Pre-Medical : Chemistry

SOLUTIONS
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Definition of Solution :
When two or more chemically non-reacting substances are mixed together forming homogeneous mixture the
mixture is called solution.
When the solution is composed of only two chemical substances, it is termed as binary solution, similarly, it is
called ternary and quaternary if it is composed by three and four components respectively.
For binary solution : Solution = solute + solvent
• Generally the component present in lesser amount than, other component in solution, is called solute.
• Generally, the component present in greater amount than all other components, is called the solvent.
• Physical state of solvent and solution is same.

Solute + Solvent
Solution
(B) (A)
moles n N
mass w(g) W (g)
molar mass m M
mole fraction xB xA

Ex.1 In a syrup (liquid solution) containing 60 g sugar (a solid) and 40 g water (a liquid) same aggregation as
solution water is termed as the solvent.
Ex.2 : In a solution of alcohol and water ; having 10 mL alcohol and 20 mL water, water is solvent and alcohol
will be solute.
• On the basis of amount of solute, solutions can be classified in two ways.
(a) Dilute Solution
A solution in which relatively a small amount of solute is dissolved in large amount of solvent is called a
dilute solution.
(b) Concentrated Solution
A solution in which relatively a large amount of the solute is present is called a concentrated solution.
3.2 CONCENTRATION TERMS
(a) Normality (N)
The number of equivalents or gram equivalents of solute present in one litre of the solution is known as
normality (N) of the solution.
Number of gram equivalents of solute (g)
=
Volume of solution (L)
Mass of solute (g)
=
Equivalent mass ´ Volume of solution (L)

(b) Molarity (M)

The number of moles of solute present in one litre solution is called its molarity(M).

Number of moles of solute n

Molarity = = V
volume of solution(L) (L )
Pre-Medical : Chemistry
(c) Formality (F)
It is the number of gram formula mass units present per litre of solution. Formality is generally used for
solutions of ionic compounds.

Mass of solute (g)

Formality =
Formula mass of solute ( g ) ´ Volume of solution ( L )
(d) Molality (m)
The number of moles of solute present in 1000 gram of the solvent is called molality of the solution.

Number of moles of solute Number of moles of solute ´1000

Molality of a solution = Amount of solvent ( kg ) = Amount of solvent ( g )
(e) Strength of a Solution (S)
The mass of solute in g dissolved in 1L solution is known as its strength in g L–1

Mass of solute (g)

S=
Volume of solution (L)
S(gL–1) = Molarity of solution ´ Molar mass of solute
S(gL–1) = Normality of solution ´ Equivalent mass of solute
(f) Concentration in terms of percentage
(i) Percent By Mass (w/W)
Mass of solute (in g) present in 100 g of solution (g) is called mass percent of the solute.
Where 'w' gram of solute is dissolved in W gram of solvent.

Mass of solute ( g ) ´ 100 w ´100

Mass percent = =
Mass of solution ( g ) w+W
Mass percent is independent of temperature.
(ii) Percent By Volume (v/V)
This method is used for solutions of liquid in a liquid. The volume of liquid (solute) in mL present in
100 mL of solution in is called volume percent.

Volume of solute ´ 100

Volume percent =
Volume of solution

æ wö
(iii) Percent by strength /percentage mass by volume çè ÷ø : Mass of solute (in g) present in 100 mL
V
solution is called mass by volume.

æwö mass of solute ( g )

%ç ÷ = ´ 100
è V ø volume of solution ( mL )

(g) Parts Per Million (ppm)

This method is used for expressing the concentration of very dilute solutions such as hardness of water,
air pollution etc.

Mass of solute ( g ) ´ 106

ppm of substance (by mass) =
Mass of solution (g)

Volume of solute(mL) ´ 106

ppm (by volume) =
Volume of solution(mL)

æ wö mass of solute ( g )
ppm ç by ÷ = ´ 106
è V ø volume of solution ( mL )
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(h) Mole Fraction
The ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all the components
present in the solution, is called the mole fraction of that component.

moles of solute ( n )
Mole fraction of solute XB =
moles of solute ( n ) + moles of solvent ( N )

moles of solvent ( N )
Mole fraction of solvent XA =
moles of solute ( n ) + moles of solvent ( N )

XA + XB = 1

(i) (i) Relation Between Molarity and Normality

S = Molarity × Molar mass of solute and S = Normality × Equivalent mass of solute.
So we can write
Molarity × Molar mass of solute = Normality × Equivalent mass of solute.

Molarity ´ Molar mass of solute

Normality =
Equivalent mass of solute

Molarity ´ Molar mass of solute

=
(Molar mass of solute/valency factor)
Normality = Molarity × Valency factor
N = M × n factor
(ii) Relation Between Molality (m) and Mole fraction

xB n n ´ MA ´ 1000
= B = B
xA NA w A ´ 1000

x B molality ´ M A
=
xA 1000

xB molality ´ M A molality ´ M A
= : if x B <<< 1 for very dilute x B =
1 - xB 1000 1000
(j) VOLUME STRENGTH OF H2O2 SOLUTION :
Volume of O2 (L) produced by decomposition of unit volume solution of H2O2 at NTP/STP; is called its
volume strength.
Relationship between volume strength of H2O2 and Molarity / Normality / (g/L) / % (w/V)
Let volume strength of H2O2 solution be 'X V', it means 1L solution of H 2O2, can produce X L of O2 at
NTP.

2H2O2 2H2O + O2(g)

2mol 1mol
Q 1 mol O2 can be produced by = 2 mol H2O2 solution

X 2X
\ mol of O2 can be produced by = mol H2O2 solution
22.4 22.4

X
= mol of H2O2 solution
11.2
Pre-Medical : Chemistry
number of moles of solute 2X X
(a) Molarity= = =
volume of solution(L) 22.4 11.2

X
Hence M=
11.2

X X
(b) Normality = molarity × valence factor = ´2 =
11.2 5.6

X
Hence N=
5.6

(c) Strength (g/L) : S = N × E

X
Hence S= ´ 17 gL–1
5.6

æ wö X 17
(d) %ç ÷ = ´
è V ø 5.6 10

l If the density of solution is approximately 1g/cc then Molality > Molarity

l ppm unit is used to represent concentration of very dilute solutions like pollutants in environment and salts
present in sea water.

l Those concentration terms which involves volume of solution are temperature dependent.

l Molarity, normality, formality, % by volume, % w/V, are temperature dependent.

l Molality, % w/W, mole fraction are temperature independent.

Illustration 1. If 0.4 g of NaOH is present in 40 mL of solution. What is the molarity and normality of solution
[Molecular mass of NaOH = 40]
Solution. We know that
Mass of solute ´ 1000
Molarity = Molar Mass of solute ´ Volume of solution (mL )

0.4
M= ´ 1000 = 0.25 M
40 ´ 40

Mass of solute
Normality = ´ 1000
Equivalent mass of solute ´ volume of solution(mL)
Equivalent mass of NaOH = 40
0.4
N= ´ 1000 = 0.25N
40 ´ 40

Illustraion 2. The normality of 1.5M H3PO4 is –

Solution. Basicity of H3PO4 is 3
We know that N = M ×n Þ Normality = 1.5 × 3 = 4.5 N
 Pre-Medical : Chemistry
N
Illustraion 3. Find out the mass of H2SO4 in 150 mL, H SO .
7 2 4
Mass in gram
Solution. N=
Equivalent mass ´ Volume(L)
1 150 21
Mass in gram = Equivalent mass × N × Volume (L) = 49 × × = = 1.05g
7 1000 20

Illustraion 4. Find out the molarity of 93% (w/W) H2SO4 (density = 1.84 g/ml).
Moles of solute Mass in gram ´ Density ´ 1000
Solution. Molarity = =
Volume of solution(L) Molar mass ´ mass of solution (g)

93 ´ 1.84 ´ 1000
= = 17.46 M
98 ´ 100
Illustraion 5. A 100 cm3 solution is prepared by dissolving 2g of NaOH in water. Calculate the normality of the
solution.
1
2 1
Solution. 2g NaOH = g eq; N = 20 ´ 1000 = 2
40 100
N
Normality of solution =
2
Illustraion 6. Find the percentage by mass and mass fraction of aspirin in the solution prepared by dissolving 3.65
g of aspirin in 25.08 g of water .
Solution. Mass of solution = 3.65 + 25.08 = 28.73 g
3.65
Mass fraction = = 0.127
28.73
Mass percent = 0.127 × 100 = 12.7%

Illustraion 7. A solution was prepared by adding 125 cm3 of isopropyl alcohol to water until the volume of the
solution was 175 cm3. Find the volume fraction and volume percent of isopropyl alcohol in the
solution.
Solution. Volume of solute = 125 cm3
Volume of solution = 175 cm3
125
\ Volume fraction = = 0.714
175
125
Volume percent = ´ 100 = 71.4%
175
Illustraion 8. Calculate volume strength of H2O2 in 5L solution which yields 100 L of O2 at NTP.
Solution 5L H2O2 gives = 100 L O2
1L H2O2 gives = 20 L O2
i.e. 20 V H2O2 solution

1. What is the normality of 2M H3PO2 solution?

(1) 0.5 N (2) 1.0N (3) 2.0 N (4) 3.0 N

2. 23 g ethanol is dissolved in 36 g water. Find mole fraction of ethanol?

(1) 2 (2) 0.5 (3) 0.2 (4) 0.8

3. How many gram of HNO3 is required to prepare 400 mL solution of 0.2 M HNO 3?
(1) 5.04 g (2) 5040 g (3) 25.2 g (4) 2.52 g
Pre-Medical : Chemistry
4. Calculate normality of 2.1% (w/V) H2SO4 solution?
(1) 2.14 N (2) 4.28 N (3) 0.428 N (4) 0.214 N

5. What is the molarity of 1N H 2SO4 solution?

(1) 1 M (2) 2M (3) 0.5 M (4) 3M

6. 20.6 g NaBr is dissolved in 500 mL solution what is the molarity of resulting solution?
(1) 0.6 (2) 0.4 (3) 1 (4) None

7. Calculate molality of the solution obtained by dissolving 11.7 g NaCl in 500 g water
(1) 0.1 m (2) 0.3 m (3) 0.2m (4) 0.4m

8. Density of 2.03 M aqueous solution of acetic acid is 1.017 g mL –1 molecular mass of acetic acid is 60. Calculate
the molality of solution?
(1) 2.27 (2) 1.27 (3) 3.27 (4) 4.27

9. A molar solution is one that contains one mole of solute in

(1) 1000 g of the solvent (2) one litre of the solution
(3) 1000 g of the solution (4) 22.4 litres of the solution

10. Calculate the mole percentage of CH3OH and H2O respectively in 60% (by mass) aqueous solution of CH 3OH
(1) 45.8, 54.2 (2) 54.2, 45.8 (3) 50, 50 (4) 60, 40
Pre-Medical : Chemistry
EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) Build Up Your Understanding
12. Equal weight of NaCl and KCl are dissolved
CONCENTRATION TERMS
separately in equal volumes of solutions then
1. 8 g NaOH is dissolved in one litre of solution, its
molarity of the two solutions will be –
molarity is :
(1) Equal
(1) 0.8 M (2) 0.4 M (3) 0.2 M (4) 0.1 M
(2) That of NaCl will be less than that of KCl
2. If 18 g of glucose is present in 1000 g of solvent, (3) That of NaCl will be more than that of KCl
the solution is said to be : Solution
(1) 1 molar (2) 0.1 molar (4) That of NaCl will be half of that of KCl solution
(3) 0.5 molar (4) 0.1 molal
13. The mole fraction of oxygen in a mixture of 7g of
3. The molarity of a solution of sodium chloride nitrogen and 8g of oxygen is :
(mol wt. = 58.5) in water containing 5.85 g of
sodium chloride in 500 mL of solution is :- 8
(1) (2) 0.5 (3) 0.25 (4) 1.0
(1) 0.25 (2) 2.0 (3) 1.0 (4) 0.2 15

4. For preparing 0.1 M solution of H2SO4 in one

14. In a solution of 7.8 g benzene (C6H6) and 46.0g
litre, we need H2SO4 :
toluene (C6H5CH3) the mole fraction of benzene is:-
(1) 0.98 g (2) 4.9 g
1 1 1 1
(3) 49.0 g (4) 9.8 g (1) (2) (3) (4)
6 5 2 3
5. Mole fraction of glycerine(C3H5(OH)3) in a solution
of 36 g of water and 46 g of glycerine is : 15. An X molal solution of a compound in benzene has
(1) 0.46 (2) 0.36 mole fraction of solute equal to 0.2. The value of X is:-
(3) 0.20 (4) 0.40 (1) 14 (2) 3.2 (3) 1.4 (4) 2
6. 1000 g aqueous solution of CaCO 3 contains 10 g 16. Mole fraction of ethanol in ethanol water mixture is
of calcium carbonate, concentration of the solution 0.25. Hence percentage concentration of ethanol
is : by weight of mixture is :–
(1) 10 ppm (2) 100 ppm (1) 25% (2) 75% (3) 46% (4) 54%
(3) 1000 ppm (4) 10,000 ppm
17. A 500 g tooth paste sample has 0.02 g fluoride
7. What is the normality of 1M H3PO4 solution ?
concentration. What is the concentration of fluorine
(1) 0.5 N (2) 1.0 N in terms of ppm level:-
(3) 2.0 N (4) 3.0 N (1) 250 (2) 40 (3) 400 (4) 1000
8. The molarity of 0.2 N Na2CO3 solution will be :
18. The normality of 10 mL of a '20 V' H 2O2 solution is
(1) 0.05 M (2) 0.2 M (1) 1.79 (2) 3.58 (3) 60.86 (4) 6.086
(3) 0.1 M (4) 0.4 M
19. H 2O 2 solution used for hair bleaching is sold
9. Normality of 0.3 M phosphorous acid is:-
as a solution of approximately 5.0 g H 2O 2 per
(1) 0.15 (2) 0.6 100 mL of the solution. The molecular mass
(3) 0.9 (4) 0.1 of H 2O 2 is 34. The molarity of this solution is
10. The molarity of pure water is : approximately:-
(1) 100 M (2) 55.5 M (1) 0.15 M (2) 1.5 M
(3) 3.0 M (4) 3.4 M
(3) 50 M (4) 18M
11. Molarity of 720 g of pure water - 20. Normality of 10% (w\V) H2SO4 solution is nearly
(1) 40M (1) 0.1 (2) 0.2 (3) 0.5 (4) 2

(2) 4M 21. What volume of 0.1 N HNO3 solution can be

(3) 55.5M prepared from 6.3 g of HNO 3 ?
(1) 1 litre (2) 2 litre (3) 0.5 litre (4) 5 litre
(4) Can't be determined
22. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of a
solute in
(1) 1000 g of the solvent
(2) one litre of the solution
(3) one litre of the solvent
(4) 22.4 litres of the solution
23. Which of the following statement is true :-
(a) Molarity is the no. of moles of solute dissolved
per litre of solvent.
(b) The molarity and normality of a solution of
sodium carbonate are same.
(c) Molality (m) of a solution is defined as the number
of moles of solute dissolved is 1000 gm of
solution
(d) The ratio of mole fraction of solute and solvent
is in the ratio of there respective moles.
(1) a & c (2) a & d
(3) b & c (4) Only d
24. Two bottles of A and B contains 1M and 1m
aqueous solution (d ; 1g mL-1 ) of sulphuric acid
respectively-
(1) A is more concentrated than B
(2) B is more concentrated than A
(3) Concentration of A = concentration of B
(4) It is not possible to compare the concentration
25. Molar concentration of a solution in water is :
(1) Always equal to normality
(2) More than molality of the solution
(3) Equal to molality of the solution
(4) Less than the molality of the solution
26. The molarity of 98% H2SO4 (d = 1.8 g mL–1) by
wt. is
(1) 6 M (2) 18 M (3) 10 M (4) 4 M