiry aera aera fre ae caer Fer Tela aa aria Deg seer rae ore TT wa a eve sv aRoe tee ee ost ae faferacia yea ge, eee ATT Migm: @ se cieyfa tert faemise eer ewer Mee ‘WBMES cae fate EA: 2M(NO,),+2MO + 4NO, +0 2MSO,—-2MO + 20, +0, (M=Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn.) © Bata nea mategia crate toon ale SE wétge rom fafen acta x EH: MO+B,0,—-M(BO;), Ons, wm ax Fram Se eTATERE are Faron Frame wary GaeTAT ‘Seem eat WUT aTea Fat ONS SRT sora a BO AAR: aces tb faaeayfe Prag — Bam cus0,-5H,0 "+ cuso, +51,01 2CuSO,+2Cu0 + 280, + 0, at FAIA: CuO + B05» Cu(BO,) (re Biere xercarca?, At) fram Fra: 2Cu(BO,), + C+ Cu,(BO,), + CO + B,05 feedara creat Cu,(BO,),+C + 2Cu + B,0,+CO reat (RE ATF) a mets Ol fat: acre Aes faferagfer EI si FrOH: Fe,0, +28,0,—2Fe(B0,), fre cabremen® (EP) fat fro: 2Fe(BO,), + C-»2Fe(BO,), + B,05 + CO ra CTAB CGE) | aS mC Oreo Af: C00 + 8,0, ——*—-> co(0,), a Berar haat Fran ERIS rercara® (A sae ae rote Som Free corer oat AeA (42) S| sofas Grn rem (43) erifiaiée ace acs Som Pret es at a rl 2 | ATSIA ATARTA (Uses of borax) = OFS ng (orm, cum) aftren sper sara ams Bf TEA TE ace cons fener fcr age ea @ Aree 7 2A GET AE EE TAS off AES Ea! © Sarge - "A onafe azfere « amen mat oP ape ST) — OS ayfere 5 yeh me ore oreart fice aR aS 319 wtacraz, Na,{(OH),8(0—0),B(OH),]-6H,0 _ Fe aaa cal @ cara: ats setter a ARES A if » artis (afte afte) Orthoboric acid, HBO, or B(OH)s) tak | 8 reparation) Bf STARE | Share yee ca ora seem GIO Gat HAT PH SOQ S07 Cron sear ear] fafgeaa WT HBr> HCI! Byte tt 2X. pil ermeeteray +H AlBey Bally + HBr Soe BN BICSHTERTT) + Hy AIC, sna AOS (SEATON) + BH nel a cu Hy bx) arene acon Fae: eTeenyE C eT fafepara eneartrancaa Seem scot aces Terai APSHEH FR: Cly> Bry> Ty! FRA, Cl, Hat Srert Fara Teri PRT A, Br, 373 K Gren ge feat wet am 1, Se trees shor fats eat! an cif, ByH, + Cly B,H,Cl+ HCL ‘ARIES (Uses) CAIATRTETES co argfioce acre Rome reer PROT 8 at arte Noveny ax 22 Bay set A oT Se an gM vasry 27 oar feo 18 utters ga tt SSNIEE LE af ara oreo tome @ uta BH TATE TATA TRE amet Fey Tp BAH aA aot AE ‘sree (fea 11.8) @ a tian eager arse a PE LOR Reet waa, Peg terrae yr 2B Lees CAR Bovega 3B oe oF o tange 12 amyl Be Po TEreGH anbfefetee hei @ ate far uneaty 2B B- AN ACO eT WE Ieee yo aoa ET! ATT Smee fen-cefene eoetancory awa threecentred lectron:-pair bond, 3¢-20) ee arn ae (banana bond) set Fat @<-. “Best TATA re $$ REGEN Se Sen Se Ba tT @ sss 22 Bar gem ct mm 2 SAR 1 war rete re) 2 ore mRISeR 22H saga i ate ee Stl @ SANE BH Tem her os OP poe 2 Lewis sp SRE SEDO ID Hoe 1s eR aT ES no fesse FEET (30-2e) BB TEASE ASR WHS Se BH-B wRR ORE el ox SSR SAE AE (hydrogen bridge bond) TH! @ 2B sian Reet on oy eae ote ema gfe RA SH ER aoe SRF es Sc & an oe Vea NM wee : GETS 464 (Physical properties) © srgfiitas ae oerer (eneEE ge 2.7), aaa goats aca amy @ ax Preis ow brs wey some afore ‘SSH TET (tensile strength) $1 AP TA lire GATT (GOUC) a wea Sot ey! @ cys ert s efyrea qufgant ‘araTafre 4 (Chemical properties) engines SITE aru Sue eum AB eet cas SREY SO aA a As Tbe aeMTATE cafe TA ae saften cits, es amt erpfe Peg faa cea a Gora entero ‘meat ato Sal Aenfresa weer fafann: @ Hcl sar emgfatrar saree Sor omgfihtuns Gera a0 11, or Dever ec 2A + GIICI~2AICl, +311, ON s = 1,80, -24 Fates arr at at ec CoH SH GP HSO,, aA ACT af IITRE AAT S SO, Beer] 2Al + 611,50,-» Al,(S0,), +380, + 61,0 mia (Aluminium) © 59 HNO,-2 Al a ta Ahea Eig =H UTR, aTSTECE RR on, FOS GET OTH PhS TAT MER eg sre coifiren Fafa Fate HAST TA AT ME HNO, SOTO AL RARER AT at EFT ETH TA STAY, "TY HNO. SUIT ALT a Gt USES EAT TERT ogy eR erga ones Me HNO, ANT ATT 2Al+6HNO,— Al,0, + 6NO, +3H,0 Ui] soma aren Fafa: Fg erat (NaOH /KOH) 33 JRC eT Tg RAATS peat FafseeT TMGARAE rag RESIS Seu sl fog 6 Ty onftars SHE eee, srets avtars confers engi, CO, ¢ Hy Seae 2Al+2NaOH + 2H,0—2NaAlO, + 3H, 2Al+Na,CO, + 3H,0—2NaAlO, + CO, +3H, O sare, apie orga, ama apes, cae, CRT FEKE, @ after fratacaa Gas ae ora, © a ox spfece (emeuttars aRCEE ¢ AL Eo Ret SOFIA a “Aeon spfere a aere oy), © fame fom Rites, caer. snenfts apis ang farm, © 2 stansta Fegan eng uyfere ox @ Princ’, rare spits comps afore cath ara =a ) BE poy acta are rte ret a SRE non Gramre Seg eae a ube eee GACT Suara watte ea anita cee ATR Sein Bare cersprunfer aay cat apna GM SEE Shaeae | cafe SNPS s cme ware sei tare ombss SIE? cofire: ears ae sce-mtactn ears am sc a - sae wear Race refer stunt fer Gensart TS] i aCe er Ce ee Ay ag OT Fae ace? @. tes sfein aoe aa aa Get? af Sona aye zat ssargfttracer cen oI coneiits ROT AES SP 48. eter omer ama fae ATS 46. ngfarard snes a fgse emnfrg ane aera Si-si > Ge-Ge > sn—sn ‘348 kJ mol! 297k] mol"! 260k) mol"! —-240kJ mol"! gone ota cite Atco EMfoorTr aca error Sart ETT Oat Sat hea Steonren Pafer ater crea fge— A) ards ae Paar 44 ota Crem ones ae] aE gO ere FEAR GIA (Ge, Sn Pb) MERL-CETY ere 44-24 FO 42 GM TMs seria acal d- aR Torte y4a area sonaa ww aga aE) af ge core cacce hee d= aate fp Beer Gora ae aT AG Ge SIGE Ph “ties faffarcorg stare gor eafier ge BH aeRO 44 OTT cera Pafeefterer geet aPt Ae R42 ont wena fufetsrer gyfer anal +2 Tet eran Pacfeoterer afm a Wa: Ge < Sn < Pb IGS | ‘ore crepe areca car Priester | i » | agener 107 | ga St eMC COM, CaO Ae, aRCBTCT ae {| get to S| aces ap Ufa en wafer mE S| geen ns AEE SL G Ce eT TEA aC, we ama | aferem Re C SoART PT OE orn, eer | gent SH AT, eT TRA afcs em at] wea Peg eect i, | ge NSH ACO dx-pr ATI ToT ec | paat: BEANE (NCSIH,),] ficavtn reste, cea NTN] sp? sresrarre| Fremont aeRO AAAS apie Pifiera fret ad- | ater aes orn afer aM de-px 2 | ame ToT ea onEy aRReRICcra Petr coy aT ao TONE AH, TH a ATETCT eT ae a ACT aii a swrrattaret =| ‘Beem [N(CH,),]-aa eet N-seATYB sp3- efits | 3B RRS wists BCH, qe eT TI | qaraee ane opt SRS wane femeT compe erect NelEDPpaphapt PART | real gear, cya eres Frain sertor a et a SEM SCTE ee AMM ToT EA AT a TH | afta sat BeueaeMer worTE cht wrt | 3 Pb-aa 42. ore cern Patent & |S Pisin), cage Penbrete sea erat S013 oneyfar gaat ge-14 Cie eee G gare Stara its | | 3. ‘radio-carbon dating’ S50 3 CT? | Seis cage geen geeaa tayfaet omer ame ea or 3 et cree fa seks caer arse Seen EPH oe, Fe EA NOE CTS oT gay ATH CET? A recon oe 6. pes ctayie efgeseree es grea: sty Soe c= 61, serra eens art aorta server acear at Ca? @. N(CH,),. NSH), TORE were ere ® aids Patra arta wer 2 (Chemical properties of carbon family) ater age sj] ria fear STerrgE aren afer otf TRIE srrcarch ere af Reser ea ea at eH oT TRAE ‘ear Seem ware apa nfes scare orl 1] Ger Sit spelen CRE +4 TT ceERT conta a SST IATA ATA AME. PT STOTT BY GA ICT Sagi 42 on saan erin eat oye ara set Fr TSR Crea OH SEE ATT STATA AAT IRE Fey MTATH ENE | STI SnCly thea errant it RE SnCl, TACT Ca gers ort cacae Ate TATA GPT POLAR SITET STA ATES STANT SO TA SET GP MT Oat aay roma acia safet 1] AigcoTy eto GH Ge, Sn aR Pb +2 6 44 TT eran seria eral year, oF chery +2 Sr SPST Pranase mrt for (M24 M4+ +20) GRR +4 SY SPURT TRE Td EI (MAY + 2eM 2) ETT! fi] ORES, Ge-aa +4 Grr crouse at Peete, oe Ge (11) sergfir sececn farm freee EAT! Sn (II) - aa mm any rete | Fae ono apf: apt yt A SH Sn (11) serge Provae say Roa apa AES SH 2FeCl, + SnCl, + 2FeCl, + SnCl, 2HgCl, + SACI, + Hg,Cly + SnCl, Hg, Cl, + SnCl, + 2Hg + SnCl, MI) Pb +20 oY cer fire Paes, TE Pb (IV) cits, cret—ons BEtIMPREE [Pb(OCOCHS),] Re PbO, Cre mnt CIT ART 4 HOCH, —CHL,0H + Pb(OCOCH,), 2— CHa Mg] tan wees ors Grebe 2CHl=0+ Pb(OCOCII,), + 2CH,COOH iat ons erties” emPtt emis PbO, +4HCl —S-> Pbcl, +Cl,+2H,0 GEES tT SPeLa-aa cling eer ge ener STS MA TA ATATES (MO) aa wEEEMET (MO,) | a ETE CTE OR FE SATE TERS oon seal aE em Eitors BEES AE Te Bere Beat TATAF (corer ah) (Pb,0,)| PLO (RTS) ce BRK AILS 673 K tre Bes eae a srioet sta af Prep florea aE SH) 600 +0, 23% 29,0, Hemteyie enforce fa: @ So ORT TS SEteyh aeate fr Set cee wetheyhh core cafe care! @ wera goa oot care ALE ate at FATEP MHI ATCO, aK S10, TE; GeO,, SiO, wore Sa ote ae SnO, s PbO, Fa Terh! cE CO,. SIO, SR GeO, RATS wATEN eT RET =e MO, +2NaOH—+Na,MO;+H,0 (M = C, Si, Ge) © snO, ¢ PbO, THIS o wae Tene Tee Rf al Sn0, +2NaQH— Na,Sn0, (onfare SME) +H1,0 Sn0, +4HCI+SnCl, +2H1,0 PbO, + 2NaOH—Na,PbO, (onftars arr) + H,0 Poo, +4Hc1 22 pyc, +211,0 © CO 2, GeO ake ae snO ¢ PbO Ertl Ui] wenteyfrr a-Rraret sre: @ erie 44 oY Co aEarfermh frome la cat ace fore ore any fear Oo aE Sa EE] Fe0,+3¢0-4.2Fe + 3C0,: 200 +C0-4+2n+ C0, : © Sincory oat OT Pb-aa 42 Ora wet ECT af Pufete, ci wkamivyia zor PbO, EGE sfoh wae Zap PbO, +4HCl 2+ PoC, + Cl, +11,0 2PbO, + 4HNO,—4 > 2Pb(NO,), + 2H,0 + 0, a 3 13) + 2H,0 + 0, ; 2Pb0, +211,50, —2-+ 2P650, +211,0 + 0, SES stor Phas Stays MX, ae MX, (X=F, Cl, Br, 1) RESERVES oa ea] SRT TST ATT Atay SMT aon ear fea | p14 ctor StateeeoryR: A pear va atte Mx, RCRD EbMAES tir Al a) ata Seewate acarch sephora cratteyfaa seta sang? parative ar apie opera HAT SnF, =r Pbr, aretha tu] Sere Safes ete entire ae caret cfs SCAT creme arm ¢ miata gfe acer EO mT OTA, PoE, = POI, Paferts, PbBr, EPAE am Pl, aa SAREE EI TT, PCI, -a CI> arTera ap fhrer eee ey GAME PbCL, Gort pblt ear AAT TTT OT Galt ny a, For Pocl, Glew oe Tw =a] THE HR HOARE Pbit wa Crea ae aR apa ace CHR 7 aa AFTRA MISTS CAPT OT |= Rese eH StH OHS EGR Pht RSE ey, FeaiRte ew Gea, Pbit aa 17 AA IE a Pht Rrenfe ao Pb2t-2 a IM SHS ETH Lg APS SHI TE PbIy-at GARG GE] SFE TACT Phar, afxel Pp‘ 441 —>PbI, +1, ; Pb** + 4Br°—PbBr +Br, [pbiSem a sows SBICe eae sn zat ma | emefreera Seem pho ae cx ofeant nfs Arts SoH aT Pb | at ot terete Prony ea 6p atten muTatte are (ea em es CRC BIB aS Bosra Se a iv] Ss CoreTAES (CCl,) wFArAATS ona, Faeg eA Gita @tenateyh wet ePrars COz Ml] S00c Sxerm a r,-aa acon fafa FAT (CF) Sever ter: C+ 2F, + CH, | PARE HTES aiatoe at oa ofp. erate a

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