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Electrical Power Transmission Overview

EPT ch1

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105 views13 pages

Electrical Power Transmission Overview

EPT ch1

Uploaded by

manishmane9090
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PROF. LINGE P. S.

ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

UNIT-I
BASICS OF POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM
• The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers’ premises is known
as electric supply system.
• An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the power station,
the transmission lines and the distribution system.
• Electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at favorable places,
generally quite away from the consumers.
• It is then transmitted over large distances to load centers with the help of conductors
known as transmission lines.
• Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and big consumers through a
distribution network.
NECESSITY OF TRANSMISSION OF POWER
Because of following points there is necessity of transmission of power:
• Electrical load on power system is not concentrated at one place but it is widely spread.
• Load points are located away from generating station.
• Due to limitation of site selection criteria of major generating Station (HPP, TPP & NPP)
are located far away from load centers and hence the electricity need to transmit from
generating stations to the point of actual utilization of it (consumers) for this purpose
transmission electricity is necessary.
1.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:
Meaning of Single line diagram:
• The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows the main
connections and arrangement of the system components along with their data (such as
output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.). OR
• In power engineering, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified
notation for representing a three-phase power system. Electrical elements such as circuit
breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized
schematic symbols.

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PROF. LINGE P. S. ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

1.1.1 SINGLE LINE DAIGRAM OF ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND


DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

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1.1.2 ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :


• The large network of conductors between the power station and the consumers can be
broadly divided into two parts viz., transmission system and distribution system.
• Each part can be further sub-divided into two—primary transmission and secondary
transmission and primary distribution and secondary distribution.
GENERATING STATION:
• The generating station where electric power is produced by 3-phase alternators operating
in parallel.
• The usual generation voltage is 11 kV.( It may be 6·6 kV or even 33 kV in certain cases.)
• For economy in the transmission of electric power, the generation voltage (i.e., 11 kV) is
stepped upto 132 kV (or more) at the generating station with the help of 3-phase
transformers.
• The step level voltage is depending upon the length of transmission line and the amount
of power to be transmitted
• The transmission of electric power at high voltages has several advantages including the
saving of conductor material and high transmission efficiency.
• Generally the primary transmission is carried at 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV or 400 kV.
PRIMARY TRANSMISSION
• The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station (RS) which usually lies
at the outskirts of the city.
• The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system to the
outskirts of the city. This forms the primary transmission.
• Transmission voltage: - 220 KV, 400KV, 765 KV
SECONDARY TRANSMISSION
• The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station (RS) which usually lies
at the outskirts of the city.
• At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step-down transformers.
• From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead
system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the strategic points in the city. This forms
the secondary transmission.
• Transmission voltage :- 220 KV, 132 KV, 110 KV

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PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION
• The secondary transmission line terminates at the sub-station (SS) where voltage is
reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire.
• The 11 kV lines run along the important road sides of the city. This forms the primary
distribution.
• It may be noted that big consumers (having demand more than 50 kW) are generally
supplied power at 11 kV for further handling with their own sub-stations.
• Primary distribution voltage 33 KV, 22KV, 11 KV for long distance line it may be 66 KV
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
• The electric power from primary distribution line (11 kV) is delivered to distribution sub-
stations (DS).
• These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage to
400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution.
• The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230
V.
• The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one phase and
neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase lines directly.
1.1.3 COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSION LINE:-
An overhead line may be used to transmit or distribute electric power. The successful operation
of an overhead line depends to a great extent upon the mechanical design of the line.
The main components of an transmission line are
1. Supporting structure (pole):
• Supports which may be poles or towers and keep the conductors at a suitable level above
the ground.
2. Line insulator
• Insulators which are attached to supports and insulate the conductors from the ground.
3. Overhead conductor
• Conductor which carry electric power from the sending end station to the receiving end
station.
4. Cross arm
• Cross arms which provide support to the insulators on pole.

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PROF. LINGE P. S. ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

5. Stay set (Stay wire)


• Stay Wires are galvanized steel wire strands that are used for sustaining mechanical load.
By using the wire to stay power poles and tower structures.
6. Lighting arrestors
• A lightning arrestor (also called lightning diverter) is a device used on electric power
systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects
of lightning.
7. Guarding wires
• A grounded conductor placed beneath an overhead transmission line in order to ground
the line, in case it breaks, before reaching the ground
8. Earth wire
• Ground wires or earth wires are bare conductors supported at the top of transmission
towers.
• They serve to shield the line and intercept lightning stroke before it hits the current
carrying conductors below i.e. power lines.
• Ground wires normally do not carry current. Therefore, they are often made of steel.
9. Anti-climbing wires:
• These are insulating wire which is placed between conductor lines to maintain proper
clearance between them to avoided short circuit due to environmental conditions.
10. Bird guards
• The bird guard is a device to protect insulators by attaching a weather resistant, non-
conductive material to the arm of a power transmission line directly above the insulators.
11. Jumpers
• In a jumper arrangement for an overhead electric power transmission line wherein
conductors of the transmission line are secured to a power transmission tower through
strain insulator string assemblies and conductors on the opposite sides of the tower are
electrically interconnected by a jumper conductor
12. Danger plates
• For indicating danger part of overhead lines danger plates are used.

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1.1.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIMARY TRANSMISSION AND SECONDARY


TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Sr. No. Primary transmission system. Secondary transmission system.


1 It is link between Generating substation It is link between Primary substation &
& Primary sub station receiving substation
2 Voltage is 220KV/400KV/765KV Voltage is 220KV /110KV/132KV
3 Conductors are high capacity conductors Conductor’s high capacity conductors.
than Secondary transmission system.
4 Height of Tower is more than secondary Height of Tower is less than primary
transmission system. transmission system.
5 Its loading point is at Generating Its loading point is at Primary substation
substation only. only.

1.2 STANDARD VOLTAGE LEVEL USED IN INDIA:

Generation Voltage:
• 3.3KV, 6.6KV,11KV and 17.5 KV,21KV (Now a day’s generation voltage is in the range
of 11KV- 33KV)
Primary Transmission voltage:-
• 220 KV, 400KV, 765 KV (750 KV)
Secondary Transmission voltage:-
• 220 KV, 132 KV, 110 KV, 66 KV
Primary Distribution voltage:-
• 33 KV, 22KV, 11 KV and for long distance line it may be 66 KV
Secondary Distribution voltage: -
• 3-phase, 400 Volt, for single phase 230 Volt.

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES


1.3.1 ACCORDING TO LENGTH OF TRANSMISSION LINE:
1) Short Transmission Line: -
• The length of Short transmission Line is up to 50KM and its line voltage is less than 20
KV
2) Medium Transmission Line: -
• The length of Medium transmission Line is up to 50KM- 150KM and its line voltage is
between 20KV to 100 KV
3) Long Transmission Line: -
• The length of Long transmission Line is above 150KM and its line voltage is above
100K.
1.3.2 ACCORDING TO TYPE OF VOLTAGE
1) DC transmission line
2) AC transmission line:
• Single phase transmission line
• Three phase transmission line
1.3.3 ACCORDING TO VOLTAGE LEVELS:
1) Low Voltage Transmission Line (LV)
• Voltage level less than 1 KV
2) Medium Voltage Transmission Line:
• Voltage level from 1KV to 11 KV
3) High voltage Transmission Line (HV)
• Voltage level from 11KV to 33 KV
4) Extra High Voltage Transmission Line (EHV)
• Voltage level above 33 KV up to 400 KV
5) Ultra High voltage Transmission Line (UHV)
• Voltage level above 400 KV
1.3.4 ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION OF LINE:
1) Overhead Transmission Line
2) Underground Transmission Line

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1.3.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN UNDER GROUND AND OVER HEAD


TRANSMISSION LINE:

Sr. No Points Underground cable Overhead line


1 Capital cost More Less
2 Erecting cost More Less
3 Time require for More Less
completion of work
4 Flexibility No flexibility More flexibility
5 Future expansion in System voltage cannot be System voltage can be
voltage level increased increased easily
6 Overload capacity Less More
7 Fault finding Difficult Easy
8 Charging Current More Less
9 Chances of fault Less More
10 Chances of accident No chances of accident More
11 Safety More Less
12 Radio interference Not produces radio Produces radio
interference interferences
13 Short cute route possible Difficult
14 Theft Of energy Less possibility More possibility
15 Voltage drop less More
16 Power factor More Less
17 Reliability More Less
18 Life More Less
19 Space consumed No space consumed Space consumed
20 Appearance Very good Not good

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1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH VOLTAGE FOR POWER TRANSMISSION:


We know that, P = √3 VL IL cos ɸ
For,
➢ Same power to be transferred
➢ At same power factor
1
➢ At same transmission line distance 𝐼 ∝ 𝑉 from This Equation It is clear that due

to High Transmission Voltage


High voltage AC transmission line becomes necessary for bulk power to be transmitted over a
long distance because of following advantages:-
1
• As Transmission voltage increases, current decreases. ( as 𝐼 ∝ 𝑉 )

• As current decreases, cross section of conductor decreases. [as c/s of conductor α I]


• As cross section of conductor decreases, its weight decreases.
• As weight of the conductor decreases, design of tower becomes lighter in weight.
• As current decreases, cross section of bus bar and size of switch gear contact etc. reduces.
• Due to above advantages, Transmission cost per KM decreases
• As transmission voltage increases. A current decreases, so copper losses in transmission
line reduces.(as Cu losses α I 2 )
• As copper losses reduces, transmission efficiency increases.
• As current reduces, voltage possible than low voltage.
• Generating Stations are generally located away from load centre.

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1.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION ELECTRIC SUPPLY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM


(110 KV, 220KV, 400 KV)
Construction of transmission lines involves the following activities:
• Site Preparation
• Foundation Construction
• Structure Construction
• Wire-Stringing Operations
SITE PREPARATION:
• Tower locations are cleared of vegetation prior to construction of the towers.
• Access roads may need to be upgraded or new roads constructed to accommodate
construction vehicles and equipment access to each tower site.

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION:
• Most structures have a concrete foundation.
• The size of the foundation depends on the type of structure and the terrain.
• Foundation construction begins with the auguring of holes for footings (four for lattice
steel towers [LSTs] and one for tubular steel poles [TSPs]).
• For LSTs, each hole is usually 3 to 4 feet wide and 15 to 30 feet deep.
• TSPs require one hole that is up to 8 to 12 feet wide and 40 to 60 feet deep.

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PROF. LINGE P. S. ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

• Regardless of the structure type, foundations typically have a slight projection above the
ground.
• After the footing holes are excavated, they are reinforced with steel and then concrete is
poured into the holes.
• Once the concrete has cured, crews can begin the construction of the structure itself.
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
• Generally, structures are built from the ground up. Structures are assembled in sections
near the new tower location and a crane is used to lift the sections into place.
• Crews then bolt the sections together.

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WIRE-STRINGING OPERATIONS

• Wire stringing includes all activities associated with the installation of the primary
conductors onto the transmission line structures.
• These activities include the installation of conductor, ground wire, insulators, stringing
sheaves (rollers or travelers), vibration dampeners, weights, suspension and dead-end
hardware assemblies for the entire length of the route.
• Wire stringing involves the following four operations:
➢ Stringing the pilot line to install the conductor
➢ Pulling.
➢ Sagging and dead-ending.
➢ Splicing.

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CLIPPING-IN, SPACERS
• After the conductors are spliced and affixed to dead-end towers, they are “clipped in”, or
attached to tangent towers.
• This process involves removing the rollers and replacing them with clamps and other
final insulator hard-ware to secure the conductors to the insulators.
• Vibration dampeners, weights, and spacers between the conductors of a bundled phase
are then installed. Once construction is complete, crews clean up work areas and restore
disturbed areas.
• Refer the Table for minimum clearances
Rail track For 650V - 6 to 7 m
Above 650 V – 6 to 10m

National highway 7 to 8 m
State highway 6 to 7 m
District roads 5 to 6 m
Telecommunication line 2 to 4 m

1.6 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION


SYSTEMS- 220 V, 400 V, 11 KV, 33KV ETC.
• Generally these lines run near to towns, cities and in the city areas.
• Similar planning and precaution be observed as in HV lines.

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Common questions

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The primary transmission system serves as the link between the generating substation and the primary substation, operating at high voltage levels such as 220 kV, 400 kV, or 765 kV. It transmits electric power from the power generation facilities to areas near cities. In contrast, the secondary transmission system serves as the link between the primary substation and the receiving substation within city limits. It operates at lower voltages, typically 220 kV, 132 kV, or 110 kV, distributing power to various strategic substations closer to consumers. The primary system handles more power and covers longer distances, while the secondary system focuses on distributing power within urban areas .

Transformers play a critical role in the electric supply system by enabling efficient power transmission over long distances. They step up the generation voltage (usually around 11 kV) produced at power stations to higher transmission voltages (such as 132 kV or more), minimizing the current and thus reducing resistive power losses due to Joule heating in the cables. At the receiving station, step-down transformers are used to reduce the high transmission voltage to safer distribution levels (such as 33 kV), facilitating efficient handling and distribution of power within urban areas .

Transmitting electrical power at high voltages offers several advantages including a reduction in the current flowing through the transmission lines, which in turn decreases the cross-sectional area required for conductors, reduces the weight of conductors, and lightens the design of support structures such as towers. This decrease in current flow also minimizes copper losses (which are proportional to the square of the current), thereby increasing transmission efficiency. Furthermore, high voltage transmission allows for a decrease in the overall cost per kilometer of transmission as it reduces the size requirements for bus bars and switchgear contacts .

The process of wire-stringing in transmission line construction involves several key operations. Initially, a pilot line is strung to facilitate the installation of the main conductors. This is followed by pulling the conductor into position, sagging it to the required level to maintain proper tension, and dead-ending where the conductor is anchored securely. Splicing may be necessary to join conductor segments. Additional tasks include installing vibration dampeners, weights, and spacers to ensure structural stability and proper conductor separation. The process ensures that the conductors are securely attached to the supporting structures while maintaining the desired clearance .

Underground transmission lines have higher capital and erection costs than overhead lines, require more time for construction due to complexity, and have limited flexibility for future expansions in voltage. However, they offer increased safety and reliability by avoiding exposure to weather and accidental damage, present no radio interference, and consume no landscape space. On the other hand, overhead lines are more cost-effective, easier to install and maintain, but are susceptible to environmental damage and require space for towers. They are flexible for upgrades and expansion, though they might appear less aesthetically pleasing and have higher fault and accident possibilities .

A single line diagram simplifies power system analysis by representing a complex three-phase power system with simplified notation. It uses standardized schematic symbols to depict major electrical components such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors, which helps in understanding the main connections and arrangements of system components along with their data like voltage, resistance, and reactance. This simplified notation aids engineers in visualizing the power flow and system layout easily .

High-voltage transmission systems face operational challenges such as the need for robust mechanical and electrical design to withstand environmental stresses and ensure safety, high construction costs, and complex maintenance due to the height and voltage levels involved. However, they offer significant benefits like reduced losses due to lower currents, improved efficiency, and the ability to transmit large amounts of power over long distances, which is essential for connecting remote generation sites with load centers. These systems also require less conductor material, reduce copper losses, and allow flexible expansion for increasing future power demands .

The primary purpose of using anti-climbing wires on transmission towers is to prevent unauthorized access and climbing by individuals, thereby reducing the risk of accidents and vandalism. These wires are strategically placed to make it difficult for people to climb towers, enhancing the overall safety and security of the transmission infrastructure .

Transmission voltage levels have a significant impact on the design and efficiency of power systems. Higher transmission voltage levels decrease the current necessary to transmit a given amount of power, reducing the cross-sectional area required for conductors and the weight of the transmission infrastructure. This leads to lighter and potentially less costly transmission towers. Lower current also results in reduced copper losses (which are proportional to the current squared), thereby increasing the efficiency of the power system. Consequently, higher transmission voltages result in less energy lost as heat and lower cost per kilometer for electricity transmission .

Guard wires serve as an additional safety feature on overhead power lines, acting as a grounded conductor placed above or below the main conductors to intercept lightning strokes before they reach and potentially damage the current-carrying lines. They also help ground the line if it breaks, preventing it from causing injury or damage at ground level . Lightning arrestors (or diverters) are devices installed on power systems to protect the insulation and conductors by safely directing any excess voltage, such as one caused by lightning, to the ground, thus mitigating damage from voltage surges .

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