Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
Jose L. Briones St.,Mandaue City
WRITING REPORTS
English for Academic and Professional
Purposes (EAPP)
SELF-LEARNING KIT
Being able to write reports is an essential skill that
leaners need to develop in order to have a written account
of events that happened in school, home and even in their
community. This requires the knowledge on the structure of
different reports.
This self-learning kit will serve as a guide in organizing
ideas and writing a good report. This will serve as aid in
honing one’s skills in writing an effective report that will
present facts and provide guidance to the readers.
This contains the objectives, the learning competency,
pre-test activities, discussion, and exercises for mastery of
learning and skills. It is expected to be accomplished in one
week.
NOW LET’S START YOUR JOURNEY!
Let me know your details.
NAME: ____________________________________________
GRADE AND SECTION: ________________________________
DATE RECEIVED: ___________________________________
DATE SUBMITTED: ___________________________________
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CONTENT STANDARD
The learner understands the principles and uses of surveys,
experiments, and scientific observations.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learner produces a well-written report for various
disciplines.
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Writes various reports
(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIa-d-5)
OBJECTIVES
In this lesson, you are expected to:
differentiate the structure and characteristics of various
reports;
identify the guidelines in writing various reports; and
1. write parts of a research report .
2.
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PRE-ASSESSMENT
ACTIVITY 1
Share your thoughts on the following questions.
1. What are the characteristics of a good report?
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2. What are the habits of an effective writer of report?
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ACTIVITY 2
Write three do’s and don’ts when writing a report.
Do’s Don’ts
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What is research?
Research is a systematic and scientific way of
investigating and gathering information to answer a particular
problem, establish facts, and reach conclusions. Conducting a
research can be done in various fields such as arts, humanities,
social sciences, natural sciences, technology, and health
sciences.
Some of the research papers in various fields are the
survey report, the field report, and the laboratory or scientific
report.
A survey report is a paper which presents the results of
the author’s research.
A field report is usually used in the field of social
sciences to link theory and application. It usually
contains the authors observations when out on the field
and an analysis using theoretical concepts from the
discipline. Although research papers are formal in tone
and style, field reports can be personal and simple.
A laboratory or scientific technical report is written by
those in the sciences mainly to persuade others to
accept or reject a hypothesis, record the details for
future researches, and document a current
phenomenon for future reference or comparison.
Criteria to consider in choosing a Research Topic
A research topic should be relevant.
- A relevant topic addresses a particular problem or
issue.
It should be interesting.
- Interest and natural curiosity in the topic will encourage
greater commitment to the research.
It should be manageable.
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- It should be something the researcher could undertake
within his/her ability and with the given timeframe.
- It should not be too broad or too narrow, and must be
achievable using available financial, human and
material resources.
The following table shows how a topic is narrowed down and
developed into a thesis statement:
General Topic Dieting
Topic in What are the major physical effects of too
question form much dieting?
Thesis Too much dieting can lead to starvation,
statement loss of strength, and different diseases
Based on the example above, the thesis statement
contains three details (i.e., starvation, strength, and different
diseases). These details can be used as a basis for your specific
research questions. These specific questions are supposed to
be answered through your instrument to support your research.
For the example above, the possible specific research
questions are as follows:
1. How does too much dieting lead to starvation?
2. How does too much dieting lead to loss of strength?
3. How does too much dieting lead to different diseases?
Qualities of a Good Research Question
1. It should be clear, especially for the layperson.
2. It should require the gathering of data to answer it.
3. It should address an observed problem or issue.
4. It should be manageable in terms of skills and resources.
5. It should be ethical.
6. It should have a practical use.
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Writing a Research Report
A research report is an expanded paper that presents
results and interpretation of a phenomenon so that readers can
better understand. It is not a summary of different articles or
ideas that are presented uncritically, nor it is a series of
quotations and a compilation of unsubstantiated opinion.
Parts of a Research Report
1. The title page contains an informative title which describes
the content of the paper, name of the author/s and
addresses, and date when it is submitted. The following are
examples of informative titles.
Effects of Facebook on Academic Achievement of First
Year Students
Development and Validation of a Software for Detecting
Plagiarism
2. The abstract contains the summary of findings and
conclusions.
- It briefly presents the context of the study, research
questions or objectives, methodology, major findings,
conclusions, and sometimes implications with minimal
number of citations and statistical data.
- Its length ranges from 100 to 250 words.
3. The introduction explains the current state of the field of
discipline and identifies research gaps addressed by the
research.
- It also presents the research focus in a way that it
addresses the identified gaps and puts the research
topic in context.
- Its length usually ranges from three to five paragraphs.
4. The literature review contains summary and synthesis of all
available sources directly related to the study.
- There two sections in the literature review: related
concepts and the related studies.
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o Related concepts explain some of the
fundamental concepts needed by readers to
better understand the study. In this section, some
concepts and theories are defined, explained
and described.
o Related studies are based on previously
conducted studies directly related to the paper.
5. The methodology contains the processes and steps taken in
gathering data for the research.
- This section contains the context and participants, the
instruments used, data gathering procedure, and data
analysis.
*The context and the participants section explain the
number and demographic profile of the participants
involved as well as the environment where the study was
conducted.
*The instrument section presents the tools that you used in
gathering the data. These may include a questionnaire,
interview, focus group discussion and test.
*Data gathering section presents the details on the data
were collected whereas the data analysis section presents
how the data were analyzed, whether it be qualitatively
(coding scheme) or quantitatively (statistical tools).
6. The results factually describe the data gathered.
- This section contains tables and graphs that summarize
the collected data. Along with the tables and graphs
are their respective interpretations.
- The flow of the results section should follow the flow of
the research questions/problems. It is expected that for
each research problem, corresponding results are
presented.
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7. The discussion presents the why’s of the results.
- This section provides explanation for all the results in
relation to the previous studies presented in the
literature review.
- You need to restate your research problems in the first
paragraph as well as the major findings.
- The succeeding paragraphs should explain whether
the study supports or rejects the previous findings and
explains the reason for this.
- The discussion must follow the flow of the research
questions.
8. The conclusion contains the restatement of major findings,
limitations of the study, recommendations and implications.
9. The references section contains the different sources used in
the study. These may be academic books, journals, and
other online sources. Its format depends on the school,
teacher or field of study.
Steps in Writing Research Report
1. Select and narrow down the topic. You may use any
prewriting technique such as freewriting, clustering, listing
and brainstorming to focus on a topic.
2. Conduct preliminary research by gathering the initial
references.
3. Formulate the thesis statement and research questions.
4. Prepare a preliminary outline.
5. Gather additional references. Use the preliminary outline as
a guide for this stage.
6. Prepare the prefinal outline.
7. Prepare the necessary instruments for your research.
8. Pilot the instrument and revise accordingly.
9. Gather the data.
10. Prepare the tables and graphs and analyze the collected
data.
11. Write the methodology and results section. 9
12. Write the introduction and literature review.
13. Write the discussion. Be sure to link the literature review to
the discussion section.
14. Write the conclusion.
15. Write the abstract.
16. Prepare the reference list. List all items that are cited in the
body of your paper.
17. Edit and format your paper.
Guidelines in Writing a Research Report
1. Fifty to seventy-five percent of the paper should be devoted
to the results and discussion.
2. Be sure to cite all your sources whether they are paraphrased
or directly quoted.
3. Use direct quotation sparingly. Paraphrase as much as
possible.
4. Strictly follow the required documentation style.
5. Topics should be relevant, interesting, current and
manageable in terms of resources, skills and time. They
should not be too sensitive and controversial as well.
6. Research questions should directly address the given topic
or thesis statement.
7. Use simple language and avoid verbose words.
Guidelines in the Format of Research Paper
1. Use clean and good quality 8 ½ x 11 white paper with
minimum substance 20.
2. The margin on the top, bottom and right of the paper should
be in 1 inch and on the left is in 1 ½ inches.
3. Use font size 10-12 and font style of either Times New Roman
or Arial.
4. Lines and paragraphs need to be double spaced. For the
reference list/ bibliography, single space is utilized.
5. The pagination is flushed on the upper left part of the pages.
6. Titles that has more than one line should follow the inverted
pyramid.
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Other Types of Reports and Samples
Laboratory Report
Lab reports are written to describe and analyse a
laboratory experiment that explores a scientific concept.
The simple report is generally only two to five pages long,
and usually consists of the following:
Aims
Method
Results
Conclusion
Discussion
References
Source:[Link]
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Narrative Report
Narrative report writing is the process of writing a
report in a story-like manner. Most narrative reports are
used in the legal and medical world. It narrates events in
a sequential manner that has a beginning, body, and
conclusion.
Source:
[Link]
Workshop_on_21_st_Century_Teaching-Learning_and_Pillars_of_Education?auto=download
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EXERCISE 1
Write T if the statement is true and F if false.
_____1. A research report has similar format of an academic
essay.
_____2. A thesis statement guides the flow of a research report.
_____3. The abstract should be written prior to writing a
conclusion.
_____4. An informative title is preferred when writing a research
report.
_____5. Conclusion contain the details of the findings obtained
from the study.
_____6. Gathering references can be done recursively.
_____7. It is better to have as many direct quotations as possible.
_____8. Majority of the paper’s content should be devoted to
the literature review.
_____9. Survey instruments should be aligned to research
questions.
____10. Tables and graphs for the gathered data are presented
under the introduction section.
____11. The discussion section presents the procedure
undertaken to complete the study.
____12. The introduction contains the purpose and current state
of the field of discipline.
____13. The literature review contains the explanation of
relevant concepts and related studies.
____14. The methodology contains the description of
participants and instruments.
____15. Two different documentation style can be used in one
research report.
EXERCISE 2
With the topic, “Effects of Community Quarantine to the
Physical, Academic and Social Being of Senior High School
Students”, write a five-paragraph introduction and three
specific questions for the statement of the problem.
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Introduction
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Specific Questions:
1. ________________________________________________________
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2. ________________________________________________________
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3. ________________________________________________________
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EXERCISE 3
Write a 5-6 paragraph narrative report of your experience in
doing modular lesson at home. It must contain introduction,
narration of events and insights.
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#Reflection Log
Write the learning/s you gained after this
lesson.
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RUBRIC FOR WRITING INTRODUCTION/ RATIONALE
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RUBRIC FOR WRITING NARRATIVE REPORT
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1
1. F 6. T 11. F
2. T 7. F 12. T
3. F 8. F 13. T
4. T 9. T 14. T
5. T 10. F 15. F
SCORES
Activity 1 = ____/ 4 points
Activity 2 = ____/ 6 points
Exercise 1 = ____/15 points
Exercise 2 = ____/20 points
Exercise 3 = ____/20 points
TOTAL = ___/65 points
REFERENCES
“Format for a Research Paper”, A Research Guide for Students,
accessed July 10, 2020,
[Link]
Jessie S. Barrot and Philippe John F. Sipacio, English for Academic and
Professional Purposes for Senior High School Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, 2016.
“Writing Lab Reports”, UNSW Sydney, March 12, 2014,
[Link]
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REGION VII
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF MANDAUE CITY
Plaridel St., Centro, Mandaue City
NIMFA D. BONGO, Ed.D., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
ESTELA B. SUSVILLA, Ph.D.
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
JAIME P. RUELAN, Ed.D.
Chief Curriculum and Implementation Division
ISMAELITA N. DISABELLE, Ed.D.
LRMDS, Education Program Supervisor
MERCEDITA M. DEMORAL, Ed.D
Education Program Supervisor in English
SHILA MARIE A. PELEGRINO
Writer/ Layout Artist
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It is hoped that you have understood and mastered the competencies
covered in the Self-Learning Kit. The skills you have learned will be of great
help as you take part in the challenging demands of society.
The enriching experiences you have gained through this learning material
enable you to know more about yourself, especially your capabilities.
Hence, you are ready to extend your horizons.
Learning the essential competencies in English for Academic and
Professional Purposes (EAPP) is to prepare you to become globally
competitive in the future. As you meet the complex demands of the global
world, you stand confident because of the wide range of competencies you
have mastered which made you more expressive of your thoughts and
ideas.
Bringing up rear, as productive learners, you are equipped with the 21st
century skills which you need to be ready for tomorrow’s world.
LearningResourceManagementandDevelopmentCenter (LRMDC)
Curriculum Implementation Division
Division of Mandaue City