Writing

Mr. Abdulrahman Alsaeedi

A sentence :
is a group of words that contains a subject and
a verb and expresses a complete meanimg.

A sentence begins with a capital letter and

ends with a period.

A sentence may also end with a question mark

(?) or an exclamation point (!)
Examples:
1. He is a student.
2. It is hot here.
3. She bought a new dress.
4. I like ice cream with vanilla.
5. Are you hungry?
6. Hurry! (command)
7. Stop! (command)
8. Don’t be late. ( Negative Command)
 He is sleeping.
They are playing.
You Don’t go.
You Hurry!
You Go!
You Run.
A sentence fragment is only part of a sentence
or half of a sentence. It is not a complete
sentence.
A fragment lacks either a subject, a predicate ,
or does not communicate a complete thought.
Examples:
- Helps his mother. → No subject.
- Sami and his best friend Ali. → No predicate
..

- When they arrive. → No complete thought.

Examples of sentence fragment :
- always says the truth. No subject
- is happy today.
- helps her mother.
- All my family members. No predicate
- My friend and I .
- Abeer and Asala.
- Once they arrive. No complete meaning
- When you meet the teacher.
- While I was walking in the dark.
Other examples:
1. Helps poor people.
Ahmed helps poor people.

2. Sami and his best friend Ali.

Sami and his best friend Ali left early today.

3. As soon as you arrive.

Call me as soon as you arrive.
 Exercises:
♯ Which ones of the followings are complete
sentences and which ones aren’t:

1. is holiday.
2. Speaks two languages fluently.
3. Don’t sleep in class.
4. My new classmate from Ibb.
5. All of my classmates.
6. Come here.
7. Before he sleeps.
 The subject:
The subject tells who or what did something.
My friend lost his phone.
(Who lost his phone? _ my friend)

Ali broke the window.

(Who broke the window? _ Ali)

Judo and Wrestling are my favorite sports.

(What are my favorite sports? _ judo and wrestling)

My phone is ringing.
( What is ringing? _ my phone)
The subject
* The subject can be a noun, a pronoun,
noun phrase, or a prepositional phrase.
- Pronoun → I, he, she, they etc.
- Noun → Ahmed, teacher, phone , etc.
- Noun phrase → The tall boy , My
younger sister, etc.
- Prepositional phrase → The tall boy with
black eyes, The black pen on the table , All
of the people in my family, etc.
The verb
The verb tells us the action or state of the
subject.

Examples:
The taxi hit the child.
My friend lost his phone.
My phone is ringing.
They are interesting.
I feel happy today.
Verbs
Verbs name an action or describe a state of
being. Every sentence must have a verb.

There are three basic types of verbs:

a) Action verbs.
b) Linking verbs.
c) Helping verbs.
Action Verbs:
Action verbs tell what the subject does.
The action can be visible (jump, run, laugh)
or mental (think, learn, study).

The cat broke the window.

They ate everything on the table.
MY students study hard.
I don’t remember the answer.
 Linking verbs:
Linking verbs join the subject and the
predicate. They do not show action. Instead,
they help the words at the end of the sentence
name or describe the subject.
The most common linking verbs include:
be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear,
sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become
Examples for linking verbs:
Everyone was happy in the party.
He is a good student.
The kids looked sad.
The food tastes delicious.
Many linking verbs can also be used as action
verbs.
Linking:The kids looked sad. It tastes yummy.
Action: I looked at him angrily. She is tasting
the soup.
Helping Verbs:

Helping verbs are added to another verb to

make the meaning clearer.
Helping verbs include any form of to be, do,
does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would,
can, could, may, might, must. Verb phrases
are made up of one main verb and one or
more helping verbs.
They will run before dawn.
They haven’t finished yet.
I’m studying hard.
The object
The object receives the action of an action.

Examples :
The taxi hit the boy.
The taxi hit him.
He likes his job but doesn’t like his boss.

* The object can be a noun, a pronoun, or a

noun phrase.
The complement.

Some verbs like be, become, seem, like , feel

are may be followed by a noun, a noun
phrase, or an [Link] is called a
complement.
Examples:
He is a student.
The streets are empty.
Soccer is my favorite sport.
I feel lucky today.
The air smells fresh and clean.
Exercises:
# Identify the subject, verb, object, and the
complement in the following sentences.
1. They are eating lunch.
2. His job is easy.
3. I don’t have a book.
4. They tried their best.
5. She speaks and understands English well.
6. We live in an apartment.
7. My brother and I are completely different.
Parts of speech
Pronouns
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Interjections
Pronouns
● Subject pronouns
(I,you,we,they,he,she,it)
I can speak English well.
She cooks delicious food.

● Object pronouns
(me,you,us,them,him,her,it)
I love it. It loves me.
He helps me. I help him.
She teaches us. I teach her.
We cook for them. They cook for us.
● Possessive adjectives
(my,your,our,their,his,her,its)
My English is very good.
Your mother is a generous woman.
Our class is interesting.
The stupid cat is chasing its tail.
● Possessive Pronouns
(mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its)
My English is good. Yours is wonderful.
I like your dress. Yours is more beautiful.
Her dress is nicer than mine. No, hers is nicer.
Is this plate yours or ours? It is theirs.
● Reflexive pronouns
She backed the cake for herself.
You should be ashamed of yourself.
We prepared ourselves very well.
They cannot do it by themselves.
I did it myself. Nobody helped me.
He changed himself and came back.
Don’t worry. We can clean it by ourselves.
Take care of yourself.
Take care of yourself by yourself.
 Review
1- I / me ______ like London.
2- All the of the students passed except __me/ I.
3- Please follow ____ me / I.
4- Who ate all the chocolate? You or ___ he/him?
5- This book is Ahmed’s book. It isn’t _ your/ yours.
6- Is this your / yours car?
7- This pen is __ my /mine. I bought it yesterday.
8- Go and help him. He cannot do it by
him/ himslfe.
Nouns
A noun is a word that names a person,
place, or thing.

Examples:
Door, car, man, child, house, happiness, etc.
Mohammed and his friend have a nice car.
Types of nouns:

Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or

thing. Proper nouns are always capitalized.
Examples
a. Names of people and their titles:
Ahmed Al-Yemeni.

b. Names of cities, states, and countries:

London _ Yemen _Turkey _ Sana’a_ Texas
c. Names of days and months:
Friday _ May _ July

d. Names of nationalities, races, languages,

and religions:
American_ Turkish_ Muslim_ Asian_ Arab

E. Names of special days:

New Year’s Day _ Independence Day _ Eid
 Types of nouns

a. Abstract nouns:
Abstract nouns are things you can not see or
touch. hate_ happiness_ determination
b. Concrete nouns:
Concrete nouns are things you can see or
touch. car_ chair_ table, etc.

.
c. Collective nouns:
Collective nouns describe groups.
team_ family, etc.
d. Compound nouns:
Compound nouns are two or more
nouns that function as a single unit.
toothpaste _ sister-in-law, etc.
f. Countable nouns:
Countable nouns are ones with a
singular and plural form. They are things
you can count. pen( pens), wall (walls) etc.
g. Non-countable nouns:
Non-countable nouns are things you can’t
count.
air _ freedom _ happiness_ money etc.
h. Gerunds:
Gerunds represent actions.
writing_ thinking_ running

I like writing stories. Writing is a skill.

Illustration
Common nouns are generic names.
Proper nouns are names of specific things, places,
or people.
Examples:
Those children are annoying Ali.
(Ali is a proper noun. It’s the name of a specific boy.
The word children is a common noun.)

I want to go to a mountain. Can we go to Saber

Mountain?
( Saber Mountain is a proper noun. It’s the name of a
specific mountain. The word mountain is a common
noun.)
Exercises:
# Identify the proper nouns and common
nouns in the following sentences.
1. The Atlantic Ocean is so big.
2. That boy wants to play with Akram.
3. Zamzam is holy water.
4. I study English at Sana’a University .
5. I love looking at old bridges. Can we visit
Tower Bridge?
6. I’m a girl. My name is Asma.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word or phrase that is used
to modify a noun or [Link] usually
answer the question “What kind?”

Here are some things to know about adjectives.

1. Adjectives come before nouns
- It is a tall hotel.
- New buildings are growing up all over the city.
2. Adjectives can also follow linking verbs.
be The children are happy.
seem You seem sad.
look You look beautiful.
smell The cookies smell delicious.
taste Candy tastes sweet.
feel Silk feels smooth.
3. Adjectives are never plural.
beautiful memories (beautifuls memories)
4. –ing and –ed words can be adjective.
swimming pool used car
washing machine tired student
interesting movie wanted thief
running shoes qualified teacher
running water
 Order of adjectives
DETERMINER a, an, four, her, our, those, that, some
OPINION beautiful, difficult, expensive, gorgeous
SIZE big, little, small, enormous, large, tiny
AGE new, young, old, ancient, modern
SHAPE oval, round, square, rectangular, flat

COLOR yellow, blue, pink, black, white, gray

ORIGIN French, British, Italian,Thai,Turkish
MATERIAL gold, silver, wooden, metal, cotton, paper
PURPOSE Swimming, washing, running, coffee
NOUN man, bag, car, mirror, table, dog
 Determiner, opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin,
Exercises: material, purpose, + NOUN

 I have a small black bag.

 I am sitting on an ugly wooden chair.
 I have dirty old running shoes.
 It is beautiful French perfume.
 It is a beautiful big new square white
Chinese plastic washing machine.
..........................
Comparing things.

We often use adjectives in comparative and

superlative form to compare things and
people.
When you compare two things that are different, use
the comparative form of adjectives.
one syllable → er

cheap → cheaper fast → faster

large → larger thin → thinner

* If a two-syllable word ends with y, we delete

the y and put i instead. → (-y → ier):

lucky → luckier friendly → friendlier

easy → easier pretty → prettier
Examples:
- You're older than me.
- I am taller than my father.
- Hadramot is drier than Sana’a.
- Let’s walk. It is cheaper.

Notes
The word than is often used to compare
two things or people. For example, you say:

Mohammed is taller than Ahmed.

A car is faster than a bike.
( two syllables or more) :
se-ri-ous ex-pen-sive de-li-cious
-You are more patient than me.
-The exam was more difficult than I expected.
- Health is more important than money.
- Lions are more dangerous than dogs.
The Superlative Form of Adjectives
When you compare more than two things, use
the superlative adjectives.
one syllable → est
Long → longest tall → tallest short → shortest
Hot→ hottest
* If a two-syllable word ends with y, we delete
the y and put i instead. → (-y → iest)
easy → easiest → pretty → prettiest
We normally use the before a superlative (the
longest):
- Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
- Amran is the coldest city in Yemen.
- She is one of the nicest people I know.
-This is the warmest blanket in the house.
- It is the tallest building in the
neighborhood.
Two syllables or more → The most
Beautiful→ The most beautiful
Expensive → The most expensive
Dangerous → The most dangerous
 She is the most beautiful girl.
 It is the most expensive phone.
 Crocodile is the most dangerous animal.
 It is the most amazing dress in the shop.
After superlatives we normally use in with
places:
- What's the longest river in the world?
- It is the warmest blanket in the house.

We also use in for organizations and groups

of people (a class I a company et c.):
- She is the youngest student in the class.

For a period of time, we normally use of:

- Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
- What was the happiest day of your life?
 Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

good better best

bad worse worst
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest

-My painting is good, Ahmed’s painting is better,

but Abir’s painting is the best.
Adverbs
The main job of an adverb is to modify a
verb. Use an adverb when you want to tell
more about an action.
Here are a few things to know about adverbs
1#
Adverbs answer the question how? When?
Where? And how often?

How? Drive slowly and carefully.

When? I will do it later.
Where? Play outside.
How often? Always tell the truth.
2#
Adverbs also describe adjectives and other adverbs.
In this case, they answer the question how?

Describing an adjective: I have a very old phone.

(How old?)
Describing another adverb: Don’t drive too slowly.
( How slowly?)
* A few –ly words are adjectives.
There is no adverb form.

Adjectives Adverbs
friendly ____
lonely ____

* If a two-syllable adjective ends in –ly, change the –y to

i before adding –ly.
Adjectives Adverbs
noisy noisily
busy busily
* Some adverbs don’t end in –ly.

Adverbs of time Adverbs of Place

often here inside
never there outside
now everywhere upstairs
today
yesterday
* A few adverbs are irregular.

Adjectives Adverbs
good well
fast fast
hard hard

He is a good swimmer. He swims well.

He is a fast runner. He runs fast.
It was a hard test. The students worked hard.
………………………………..
When
Use when to show two things happening at
the same time.
A comma follows the first clause in a sentence
when it begins with when.
Examples:
When I sleep, I snore.
I snore when I sleep.
When I have problems, I can’t sleep.
I can’t sleep when I have problems.
 Using too and very + Adjective
Very goes before an adjective and
emphasizes it. It usually has a positive
meaning.
Ex: He is very happy.
Too has a negative meaning when placed
before an adjective; it means “also” at the end
of an affirmative sentence.
Ex: That coat is too big for you.
I would like to go, too.