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Dynamic Range in Digital Imaging

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109 views7 pages

Dynamic Range in Digital Imaging

Uploaded by

amirabaih.din
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Bushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 10th Edition

Chapter 17: Digital Radiographic Technique

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The two principal characteristics of a medical image are _____.


a. spatial resolution and noise
b. spatial resolution and contrast resolution
c. contrast resolution and modular transfer function
d. contrast resolution and dynamic range

ANS: B
Spatial resolution and contrast resolution are the two principal characteristics of a
medical image.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 306


OBJ: Describe the principal characteristics of the medical image.

2. Spatial frequency is used to describe the quality of spatial resolution in terms of _____.
a. pixel size
b. modular transfer function
c. line pairs
d. contrast resolution

ANS: C
In medical imaging, the quality of spatial resolution is measured by the quantity of spatial
frequency.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 306


OBJ: Identify the use of spatial frequency to describe spatial resolution.

3. In digital imaging, spatial resolution is ultimately limited by _____.


a. focal spot size
b. spatial frequency
c. contrast resolution
d. pixel size

ANS: D
A digital imaging system cannot resolve anything smaller than one pixel.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 308


OBJ: Understand and describe the concept of spatial resolution.

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.


Test Bank 17-2

4. What is the spatial frequency of a digital system that can resolve 100 um?
a. 5 lp/mm
b. 10 lp/mm
c. 50 lp/mm
d. 100 lp/mm

ANS: B
If a line is 100 um, a line pair is 200 um; therefore, 1 lp/200 um = 1 lp/0.2 mm, which
equals 20 lp/mm.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 307 OBJ: Understand the calculation of spatial
frequency.

5. If a digital system has a spatial resolution of 4 lp/mm, it can resolve an object as small as
_____ mm.
a. 8
b. 4
c. 0.25
d. 0.125

ANS: B
A spatial resolution of 4 lp/mm resolves 8 objects per mm, each object being 1/8 mm, or
0.125 mm.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 307 OBJ: Understand the calculation of spatial
frequency.

6. As spatial frequency increases the object size _____ and the spatial resolution _____.
a. increases, increases
b. decreases, decreases
c. decreases, increases
d. increases, decreases

ANS: C
As spatial frequency increases the object size decreases and the spatial resolution
increases.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 307


OBJ: Understand how spatial frequency relates to object size and spatial resolution.

7. If a digital radiography imaging system has a spatial resolution of 10 lp/mm, what is the
pixel size of that system?
a. 0.05 mm
b. 0.5 mm
c. 0.1 mm
d. 0.01 mm

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.


Test Bank 17-3

ANS: A
A system with a spatial resolution of 10 lp/mm resolves 20 pixels/mm; therefore, each
pixel is 1/20 mm in size or 0.05 mm.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 308


OBJ: Understand the relationship of spatial resolution to pixel size.

8. If there were such thing as a perfect imaging system, the MTF would be equal to _____.
a. 5
b. 1
c. 2
d. 4

ANS: B
In a perfect system, the image size would equal the object size, and the MTF would
therefore be equal to one.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 308 OBJ: Understand the concept of MTF.

9. A _____ test tool is used to acquire data for an MTF curve.


a. bar pattern
b. post processing
c. signal-to-noise ratio
d. contrast-detail curve

ANS: A
A bar pattern test tool is used to acquire data for an MTF curve.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 308 OBJ: Describe how an MTF curve is produced.

10. The use of two screens in imaging results in a higher _____.


a. spatial frequency
b. pixel size
c. MTF
d. spatial resolution

ANS: C
The use of two screens increases the MTF because spatial resolution and spatial
frequency are decreased. Pixel size is not affected by screens.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 309 OBJ: Understand the factors that affect MTF.

11. The human visual system can distinguish _____ shades of gray.
a. 10
b. 30

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.


Test Bank 17-4

c. 300
d. 1000

ANS: B
The human visual system can distinguish no more than 30 shades of gray.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 310


OBJ: Understand how the visual system perceives dynamic range.

12. The number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce is called its _____.
a. spatial frequency
b. contrast
c. spatial resolution
d. dynamic range

ANS: D
The number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce is called its dynamic
range.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 310 OBJ: Define dynamic range.

13. Screen-film radiography has a dynamic range of _____.


a. 10
b. 100
c. 1,000
d. 10,000

ANS: C
Screen-film radiography has a dynamic range of 1,000.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 310 OBJ: Understand the concept of dynamic range.

14. The bit capacity of each pixel identifies the _____ of a digital imaging system.
a. dynamic range
b. grey scale
c. spatial frequency
d. MTF

ANS: A
The bit capacity of each pixel identifies the dynamic range of a digital imaging system.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 310 OBJ: Understand dynamic range in digital
imaging.

15. The _____ digital imaging system uses the highest dynamic range.
a. computed tomography

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.


Test Bank 17-5

b. mammography
c. magnetic resonance
d. angiography

ANS: B
The mammography digital imaging system uses the highest dynamic range.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 310


OBJ: Describe the comparative dynamic range of all digital imaging systems.

16. The portion of useful image-forming x-rays is referred to as the _____.


a. frequency
b. MTF
c. signal
d. noise

ANS: C
The portion of useful image-forming x-rays is referred to as the signal.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 312 OBJ: Describe signal-to-noise ratio.

17. Recent studies have shown that denser breast tissue is best imaged with _____.
a. xerography
b. computed tomography
c. screen-film mammography
d. digital mammography

ANS: D
Recent studies have shown that denser breast tissue is best imaged with digital
mammography.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 312


OBJ: Understand the advantages of using digital imaging for mammography.

18. As mAs is increased the signal to noise ratio is _____.


a. decreased
b. increased
c. not affected
d. doubled

ANS: B
As mAs is increased the signal to noise ratio is increased.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 312 OBJ: Understand the factors that affect SNR.

19. Image detail is also called _____.

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.


Test Bank 17-6

a. spatial resolution
b. spatial frequency
c. signal to noise ratio
d. dynamic range

ANS: A
Image detail is also called spatial resolution.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 312 OBJ: Define spatial resolution.

20. Of all radiographic imaging systems, _____ has the best contrast resolution.
a. digital radiography
b. mammography
c. magnetic resonance imaging
d. computed tomography

ANS: B
Of all radiographic imaging systems, computed tomography has the best contrast
resolution.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 315


OBJ: Describe the contrast resolution of different imaging systems.

21. With digital imaging, patient dose can be reduced by using higher _____ techniques.
a. mAs
b. kVp
c. optical density
d. contrast

ANS: B
With digital imaging, patient dose can be reduced by using higher kVp techniques.

DIF: Easy REF: page 315


OBJ: Understand how digital techniques can reduce patient dose.

22. DQE is _____.


a. density quantum effect
b. direct quantum efficiency
c. detective quantum efficiency
d. detective quantum energy

ANS: C
DQE is detector quantum efficiency.

DIF: Easy REF: page 316 OBJ: Define DQE.

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.


Test Bank 17-7

23. If an image receptor has a high probability of interacting with the x-ray beam, then it has
a high _____.
a. DQE
b. SNR
c. MTF
d. lp/mm

ANS: A
If an image receptor has a high probability of interacting with the x-ray beam, then it has
a high DQE.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 316 OBJ: Define DQE.

24. The use of an image receptor with _____ DQE can result in _____ patient doses.
I. low, lower
II. high, lower
III. high, higher
IV. low, higher
a. I
b. II
c. I & III
d. II & IV

ANS: D
The use of an image receptor with high DQE can result in lower patient doses.

DIF: Difficult REF: page 317


OBJ: Understand the relationship between DQE and patient dose.

25. Digital radiography images should be repeated if there is a problem with _____.
a. contrast
b. overexposure
c. brightness
d. none of the above

ANS: D
With digital radiography, problems with overexposure or inadequate brightness or
contrast can be corrected during post-processing.

DIF: Moderate REF: page 311


OBJ: Understand how post-processing reduces the need for repeats.

Copyright © 2013 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Common questions

Powered by AI

The two principal characteristics of a medical image are spatial resolution and contrast resolution. Spatial resolution defines the ability of an imaging system to distinguish small structures and is measured in terms of line pairs per millimeter, while contrast resolution refers to the ability to distinguish differences in intensity between adjacent regions in an image. These characteristics are crucial because they significantly affect the quality and diagnostic utility of medical images .

The bit capacity of each pixel in a digital imaging system determines its dynamic range. This bit capacity dictates how many shades of gray the system can reproduce, thereby affecting the system's ability to distinguish fine contrast differences within an image .

The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is a measure of the imaging system's ability to reproduce (or transfer) contrast from the subject to the image. In a perfect imaging system, the MTF would equal one, indicating that there is no loss of contrast and the image exactly represents the object in terms of size and intensity differences. MTF is significant because it impacts the clarity and detail of the images produced by the system .

Pixel size directly influences spatial resolution in digital imaging systems. The smaller the pixel size, the higher the spatial resolution, allowing the imaging system to resolve finer details. This occurs because a digital imaging system cannot resolve details smaller than the size of a single pixel .

Digital radiography images generally do not require repeating for issues with overexposure, brightness, or contrast because these parameters can often be adjusted during post-processing. This flexibility reduces the need for repeated imaging, thus minimizing patient exposure to radiation and improving workflow efficiency .

In medical imaging, there is an inverse relationship between spatial frequency and object size. As spatial frequency increases, the size of the object decreases, leading to an increase in spatial resolution. This means that higher spatial frequencies correspond to the ability to resolve smaller details in the image, which is critical for identifying fine anatomical structures .

An image receptor with high Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) would reduce patient doses because it has a higher probability of interacting with x-rays, effectively capturing more useful signal for a given amount of radiation. This efficiency means that lower x-ray doses are needed to achieve the desired image quality, thus minimizing patient exposure .

Using higher kVp techniques in digital imaging can reduce patient dose. Higher kVp reduces the dose because it allows for a greater penetration of x-rays, requiring less mAs to achieve adequate image quality. This reduction in mAs directly lowers radiation exposure to the patient, improving safety without compromising image quality .

Digital mammography is advantageous for imaging denser breast tissue because it provides higher dynamic range and improved contrast resolution compared to traditional imaging methods. This enables better differentiation of tissues, allowing for more accurate detection and characterization of breast lesions, especially in patients with dense breast tissue .

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in radiographic imaging describes the proportion of useful image information (signal) to the background noise. A higher SNR indicates a clearer image with less noise, improving the ability to detect and delineate anatomical structures. Increasing the mAs can improve the SNR by enhancing the signal received relative to noise .

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