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Advanced Separation Process Assignment

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29 views3 pages

Advanced Separation Process Assignment

Uploaded by

chandank635
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ADVANCED SEPARATION PROCESS: ASSIGNMENT II

Semester: July-Dec, 2024 (Total marks: 20 marks)

Section I

1. Explain the scope for application of membrane technology in wastewater treatment.


2. Explain the principle involved in gas separation along with two examples. What are the
factors affecting the membrane performance? (b) Define nanofiltration. Explain the
Donnan Exclusion principle.
3. What is drying, and explain the mechanism of moisture transport in drying operation?
4. Explain the mechanism of solvent transport in forward osmosis with a neat sketch. What
are the governing factors in forward osmosis?
(4 Marks)

Section II

1. Ammonia is to be absorbed from air mixture counter-currently in a plate column with


fresh water. Ammonia concentration is reduced from 10 mol% to 1 mol% and the inlet
water and gas rates are 500 and 400 mol/m 2s. Calculate the number of actual plates
required for the absorber. Equilibrium data for the system at 20 oC and 1 atm is given:

X (kmol NH3/kmol 0.0050 0.0164 0.0252 0.0349 0.0455 0.0722


H2O)

Y (kmol NH3/kmol 0.0054 0.0210 0.0320 0.0420 0.0533 0.0800


air)

Molar masses of air, ammonia, and water are 29, 17, and 18 kg/mol, respectively. Plate
efficiency = 70% for all the plates in the column.
(2 Marks)

2. (a) Explain different stages of the drying curve and working mechanism of any one dryer.

(b) 1800 kg of granular solid is to be dried under constant drying conditions from
moisture content of 0.25 kg/kg dry solid to a final moisture content of 0.025 kg/kg dry
solid. The drying surface is given as 0.0815m 2/kg. Under the same conditions, the
following rates were previously known. Calculate the time required for drying.
Moisture Content:

X, kg/kg dry solid 0.3 0.2 0.14 0.096 0.056 0.046 0.026 0.016

Rate, N, kg/m2h 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.46 1.29 0.88 0.54 0.376

(2 Marks)

Section III

1. (a) Mention any two applications of the ultrafiltration process along with the protocol that
needs to be followed to avoid membrane fouling and cleaning of the fouled membrane.
(2 Marks)

(b) An ultrafiltration module is used to concentrate a feed solution. The concentration of


feed in the bulk is 0.6 wt%. The water flux through the membrane is 0.53 m 3/m2h, and the
mass transfer coefficient at the membrane is 3.6×10 -5 cm/s. the diffusivity of solute is
9.2×10-7 cm2/s. the solute rejection in the membrane is 90%. Calculate (a) Mass transfer
film thickness (b) Concentration polarization modulus (c) solute concentration in the
liquid near the membrane surface. (2 Marks)

Section IV

2. (a) What are membrane contactor systems? Mention the advantages and limitations of use
on an industrial scale. (2 Marks)

(b) A 250 mol/m3 lactic acid solution is being extracted from an aqueous solution using a
PVDF-based hollow fiber membrane contactor system. Tri-n-octylamine of 620 mol/m3
in 1-octanol as a diluent was used as an organic media to enable the mass transfer of acid.
The final concentration of aqueous lactic acid after 2 hr of operation is 25 mol/m3.
(a) Calculate the distribution coefficient and yield of extraction.
(b) Calculate the M.T.C of lactic acid in aqueous phase.
(c) Calculate the concentration of lactic acid at aqueous-membrane interface.
Data given: do = 300 µm; νaq = 0.005 m/s; DLA,aq = 2.65*10-9 m2/s
(2 Marks)

Section V
1. Oil is to be extracted from meal by means of benzene using a continuous countercurrent
extractor. The unit is to treat 1,000 kg of meal (based on completely exhausted solid) per
hour. The untreated meal contains 400 kg of oil and is contaminated with 25kg of benzene.
The fresh solvent mixture contains 10kg of oil and 655 kg of benzene. The exhausted solids
are to contain 60kg of unextracted oil. Experiments carried out under conditions identical with
those of the projected battery show that the solution retained depends on the concentration of
the solution, as shown below:

Concentration, Solution retained, Concentration, Solution retained,


kg oil / kg solution kg/kg solid kg oil / kg solution kg/kg solid
0.0 0.500 0.4 0.550
0.1 0.505 0.5 0.571
0.2 0.515 0.6 0.595
0.3 0.530 0.7 0.620

Determine: (a) The concentration of the strong solution, or extract; (b) The concentration of
the solution adhering to the extracted solids; (c) The mass of solution leaving with the
extracted meal; (d) The mass of extract; (e) The number of stages required.
All quantities are given on an hourly basis.
(4 Marks)

Common questions

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Equilibrium data provides the vapor-liquid equilibrium concentrations necessary for designing staged operations, while plate efficiency accounts for real-world deviations from ideal behavior. Together, they determine how many actual plates are needed to achieve desired separation .

Membrane contactor systems enhance mass transfer by providing a high surface area for selective separation without dispersion of phases. They offer advantages in terms of reduced energy consumption, compact design, and operational flexibility in industrial applications .

Moisture transport during drying involves surface evaporation and internal moisture migration due to concentration gradients. Understanding these dynamics aids in designing dryers that optimize heat and mass transfer rates, improving efficiency and product quality .

Scaling up forward osmosis presents challenges like membrane scaling, low water flux, and fouling. Strategies to overcome these include developing advanced membrane materials with anti-fouling properties, optimizing draw solutions, and integrating hybrid systems with other filtration techniques .

Prevention of membrane fouling is vital for maintaining flux and selectivity in ultrafiltration processes. A protocol may include regular backwashing, chemical cleaning cycles, and system design adjustments to mitigate fouling and extend membrane lifespan .

Membrane technology in wastewater treatment allows for the efficient removal of contaminants, leading to cleaner water discharge and recycling opportunities. It supports environmental sustainability by minimizing chemical usage, reducing sludge production, and enabling resource recovery from wastewater streams .

Gas separation through membranes involves physical separation based on differences in permeability rates of gases. Factors such as membrane material properties, including selectivity and permeability, and operational conditions such as pressure and temperature significantly affect membrane performance .

The Donnan Exclusion principle in nanofiltration refers to the retention of ions based on charge exclusion mechanisms. This helps in selective ion removal, particularly for separating multivalent ions from monovalent ions, which is crucial in hard water softening and desalination processes .

Key factors in forward osmosis include the osmotic pressure differential, membrane properties such as porosity and selectivity, and concentrate solution characteristics. These factors determine the rate of solvent flow and solute rejection efficiency, impacting the overall process efficacy .

In continuous countercurrent extraction, higher solution concentration often leads to increased solution retention on solids. This relationship is critical for optimizing solvent usage and maximizing oil recovery, as shown by the data correlating solution concentration with solution retention .

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