Discovery-Enriched Curriculum (DEC)

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Electrical and Electronic Principles

Gary FENG

Integration of
Office: Y6721 • Education 3As
• Research Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy (Anderson et al., 2000)
Tel Ext: 5900 • Entrepreneurship
• Interdisciplinarity and
• Action for the public good
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Introduction Introduction

Attitude Ability
Develop an attitude of discovery/innovation/creativity Develop the ability/skill needed to discover/innovate/create

Student-centred learning whereby students

• develop a strong sense of curiosity,
• ask questions actively,
• challenge assumptions, and
• engage in inquiry together with teachers

• Development of critical thinking skills to assess ideas

• Acquisition of research skills
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• Synthesis of knowledge across disciplines
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Introduction • Application of academic knowledge to real-life problems
Introduction

Accomplishments Learning Tips

Demonstrate accomplishments of discovery/innovation/creativity
 Oscar award • Pre-study lecture notes and relevant chapters of the
textbook before each lecture
Identify difficult parts and thus pay more attention to
those parts during lecture
Nurture self-learning capability
• Try to solve as many problems as possible with
different approaches
• Try Practice Test from relevant chapters
• Read other reference books if possible
Demonstration of evidence of original discovery/innovation/creativity through
• creative works/new artefacts
• effective solutions to real-life problemsChapter 1 Chapter 1
• new processes Introduction Introduction

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 Chapter 1 Introduction Overview of Electrical Engineering

1. Reasons for studying electrical engineering

2. Definitions: current, voltage, and power

3. Circuit elements

4. Basic circuit laws

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Overview of Electrical Engineering Biomedical Equipment and Devices

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Subdivisions of Electrical Engineering Why Study Electrical Engineering?

1. Communication Systems • To pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)
2. Computers Examination as a first step in becoming a
3. Control Systems Registered Professional Engineer
4. Electromagntics • To have a broad knowledge so that you can lead
5. Electronics design projects in your own field
6. Photonics
• To be able to operate and maintain electrical
7. Power Systems
systems
8. Signal Processing
• To communicate with electrical engineering
consultants

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 Example of Circuit
Electrical Circuit

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Basic Concepts Basic Concepts: Charges

• Charge • Charge is an electrical property of the atomic

• Current particles which matter consists of, measured in
• Voltage coulombs (C)
• Power • 1C of charge requires 6.24  1018 electrons
• Energy • Law of conservation of charge: charge cannot be
created or destroyed, only transferred

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Electric Current Examples: DC and AC Currents

• Electric current is the rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A)
dq(t )
i (t ) 
dt
• 1 A= 1 C/s
• Two main types
- Direct current (DC): Current remains constant .

- Alternating current (AC): Current varies

sinusoidally with time

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 Notes on Current Safety Considerations

• Current is physically realized by movement of • Even small levels of current through the human
electrons body can cause serious, dangerous side effects
• By convention, current direction is defined as flow • Any current over 10 mA is considered dangerous
of positive charges • Currents of 50 mA can cause severe shock
• Positive charge is not flowing physically • Currents over 100 mA can be fatal
• Electrons have a negative charge and move in the • Treat electricity with respect – not fear
opposite direction of current

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Other Forms of AC Current Reference Directions

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Voltage Reference Polarities

• Voltage is the energy transferred as a unit of

charge flows through a circuit element, measured
in volts (V), which are equivalent to joules per
coulomb (J/C)
dw
v
dq
• Analogous to pressure in a hydraulic system
• A measure of the potential between two points
• Voltage pushes charges in one direction

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 Power Energy
• Power: time rate of expending or absorbing
• Energy: capacity to do work ( joules)
energy (watts)
dw • Laws of conservation of energy:
p The net power absorbed by a circuit is equal to 0,
dt
or
• By convention:
The total energy produced in a circuit is equal to
Circuit elements that absorb power have a the total energy absorbed
positive value
Circuit elements that produce power have a t2
dw
negative value w   p(t )dt p
dt
p(t )   v (t )i (t ) t1

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Passive Reference Configuration Example 1.2: Find power

• Passive sign convention: Current enters the
positive terminal of an element

p  vi

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Circuit Laws Kirchhoff’s current law

• A node is a point at which two or more circuit
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law elements are joined together
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law • Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The net current
entering a node is zero, or
• Ohm’s Law
• Alternatively, the sum of the currents entering a
node equals the sum of the currents leaving a node
M
 Im  0
m 1

• Based on law of conservation of charge

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 Series circuits Exercise 1.7: Find currents

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Exercise 1.8 – Identify elements in series Kirchhoff’s voltage law

• A loop is a closed path starting at a node and
proceeding through circuit elements, eventually
returning to the starting node
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL): The algebraic
sum of the voltages equals zero for any closed
path (loop) in an electrical circuit
M
 Vm  0
m 1

• Based on law of conservation of energy

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Example
Reference directions in applying KVL

Figure 1.24 In applying

KVL to a loop, voltages
are added or subtracted
depending on their
reference polarities
relative to the direction of
travel around the loop.

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 Parallel circuits Exercise 1.9 and 1.10

Figure 1.27 In this circuit, elements A and B are v c  ? ve  ?

in parallel. Elements D, E, and F form another
parallel combination.

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Independent voltage sources Dependent voltage sources

1.3
Figure 1.32 Independent voltage sources Figure 1.34 Dependent voltage sources (also known as controlled
voltage sources) are represented by diamond-shaped symbols. The
voltage across a controlled voltage source depends on a current or
voltage that appears elsewhere in the circuit.

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Independent current sources Dependent current sources

Figure 1.35 Independent voltage sources

Figure 1.36 Dependent voltage sources. The current
through a dependent current source depends on a current or
voltage that appears elsewhere in the circuit.

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 Resistors and Ohm’s Law
Resistance Related to Physical Parameters
a

v  iR
vab  iab R L
R
b
A
• Conductors (e.g. wires) have very low resistance
that can be usually neglected
• Insulators (e.g. air) have very large resistance Resistance of human body: ?

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Other equations derived from Ohm’s law Example: Simple circuit

p  vi
v
i
R
v2
p
v R
R
i
p  i2R

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Example: Find current and power Example: Find voltage

Fig.P1.62

Animation for circuits:

[Link]

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