Exercise 2.

9 MATHEMATICS 12
[Link] Amir
,
Increasing and Decreasing Function (Page 104)

Let f be defined on an interval a,b and let x1, x2 a,b . Then

1. f is increasing on the interval a,b if f x2   f  x1  whenever x2  x1
2. f is decreasing on the interval a,b if f x2   f  x1  whenever x2  x1
Theorem (Page 105)
Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a,b) .
1- f is increasing on a,b if f (x)  0 for each x a,b.
2- f is decreasing on a,b if f (x)  0 for each x a,b.
First Derivative Test (Page 109)
Let f be differentiable in neighbourhood of c , where y

f (c)  0 .
1. The function has relative maxima at x  c if f (x)  0
before x  c and f (x)  0 after x  c . x

2. The function has relative minima at x  c if f (x)  0

before x  c and f (x)  0 after x  c .
Second Derivative Test (Page 111)
Let f be differential function in a neighbourhood of c , where f (c)  0 . Then
1- f has relative maxima at c if f  (c)  0.
2- f has relative minima at c if f  (c)  0 .
[

Question # 1
Determine the intervals in which f is increasing or decreasing for the domain
mentioned in each case.
(i) f (x)  sin x ; x   , 

(ii) f (x)  cos x    , 

;  
 2 2 cosx > 0
x  2, 2
cosx < 0
(iii) f (x)  4  x 2 ; 2nd quad. 
1st quad.
(iv) f x   x  3x  2 ;
2
x  4,1 2

Solution –
–
(i) f (x)  sin x ; x   ,  3rd quad. 2
4th quad.
 f (x)  cos x cosx < 0
cosx > 0
Put f (x)  0  cos x  0
 
 x ,
2 2

[Link] Amir
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 2

    , 
So we have sub-intervals   ,   ,   ,  , 2 
 2  2 2  
f (x)  cos x  0 whenever x   ,  
 2

So f is decreasing on the interval  ,   .

 2
 
f (x)  cos x  0 whenever x    , 
 2 2
 
So f is increasing on the interval   ,  .
 2 2
f (x)  cos x  0 whenever x    , 
2 
So f is decreasing on the interval  , .
2 

f (x)  cos x    , 
(ii) ;  
 2 2
 f (x)  sin x
Put f (x)  0   sin x  0  sin x  0  x  0
So we have sub-intervals    ,0  and 0,   .
 2   2

Now f (x)  sin x  0 whenever x   ,0 
 2 

So f is increasing on   ,0 
 2 
f (x)  sin x  0 whenever x  0,  
 2

So f is decreasing on  0,  .
 2

(iii) f (x)  4  x 2 ; x  2, 2

 f (x)   2x
Put f (x)  0   2x  0  x  0
So we have subintervals 2,0  and 0,2 
∵ f (x)  2x  0 whenever x  2,0 
 f is increasing on the interval 2,0
Also f (x)  2x  0 whenever x  0,2 
 f is decreasing on 0,2 

[Link] Amir
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 3

(iv) f x   x 2  3x  2 ; x  4,1
 f (x)  2x  3
Put f (x)  0  2x  3  0  x   3
2
So we have sub-intervals  4, 3  and   ,1
3
 2  2 
Now f (x)  2x  3  0 whenever x  4, 3 
 2

So f is decreasing on  4, 3 
 2

Also f (x)  0 whenever x    ,1

3
 2 
Therefore f is increasing on  ,1.
3
 2 
Question # 2
Ind the extreme values of the following functions defined as:
(i) f (x)  1 x3 (ii) f (x)  x 2  x  2
(iii) f (x)  5x 2  6x  2 (iv) f (x)  3x2
(v) f (x) 3x 2  4x  5 (vi) f (x)  2x3  2x 2  36x  3
(vii) f (x)  x 4  4x 2 (viii) f (x)  x  2  x 1
2

(ix) f (x)  5  3x  x3
Solution
(i) f (x)  1 x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f (x)  3x2 ……. (i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
  3x 2  0  x  0
Diff (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)  6x ………. (ii)
Now put x  0 in (ii)
f  (0)  6(0)  0
So second derivative test fails to determinate the extreme points.
Put x  0     in (i)
f (x) 3( ) 2  3 2  0
Put x  0     in (i)
f (x) 3( ) 2  3 2  0
As f (x) doest not change its sign before and after x  0 .

[Link] Amir
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 4

Since at x  0, f (x)  1 therefore (0,1) is the point of inflexion.

(ii) f (x)  x 2  x  2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f (x)  2x 1 ………. (i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
 2x 1  0  2x 1  x1
2
Diff (i) w.r.t x

f  (x)  d 2x 1  2

dx
As f     2  0
1
2
Thus f (x) is minimum at x  1
2
2

Now f        2    2
1 1 1 1 1  9
2 2 2 4 2 4

(iii) f (x)  5x 2  6x  2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f (x)  10x  6 ………. (i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
 10x  6  0  10x  6  x 6  x3
10 5
Diff (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)  d 10x  6   10
dx
As f     10  0
3
5
Thus f (x) is minimum at x  3
5
2

And f    5    6 3   2  9  18  2
3 3 1

5 5 5 5 5 5
(iv) f (x)  3x2
Diff. w.r.t x
f (x)  6x …….. (i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
 6x  0  x  0
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)  6

[Link] Amir
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 5

At x  0
f  (0)  6  0
 f has minimum value at x  0
And f (0)  3(0)2  0

(v) Do yourself

(vi) f (x)  2x3  2x 2  36x  3

Diff. w.r.t x

f (x)  d 2x3  2x 2  36x  3
dx
  6x 2  4x  36 ………(i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
 6x 2  4x  36  0
 3x 2  2x 12  0 ing by 2
2  4  4(3)(18)
 x 
2(3)
2  4  216 2  220 2  2 55 1 55
   
6 6 6 3
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
 
f  (x)  d 6x 2  4x  36  12x  4
dx
 1 55   1 55 
Now f   12  3   4
 3   
 
 4 1 55  4  4  4 55  4  4 55  0
1 55 .
 f (x) has relative minima at x 
3
 1 55   1 55   1 55   1 55 
3 2

And f    2   2    36  3
 3   3 
55 3  1  
2 3  2  3 
 2
27
1  9

55 12 1 55  3  

2
27
  
2

1  3 55  3  55  55 55  1 2 55  55  12 1
9
 
55  3

  
 2 166  58 55  2 56  2 55 12 1 55  3
27 9
  
 332  116 55  112  4 55 12 12 55  3
27 27 9 9
 247
27
 220
27
55   1 247  220 55
27
 

[Link] Amir
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 6

 1 55   1 55 
Also f     12  3   4
 3   
 
 4 1  55  4  4  4 55  4   4 55  0
1 55 .
 f (x) has relative maxima at x 
3
 1 55 
And Since f 
3   
1
27 
247  220 55 
 
Therefore by replacing 55 by  55 , we have
 1 55 
f 
1

247  220 55 
 3  27

(vii) f (x)  x 4  4x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f (x)  4x3  8x …….. (i)
For critical points put f (x)  0
 4x 3  8x  0 
 4x x 2  2  0 
 4x  0 or x 2  2  0
 x  0 or x 2  2  x   2
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)  12x 2  8
For x   2
f  ( 2)  12( 2)2  8  24  8  16  0
 f has relative minima at x   2
    2   4  2 
4 2

And f  2  48   4
For x  0
f  (0)  12(0)  8   8  0
 f has relative maxima at x  0
And f 0   0   4 0   0
4 2

For x  2
f  ( 2)  12( 2) 2  8  24  8  16  0
 f has relative minima at x  2
 2    2   4 2 
4 2

And f  4 8   4

[Link] Amir
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 7

(viii) f (x)  x  2 2 x 1

 x2  4x  4x 1  x3  4x 2  4x  x 2  4x  4
 x3  5x 2  8x  4
Diff. w.r.t. x
f (x)  3x 2 10x  8
For critical (stationary) points, put f (x)  0
 3x 2 10x  8  0  3x 2  6x  4x  8  0
 3x  x  2   4 x  2   0   x  2 3x  4   0
 x  2   0 or 3x  4   0
 x  2 or x  4
3
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)  6x 10
For x  2
f  (2)  6(2) 10  2  0
 f has relative minima at x  2
And f (2)  2  2 2 2 1  0
For x  4
3
f   4   6  4  10  8 10   2  0
3 3
 f has relative maxima at x  4
3
2 2

And f      2   1          
 
 4   4   4  2 1 4 1 4
  
3 3  3   3 3  9  3  27

(ix) f (x)  5  3x  x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f (x)  3  3x 2 ……. (i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
 3  3x 2  0  3x 2  3  x 2  1  x  1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)   6x
For x  1
f  (1)   6(1)   6  0
 f has relative maxima at x  1
And f (1)  5  3(1)  (1)3  5  3 1  7
For x  1
[Link] Amir
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 8

f  (1)   6(1)  6  0
 f has relative minima at x  1, and
f (1)  5  3(1)  (1)3  5  3 1  3
Question # 3
Find the maximum and minimum values of the function defined by the following
equation occurring in the interval 0,2 
f (x)  sin x  cos x
Solution f (x)  sin x  cos x where x  0, 2 
Diff. w.r.t x
f (x)  cos x  sin x ……… (i)
For stationary points, put f (x)  0
cos x  sin x  0
sin x
  sin x   cos x   1  tan x  1
cos x
5
 x  tan1 1  x   , when x  0, 2 
4 4
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f  (x)   sin x  cos x
For x  
4
f       sin     cos      1  1   2  1   0
4 4 4 2 2  2
 f has relative maxima at x  
4

 
1  2 1  2 1 
And f    sin     cos    
1
    2    2
  4  
4  
4 2 2  2  2
For x  5
4
f   5    sin  5   cos  5 
 4   4   4 
 1   1  1 1  1 
        2   0
 2  2 2 2  2
 f has relative minima at x  5
4
 5  1  
And f    sin  5   cos  5     2 
1 1
   2
 4   4   4  2 2  2
Question # 4
Show that y  ln x has maximum value at x  e
x

[Link] Amir
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 9

ln x
Solution y 
x
Diff. w.r.t x
1
dy d  ln x   x  x  ln x  (1)

dx dx  x  x2
dy
  1 ln 2
x …….. (i)
dx x
dy  0
For critical points, put
dx
1 ln x  0
  1 ln x  0  ln x  1
x2
 ln x  ln e  x  e ∵ ln e  1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d  dy  d  1 ln x 


dx  dx  dx  x2 

x 2      1 ln x   2x 
1
2
d y  x  x  2x  2x ln x 3x  2xln x
   4

dx2 (x 2 )2 x x4
At x  e
d2y 3e  2e  ln e

dx2 xe e4
3e  2e  (1) e 1
 4
 4   3 0
e e e
 y has a maximum value at x  e .
Question # 5
1
Show that y  x x has maximum value at x  .
e
Solution y  x x

Taking log on both sides

ln y  ln x x  ln y  x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
  dx
d ln y  d x ln x
dx
1 dy
  x  d ln x  ln x  dx
y dx dx dx
1
 x  x  ln x  (1)
dy dy
  y 1 ln x    x x 1 ln x  ………. (i)
dx dx

[Link] Amir
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 10

For critical point, put dy  0

dx
 x 1 ln x   0  1 ln x  0 as x x  0
x

 ln x  1  ln x  ln e ∵ ln e  1
1
 ln x  ln e1  x  e1  x 
e
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d  dy 
 d x x 1 ln x 
dx  dx  dx
d2y
 2
 x x d 1 ln x   1 ln x  d x x
dx dx dx
 x x  1  1 ln x   x x 1 ln x  from (i)
x
 x x   1 ln x  
1 2

x 
At x  1
e
1
 1   1  1 ln 1  
2
d 2y e
  
dx2 
 e   1 e  e  
x1 e 

 
1 1
 1 e

   e  1 ln e 1
e
2  1 e

   e  1 ln e 
e
2

1 1
 1 e
e

   e  11
2
   1e  e
e  0

 y has a minimum value at x  1

e

[Link] Amir