Chapter Seven ALTERNATING CURRENT 7.1 IntRopuction ‘We have so far considered direct current (dc) sources and clreutts with de sources. These currents do nol change direction with time, But volinges and currents that vary with time are very common. The electric mains supply in our homes and offices is a voltage that varies hike a sine function wilh Lime, Such a yollage is called alternating voltage (ac voltage) and the current driven by i in a cireuil is called the alternating current (ac current}*, Today, most of the electrical devices we use requireac voltage, ‘This {5 mainly because most of the electrical energy sold by power companies is transmitted and distributed as allernalingcurrent, The main reason for preferring use of ac vollage over de voltage is that ac voliages can be easily and efficiently converled from one voltage to the other by. means of transformers, Further, electrical energy can also be transmitted economically over long distances. AC circuits exhibit characteristics which are exploited in many devices of daily use. For example, whenever we tune onrradio to a favourite station, we are taking advantage of a special property of ae circuits - one of many that you will study in this chapter “The phrases ac voliage and ac current are contradictory and redundant, respectively, since they mean, literally, alernating current vdiage and alternating current current, Still. the abbreviation ae to designate an eketrical quantity displaying simple harmonic time dependance has become so universally accented that we follow others in its use. Further, voltage — another phrase commonly used means potential diiference between two points.7/ Bug 2t : Alternating Gok ~Altenatiog Gaseat / Volt. an cata a lege A | bath. Change. taith Hone: ts called | pee ST wit > sect,Same depactant Ciaut Aelattd with Ac, (| when a tesistark Connectes tron AC Crriog — oa =e Sea —— isl ahel i. ate feel) NE won nd Be Spanibad 12Ananeacnspn ualieeg CubtOnt es Bayan bp) 31 haa) V= Voltage CRoat melon Szuate Va [y= Peak Value of Voltage, —; (eae - O=0T uheaias Jnlato tea aCp laeben an: Cpacitar is _onneekd tran AC. Cerciutt Si es | uber Copacitae's ic Cann ecttd. (aan ABC ieee then the Valtage age te Guisent 0° then The | equ atin of Voltage Gad~ auient allt 4 = ah ail L fe caw I p Y= Va ‘a(t =) ae @ : GE te. Gn Cot-e9.) | A= Va Sin ut 2) : tif te is Hee _Copacilive Reckance * xe=_l = nts Ge ec gfaph_petscen Ke Uc I es caeite 4Xe" Ae py nccunert vi oe tb eeor tt Vee ote Fs “eae Rand.Z boty 0 Va | the dive cttoa g _|_ftoduced at th __| of Vis the serultont of lor) V2= Vp ++ 2Veh (Cocde* Viz Vet t y= ee ied labs a 46 = eee ie CRB re)fair] F s4= Je +@L)* Ditecttaa ang = a tang = 4% 8 tk tang > Xe. ai jis (2 [kth _R gnd_C both are lone, a __ g =i Ls és a wv Wha Rend C bath ase Conedked. i p> __| Hen Ho _ —uthich i tate —disectts a voltage _Whide ic piaduced’ at the en dogs warth the Guscseod. a wala = z= Voh e4 2 Ve v2 = ip 2 eee == Re ie i [EL ye Ixcl a2 a i ae fe 2 as — sp f pe i i ¢3 = 5 tang Ue = 1% Vg 22 Rr+xe* we Diechiev_\uthOn / Gnd both a —| Gonected iago A | ptoduced at the ©; —Gnd the Voltage tshich z 2° lagi tutth th@ Cusrene . Lif V (rime Recut aa eae vec tre} Ds Vay Ye iX, = 1Xba the londitiza of Resonance Me = Ve AKL = teu ae = fi, OC axVe _ p= ai ire) Delp =p vees | ; then 1, C and R_ an lannected in an At. Ciscut so L$ O| | L/ iene ee jae Se 1 Dice ction a tang = Vi=Ve Be Ve a taog = it = 1X. _—! LR pe tf He 9 tong = Agere oan oe ee) u i I dy =fdt . a Bige= CoCowtj dt is being bat Se. Tea esYehalahd| es ae Mean av Ayg value gf emf, a Ba = Posinat 2 i. As we knows, 3 a ” (=.dg. di) Se 8 : iss old E Z c. do, = dt a oy = =f dt R gs toe! eeoe | Root. =Mlan Sy1ale Ualue gf Cinsent i OOS SG aa = : eee ictielisg to Joule Lay pheatirg, 2 : f ve 5 ” o> apy 10) * a du = i2R dt ae |dH= (lasinwt? gid & eee ig ca eet = ile aa cw 5 a [y= Pidcntet eae a a naan —— i las tf cintat dt [Se Seal ov 2 | - We tte 4 jf (taut) at eee . a ote [ ~e = | f= ie ef =Costst) At {lostst = Slag sx 2s ae AAA A He jee ft kG t = a ee} Lie [Cia =f Cobh dt Hie ratte [C, — [Sine ee ee .- | foot meen Seat Value of Cm cae b= Lasinwt . 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