DIFFERENTIATION

Formula Sheet

I. DERIVATIVES OF STANDARD FUNCTIONS:

(1)
d
dx
(constant)  0 (2)
d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1

(3)
d
dx
 x   21x (4)
d 1
dx  x 
1
  2
x
d d
(5)  sinx   cosx (6)  cosx   sinx
dx dx
d d
(7)  tanx   sec2 x (8)  cotx   cosec2 x
dx dx
d d
(9)  secx   secx  tanx (10)  cosecx   cosecx  cotx
dx dx

(11)
d x
dx
 
e  ex (12)
d x
dx
 
a  a x  loga

d 1 d 1
(13)  logx   (14)  log a x  
dx x dx xloga
1
(15)
d
 
sin 1 x 
1
, 1  x  1 (16)
d

cos 1 x   , 1  x  1
dx 1  x2 dx 1.  x 2
1
(17)
d
dx
 
tan 1 x 
1
1  x2
,   x    x  R  (18)
d
dx

cot 1 x  
1  x2
,   x  

1
(19)
d

sec1 x  1
, x 1 (20)
d

cosec1 x   , x 1
dx x x2 1 dx x x2 1

II. DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS:

Chain Rule:
dy dy du
If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable function of x , then  
dx du dx

III. RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION:

du dv
v u
d du dv d dv du d u
(1) u  v    (2)  uv   u  v (3)  
dx dx
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx  v  v2

dy 1  dx 
IV. If y  f  x  and if the inverse function x  f 1  y  exists, then   provided  0
dx  dx   dy 
 dy 
 
V. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION:
dy
dy dt  dx 
If x and y are differentiable functions of ' t ', then    0
dx dx  dt 
dt
VI. IMIPORTANT RESULTS
d 1 1 d  1  1 d 1
(1)   2 (2)     f  x (3) f  x  f  x
dx  x  x dx  f  x   [ f  x ]2 dx 2 f  x
(4) For the homogenous equation of second degree in x and y , second order derivative of y is zero
d2y d2y
e.g. (i) If ax2  2hxy  by 2  0 , then 0 (ii) If 3x2  2 xy  y 2  0 , then 0
dx 2 dx 2
dy y dy y
(5) If x p y q  ( x  y) p q , then  e.g. x4 y5  ( x  y)9 , then 
dx x dx x

(6)
d x
dx
 
x  x x 1  log x  (7)
d
dx
 x   21x (8)
d  1  n
 
dx  x n  x n 1
dy f   x 
(9) If y  f  x  f  x  f  x    then 
dx 2 y  1

VII. IMPORTANT SUBSTITUTION:

Expression Substitution
a2 – x2 x= asinθ or x=acosθ

x 2 +a 2 x = atanθ or x=acotθ

x2 – a2 x = asecθ or x = acosecθ

a–x a+ x
or x=acos2θ or x = acosθ
a+x a–x
a–x a+x
or x = atan θ
a+x a–x
a2 – x2 a2 + x2
or x2= a2 cos2 θ or x2 = a2 cos θ
a2 + x2 a2 – x2
ax – x 2 x=asin2 θ

x
x=atan2 θ
a+x
x
x=asin2 θ
a–x

 x – a  x – b  x=asec2 θ – btan2 θ

 a – x  b – x  x=acos2 θ + bsin2 θ
VIII. USEFUL RESULTS:
Expression Substitution Result Expression Substitution Result
1 x 2
x  sinθ cos θ2
1  2x 2 x  sinθ cos2θ
1 x2 x  cosθ sin 2θ 2x 2  1 x  cosθ cos2θ
1 x2 x  tanθ sec 2θ 1 x2
x  tanθ cos2θ
1 x2 x  cotθ cosec 2θ 1 x2
x2 1 x  secθ tan 2θ 2x
x  tanθ tan2θ
x2 1 x  cosec θ cot 2θ 1 x2
2x 1  x 2 x  sinθ sin2θ 3x  4x 3 x  sinθ sin2θ
2x 1  x 2 x  cosθ sin2θ 4x  3x
3
x  cosθ cos3θ
2x 3x  x 3
x  tanθ sin2θ x  tanθ tan3θ
1 x2 1  3x 2

IX. SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

1 sin –1  sin  = ,sin sin –1x  = x (2) cos –1  cos   = , cos  cos –1x  = x

(3) tan–1(tanθ) = θ, tan(tan–1x) = x (4) cot 1  cotθ   θ, cot  cot 1x   x

 5 sec –1  sec   = ,sec  sec –1x  = x  6  cosec1  cosecθ   θ, cosec  cosec1x   x
      π
 7  sin –1  cos   = sin –1 sin  8 cos1  sinθ   cos1 cos 
π
–   = –   θ    θ
 2  2  2  2
      π
10  cot 1  tanθ   cot 1 cot 
π
(9) tan –1  cot   = tan –1  tan  –    = –   θ    θ
 2  2  2  2
   
(11) sec –1  cosec   = sec –1 sec  –    = – 
 2  2
   
12  cosec –1  sec   = cosec –1 cosec  –    = – 
 2  2

13 sin –1  x  = cosec –1 

1
14  cosec1  x   sin 1  
1

x x

15 cos –1  x  = sec –1   16  sec1  x   cos1  

1 1
x x
1
18 cot 1  x   tan 1  
1
(17) tan –1  x  = cot –1  
x x
 π π
(19) sin –1x+ cos –1x =  20  tan 1x  cot 1x   21 sec1x  cosec1x 
2 2 2
 x+y   x–y 
(22) tan –1x+ tan –1 y = tan –1   (23) tan –1x – tan –1 y = tan –1  
 1 – xy   1 – xy 
In above tables, x is a real variable with restrictions.

PW Web/App - [Link]

Library- [Link]