Communication System
Third Year
First Term (2021-2022)
Reference : Communication Systems Engineering, John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, 2nd Ed.
Lecturer: Dr. Rna Ghallab
Instructions
Chapter 3
Analog Signal Transmission
and Reception
Modulation Block Diagram
• ∅𝒄 and ∅𝒎 ;
Pℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠.
Modulating Signal Modulated Signal
Modulator • 𝑬𝑪 and 𝑬𝒎 ;
Amplitud𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑
[ m 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(𝑤𝑚 𝑡+ ∅𝒎 )] 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠.
• 𝒘𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒎;
Frequency 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠.
Carrier [ 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐶 cos(𝑤𝑐 𝑡+ ∅𝒄 )]
Signal Multiplexing
If we have two or more message signals to transmit simultaneously over the
communications channel, it is possible to have each message signal modulate a
carrier of a different frequency.
The minimum separation between two adjacent carriers is either 2𝒇𝒎 (for DSB AM)
or 𝒇𝒎 (for SSB AM)
Thus, the various message signals occupy separate frequency bands of the channel
and do not interfere with one another in transmission over the channel.
Signal Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of combining a number of separate message
signals into a composite signal for transmission over a common channel.
Two commonly methods for signal multiplexing:
1. Time-division multiplexing (TDM); digital information transmission
2. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM); either analog or digital signal
transmission.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
• In FDM, the message signals are separated in frequency.
• The frequency-division multiplexing of K message signals at the transmitter and their demodulation at
the receiver.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
1. At transmitter:
a. LPF ensure that the bandwidth of the message signals is limited to 𝒇𝒎 hz.
b. Each signal modulates a separate carrier using K modulators.
2. At the receiver:
a. The FDM signals are usually separated by passing through a parallel band of
bandpass (BPF) filters.
b. BPFs must be tuned to one of the carrier frequencies.
c. BPFs bandwidth must be sufficiently wide to pass the desired signal.
d. Demodulator (K) to recover original signals.
e. LPF passes baseband message signal and eliminates the double frequency
components.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Applications
• FDM is widely used in radio and telephone communications.
• In telephone communications:
1. each voice-message signal occupies a nominal bandwidth of 3 khz.
2. The message signal is single-sideband modulated for bandwidth efficient transmission.
3. In the first level of multiplexing, 12 signals are stacked in frequency, with a frequency separation of 4 kHz
between adjacent carriers.
4. Thus, a composite 48-kHz channel, called a group channel, is used to transmit the 12 voice-band signals
simultaneously.
5. a number of group channels (typically five or six) are stacked together in frequency to form a supergroup
channel, and the composite signal is transmitted over the channel.
Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing (QAM)
Conditions:
1. The transmitted signal must be modulated by DSB-SC AM
2. A synchronous demodulator is required at the receiver to separate and recover the quadrature-
carrier modulated signals.
3. QAM B.W is comparable in SSB AM B.W.
Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing (QAM)
Angle Modulation:
Frequency and phase modulation are often referred to as angle-modulation.
In Frequency modulation (FM) systems, the frequency of the carrier (𝑓𝑐 ) is changed according to the change of the message
signal m(t).
In phase-modulation (PM) systems ,the phase of the carrier (∅𝒄 ) is changed according to the variations in the message signal
m(t).
Frequency and phase modulation are obviously quite nonlinear.
Frequency and phase-modulation systems generally expand the bandwidth such that the effective bandwidth of the modulated
signal is usually many times the bandwidth of the message signal.
Advantages of angle modulation.
a) High degree of noise and interference immunity
b) It required much less power.
Disadvantages of angle modulation.
a. Complex to implement due to the inherent nonlinearity.
b. Much more difficult to analyze.
c. Require more B.W.
Angle Modulation:
Angle Modulation:
Angle Modulation:
PM;
1. It modulates the carrier with the integral of a message m(t).
2. It equivalents to FM of the carrier with the original message m(t).
FM;
1. It modulates the carrier with the derivation of a message m(t).
2. It equivalents to PM of the carrier with the original message m(t).
EX: A square-wave signal and its integral, a sawtooth signal
1. A square-wave signal 2. A sawtooth signal
Angle Demodulation:
Angle Modulation Index for non-sinusoidal signals
General case for 𝜷𝒑 :
General Equation for sinusoidal angle modulation:
Angle Modulation Types
It depends on the value of 𝜷𝒑 :
1. 𝜷𝒑 ≤ 𝟏 , The Narrow band angle modulation is generated.
2. 𝜷𝒑 > 𝟏 , The Wide band angle modulation is generated.
Narrow band angle modulation
• Notes:
1. the modulated signal is very similar to a conventional AM signal.
2. The difference is :
the message signal m(t) is modulated on a sine carrier rather than a cosine carrier.
the narrowband angle-modulation scheme has far less amplitude variations.
3. The Similarities is :
The bandwidth of this signal is similar to the bandwidth of a conventional AM signal.
Narrow band angle modulation
Equation:
𝛽𝐴𝑐 𝛽𝐴𝑐
𝑢𝑁𝐵 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 + cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
Spectrum
𝑨𝑪 𝜷 𝑨𝑪 𝜷
𝟐 𝟐
Narrow band angle modulation
Bandwidth:
B.W = (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )- (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 ) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 - 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 = 2 𝑓𝑚
Power:
1 2 𝛽 2 𝐴𝐶 2 𝛽 2 𝐴𝐶 2
𝑝= 𝐴𝐶 + +
2 4 4
2
𝐴𝐶
𝑝= 1 + 𝛽2
2