HIGH-RISE

Investigate

Report Done by
Md. Ibrahim Khalil
ID: 1801511600286
Submitted to : Arch. Hossan Murad
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 4 Literature Review
4.1 Local Case Study
• 1.1 What is Highrise.
4.1.1 People’s insurance building
• 1.2 The beginning of Highrise. 4.1.2 South Breeze Square
4.1.3 Haque’s South Leaf
• 1.3 History of Highrise. 4.1.4 Ranges RD center
• 1.4 Generation of Highrise building. 4.1.5 Shanta- Skymark
4.2 International Case Study
• 1.5 Architectural development of Highrise. 4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso
4.2.2 CCTV Headquarter
• 1.6 Highrise buildings of contemporary period. 4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre
• 1.7 Highrise building in Bangladesh. 4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center

• Chapter 2 Structural System Chapter 5 BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

5.1 Bnbc Data
• 2.1 General Structural System
5.2 Far According Chittagong Imarot Nirman Bidhimala
• 2.1.0 What is structure?
• 2.1.1 Definition
• 2.1.2 Structural Elements
• 2.1.3 Categories of Structural System
• 2.2 High-Rise Structures
• 2.2.0 Introduction
• 2.2.1 Forces on high-rise structures
• 2.2.2 Types of high-rise structures
• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures
• Chapter 3 Principles of High-Rise
• 3.1.0 Introduction
• 3.1.1 Driveway
• 3.1.2 Entrance
• 3.1.3 Reception and waiting areas
• 3.1.4 Core
• 3.1.5 Core function details
• 3.1.6 Fire protection system of a high-rise building
• 3.1.7 HVAC system of a high-rise building
• 3.1.8 Mechanical system of a high-rise building
• 3.1.9 Damper system of a high-rise building
• 3.1.10 Construction material of high rise building
Introduction Chapter 1
I. What is Highrise.
II. The beginning of Highrise.
III. History of Highrise.
IV. Three generation of Highrise building.
V. Architectural development of Highrise.
VI. Highrise buildings of contemporary period.
VII. Highrise building in Bangladesh.
Introduction

1.1 What Is Highrise?

▪ "A MULTI-STORY STRUCTURE BETWEEN 35–100 METERS TALL, OR A BUILDING OF UNKNOWN HEIGHT
FROM 12–39 FLOORS”.

▪ Buildings higher than 100m is termed as skyscraper.

▪ Buildings 300m or higher is termed as super tall and buildings 600m or taller is termed as mega-tall.

➢ High rise is defined differently by different bodies

Ancient roman law:

• which structure might have reached up to 10 or more stories and having 200 storied called high–rise.

Empires standards:

•“A multi-story structure between 35-100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39
floors is termed as high rise.

United States General Laws:

A high-rise building higher than 70’ (21m)

Bangladesh National Building Code

A multi-stored building higher than 33m is called by the High-rise building

Introduction
▪ High-rise = high-risk,

▪ All high-rise building design will require performance-based (engineered) fire and life safety design.

▪ The fire resistance of the structure, to larger and longer duration fires, will be a consideration.
▪ Every year there are about 7,000 fires that break out in high rise office buildings causing deaths, injuries
and millions of dollars in fire damage. Most of these could be eliminated if everyone practiced good fire
prevention on the job and planned ahead for a fire emergency.

▪ Construction material and fire proofing material will get extra attention.
➢ Advantage of High-rise building

▪ More Natural Light

▪ Ventilation and Fresh Air

▪ Less Noise

▪ Less Congestion

▪ Safety & Security

▪ Feel of exclusive living

➢ MONUMENTAL HIGH-RISE
This type of high-rise is made only for monumental
purpose. These are built only for landmark.

➢ COMMERCIAL HIGH-RISE
This type of high-rise is made for commercial
purpose. These are multifunctional buildings. In a
same building it has different activities like office,
Lotte World Tower
factory, restaurant, gym, club etc.

➢ RESIDENTIAL HIGH-RISE
Residential high-rise is made for residential purpose.
These are multifunctional buildings too. In a same
building it has different activities like office, mosque,
roof top garden, gym, club, playground, swimming
pool etc. CN World Tower Princess Tower
WZMH Architects Adnan Safarini
 Introduction
➢ By Style and Order

o Neo Classic Style

• Time Period: 1905–1914
• Home Insurance Building
• Architect : William Le baron Jenney

o Art Decco Style

• Time Perido: 1920s
• Chrysler Building
• Architect: William Van Alen

o Modern Style Home Insurance Building Chrysler Building Richard Daley Canter
• Time Period: 1920-1985
• Richard Daley Canter
• Architect: Jacques Brownson

o High Modern Style

• Time Period: 1950-1960
• Price Tower
• Architect : Frnak Liloyd Wright

o Contemporary Architecture
• Time Perod: 21th Century
• Burj Khalifa
• Architect: Adrian Smith

Price Tower Burj Khalifa

1.2 The beginning of Highrise.

➢ DEMAND FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDING

▪ Scarcity of land in urban areas.

▪ Increasing demand for business & residential space.

▪ Economic growth

▪ Technological advancements

▪ Innovations in Structural system

▪ Desire for aesthetics in urban settings

▪ Concept of city skyline

▪ Cultural significance and prestige

▪ Human aspiration to build higher.

 Introduction
➢ The beginning of Highrise.
▪ In metropolitan regions where land costs have risen and population densities have risen, there has
been a demand for buildings that rise vertically rather than horizontally, occupying less valuable land
area.
▪ Human have always admired tall structures since ancient times because of their social status.

VS

A 40 story tall building on almost

Astreet of 10 small houses
the same area. (According 200
➢ WORLD POPULATION URBAN TO RURAL RATIO families)
Introduction
➢ BANGLADESH POPULATION URBAN TO RURAL RATIO
Introduction

1.3 History of Highrise.

ANCIENT PERIOD
THE TOWER OF BABEL
ARCHITECT : NIMROD.
LOCATION : EGYPT.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD:
SAN GIMIGNANO HILL TOWN (3RD CENTURY BC.)
LOCATION : ITALY (A SMALL TOWN) THE CITY OF SHIBAM
AREA : 138 km2 (53.3 Sq. m.)
ELEVATION : 324 m (1,063 ft).
72-NOS TOWER. APPROXIMATLY 51 m HEIGHT
THE CITY OF SHIBAM
LOCATION : YEMEN.
500-NOS TOWER.
THE CITY HAS THE TALLEST MUD BUILDINGS IN THE
[Link] OF THEM OVER 30 METER’S, (100ft.).
THE INVENTION OF THE HYDRALIC LIFT IN 1853. THE TOWER OF BABEL SAN GIMIGNANO HILL TOWN
THE SECOND INVENTION ISTHE IRON SKELETON.

Great Pyramid
Location : Giza in Egypt
Architect : Hemiunu
Height : 146.5m
Year of Construction : 26th century
Lincoln Cathedral
Location : Minster Yard, UK
Architect : Bishop Remigius
Height : 159.7m Great Pyramid Lincoln Cathedral
Year of Construction : 1311
Wainwright Building
Location : St Loius , Missuri
Architect : Adler & Sulllivan
Height : 41m (10 Storied)
Year of Construction : 1891
Flatiron Building
Location : Anhattan, New York
Architect : D.H. Burnham
Height : 22 Storied
Year of Construction : 1902

Wainwright Building Flatiron Building

Introduction
History of Highrise
• High-rise apartment buildings had already appeared
in ancient Rome and several other cities in the Roman
Empire, some of which might have reached up to ten or
more stories, one reportedly having 200 stairs.
• Several Roman emperors, beginning with Augustus (r. 30 BC –
14 AD), set limits of 20–25 meters (66–82 ft) for multi-story
buildings.
• The lower floors were typically occupied by either shops or
wealthy families, while the upper stories were rented out to
the lower classes.
• In Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many
high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that
could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people.
• In the 10th century, described them as resembling minarets,
while Nasir Khusraw, in the early 11th century, described
some of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens.
• By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment
buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial
and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them
were rented out to tenants.
• The residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and
100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m.
• The Hakka people in southern China have adopted communal
living structures designed to be easily defensible in the forms
of between three and five stories high and housing up to 80
families.
• the engineer's definition of high-rise buildings comes from
the development of fire trucks in the late 19th century.
• Magirus had shown the first cogwheel sliding ladder in 1864.
• The first turntable ladder drawn by horses was developed in
1892 which had a length of 25 meters. The extension ladder
was motorized by Magirus in 1904.
• The definition of a maximum of 22 meters for the highest
floor was common in the building regulations at the time and
it is still so today in Germany.
• The common height for turntable ladders did later go to 32
meters (100 feet), so that 30 meter is a common limit in
some building regulations today, for example in Switzerland.
Any building that exceeds the height of the usual turntable
ladders in a city must install additional fire safety equipment,
so that these high-rise buildings have a different section in Sliding ladder for firefighters in 1904
the building regulations in the world.
Introduction

• 1.4 Generation of Highrise

Building.
❑ THEREARE FOUR GENERATION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING.
➢ 1st generation high-rise building
• The first generation of high rise building ( In the early
20th century) consisted of a design where the exteriors of
the building were made of stone or brick.

The Empire State Monadnock Building

➢ 2nd generation high-rise building
building in New York
• In the second generation of high rise buildings (mid-
20th century) high rise buildings were built by having a
skeleton of steel columns that run through the entire
building.
❑ Assembly of fire resistance
❑ Shaft enclosures
❑ Compartmentalization
❑ Use of non-combustible materials.

➢ 3rd generation high-rise building

▪ The exterior wall is either glass or some sort of stone

material.
Seas Tower in Chicago
▪ These third-generation buildings can be defined as
windowless as the common HVAC system is used.

➢ 4th generation high-rise building

▪ This generation structures make us see the resurrection
of many features that are seen in the second generation.

Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Introduction

• 1.5 Architectural
development of Highrise.
▪ The idea of tall buildings has always been an
exciting one to mankind. Towards the end of the
19th Century, the construction of tall buildings
started in Chicago, due to new inventions such as
the elevator and the telephone (Ali and Moon,
2007; Hillebrand and Jakobsson, 2016). Prior to
the development of buildings for occupancy
purposes, tall structures have been built in ancient
times to satisfy one desire or another.
• This complex of skyscrapers has exercised
increased influence since 1931, the year work on
the Center was started. The building represents a
departure in architectural thinking from a single-
use, single-building concept to multi-use, multi-
complex structures on a community scale.
• Another example of multi-building planning is the
now non existent World Trade Center in New York
City that consisted of twin 110-story towers and
four smaller buildings grouped around a plaza
(Bungale, 2010).
• From 1950 to the mid-1960s, the International
Style of architecture was embraced by prominent
American architects and resulted in sleek box like
glass and concrete or steel high-rises which
integrated the concept of purity of design into the
architecture of the structure. Notable examples
are the Seagram Building (1950) and the Whitney
Museum (1966), both in New York City, and the • industry saw the advent of new forms of structural and
John Hancock Center (1968) in Chicago. other materials which allowed greater scope for
aesthetic expression and innovation. Within the last two
decades many major cities have had imaginative new
shapes thrusting above their skylines using plan shapes
that are other than prismatic
• During the nineties, Asia started to take over the
historically leading roles of tall buildings from the United
States.
• New tall buildings have been built in a short period of
time in the Far East and the Middle East (Hoogendoorn,
2009). The bank of China with a height of 267 m was
completed in the year 1989 in Hong Kong, while the Jin
Mao Tower in Shanghai with a height of 421 m was
completed in the year 1998.
Introduction

1.6 Highrise buildings of

contemporary period.
• The contemporary period was the beginning in the
1960s and continuing through present days.
• Contemporary buildings and styles vary greatly.
• Some feature concrete structures wrapped
in glass or aluminum screens, very
asymmetric facades, and cantilevered sections which
hang over the street.
• Skyscrapers twist, or break into crystal-like facets.
Facades are designed to shimmer or change color at
different times of day.
• The major monuments of modern architecture in the
20th century were mostly concentrated in the United
States and western Europe, contemporary
architecture is global; important new buildings have
been built in China, Russia, Latin America, and
particularly in Arab states of the Persian Gulf; the Burj
Khalifa in Dubai was the tallest building in the world
in 2019, and the Shanghai Tower in China was the
second-tallest.

• The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab

Emirates is the tallest structure in the world,
standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft). Construction of
the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the
exterior completed 5 years later in 2009. The
Adrian smith and his own firm are the
architects for the building which, in 2020,
meant to replace the Burj-Khalifa as the tallest
building in the world. primary structure is
reinforced concrete.

• The Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is

planned to be 1,008 meters, or (3,307 ft) tall,
which will make it the tallest building in the
world, and the first building to be more than one
kilometer in height. Construction began in 2013,
and the project is scheduled to be completed in
2020. Jeddah tower
Introduction
➢ Highrise buildings of contemporary
period.
• The tallest building in China as of 2015 is the Shanghai
Tower by the U.S. architectural and design firm of Gensler. It is
632-meters (2,073 ft) tall, with 127 floors, making it in 2016
the second-tallest building in the world. It also features the
fastest elevators, which reach a speed of 20.5 meters (40 feet)
per second or 74 kilometers an hour.

• The tallest building in Moscow is the Federation Tower, designed by

the Russian architect Sergei Tchoban with Peter Schweger.
Completed in 2017, with a height 373 meters, it surpassed Mercury
City Tower, another skyscraper in Moscow, when it was built as the
tallest building in Europe.

• Most skyscrapers are designed to express modernity; the most

notable exception is the Abraj Al Bait, a complex of seven skyscraper
hotels build by the government of Saudi Arabian to house pilgrims
coming the holy shrine of Mecca. The centerpiece of the group is
the Makkah Palace Clock Tower Hotel, with a gothic revival tower; it
was the fourth-tallest building in the world in 2016, 581.1 meters
(1,906 feet) high.
Introduction

• 1.7 Highrise building in Bangladesh.

• High-rise buildings emerged in Bangladesh around the time of it’s birth.

• Constructed in 1971, Jiban Bima Bhaban is one of the earliest high-rise buildings located in
Motijheel, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was co-designed by Ar. Mazharul Islam. It rises to a height of 84.62 m
(278 ft) and comprises a total of 21 floors. It is constructed by Concord Group.
• Some other earliest high-rise buildings are BCIC Building, Bangladesh Shilpa Bank Bhaban, Sena Kalyan
Bhaban, Bangladesh Bank Building, Janata Bank Bhaban etc.

Jiban Bima Bhaban

➢ Current Highrise Buildings
• City Centre Dhaka
• BRB Cable Tower
• Hilton Dhaka
• Bangladesh Bank Building
• Aziz Court Imperial
• Sheraton Dhaka Residences
• Sun Moon Star Tower
• Courtyard
• The Westin Dhaka
Introduction
➢ Upcoming Highrise Buildings

• Legacy Tower. (2028)

• Liberation Tower. (2026)
• Language Tower. (2026)
• Jolshiri Twin Towers - Tower 1. (2025)
• Jolshiri Twin Towers - Tower 2. (2025)
• Millennium Tower.
• The Pinnacle. (2022)
• Chittagong Port Authority Centre. (2024)
• Doreen Agrabad. (2025)
• Unique Acropolis. (2027)
Structural System Chapter 2
2.1 General Structural System
2.1.0 What is structure?
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 Structural Elements
2.1.3 Categories of Structural System
2.2 High-Rise Structures
2.2.0 Introduction
2.2.1 Forces on high-rise structures
2.2.2 Types of high-rise structures
2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures
 Structural System

2.1.0 What is structure?

➢ A structure is something that will support a load or an
object
➢ Structure is the performance of pattern!
➢ The structure could be for everything of life.
➢ System of being : Social, economical, musical, biological,
and chemical.
➢ Relationship between the matter and the space.

2.1.1 Definition

➢ Within the context of the built environment , the term

‘structure’ refers to anything that
is constructed or built from different interrelated parts
with a fixed location on the ground.
➢ It is a system of inter connected elements to carry loads
safely to under ground earth.
➢ Structures have defined boundaries within which each
element is physically or functionally connected to the other
elements.
➢ In structure elements themselves and their
interrelationships are taken to be either fixed (permanent)
or changing only occasionally or slowly.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both erection
and stability of any structure consist of two portion:
1. SUB-STRUCTURE (lower portion of a building
which lies below ground level)
2. SUPER-STRUCTURE (upper portion of a building
which stands above ground level)
Structural System

2.1.2 Structural Elements

• Foundations
• Walls
• Column
• Beam
• Slab

2.1.2 Structural Elements

Foundations
A foundation (or, more commonly, foundations) is
the element of an architectural structure which
connects it to the ground, and transfers loads
from the structure to the ground. Foundations are
generally considered either shallow or deep.
Structural System

2.1.2 Structural Elements

➢ Wall
As an essential components of a building one of the function of a wall is to bear load and resist lateral
force. It is a structure that defines an area,carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or is
decorative.
There are many variations of walls depends on construction. They are,
1. LOAD BEARING WALL: Able to carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and
transfer it to the foundation. They meant to carry superimposed loads in addition to their
own weight. The materials most often used to construct load bearing walls in large buildings
are concrete , block or brick.
2. NON- LOAD BEARING WALL: They only carry their own weight. Main purpose and functions of
these walls are to divide walls and serve as partition wall. They run perpendicular to the
floors and ceilings.

➢Column
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface
made of cast concrete which is carried on beams below.
Structural System

2.1.2 Structural Elements

Beam
Beams are typically horizontal structural members designed to
carry a load. Steel is one of the most common materials used
for beams, since it can withstand very heavy loads.
Structural System

2.1.2 Structural Elements

➢ Slab
Horizontal members that bears the live and dead load and transfers them to the ground via beam,
column and walls
Structural System

2.1.2 Structural Elements

➢ Roof
Roof is an elements which covers the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind,
and extremes of temperature.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

CATAGORIES OF BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:
1. WALL BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM
2. SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• BEAM AND COLUMN STRUCTURE
• FRAME STRUCTURE
• TRUSS STRUCTURE
• ARCH STRUCTURE
3. SHELL STRUCTURE SYSTEM
• FOLDED STRUCTURE
• CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULT STRUCTURE
• DOMES STRUCTURE
4. TENT STRUCTURE SYSTEM
5. CABLE STRUCTURE SYSTEM
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

➢ .WALL BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM

A load bearing wall structural system is a structural system where the walls are the main structural
elements and the wall functions as the load bearer or the load carrier of a building .

There are the six main types of load-bearing wall as given below :
1. Precast Concrete Wall.
2. Retaining Wall.
3. Masonry Wall.
4. Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Wall.
5. Engineering Brick Wall.
6. Stone Wall.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

➢ [Link] BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM
Structural Members
• Wall (Vertical load bearing member)
• Slab (Horizontal load bearing member)

Load transfer method

Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

➢ [Link] BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Effective Span:
• Horizontal distance between center points of
two support.
Clear Span:
• Horizontal distance between internal faces of
two Vertical support.
• Economically 17’-22’

➢ Openings
• Not more than 30% of the load bearing
wall
• Continuous horizontal opening avoided
• Arch framework or lintel is used
• Opening can be made from floor to wall
• Small opening

➢ Stair Position:
• Constructed when there are load bearing wall
around the stair.
• The landing is built into the walls as one way span
slab.
• The flight span from floor to landing and landing
to floor.
• Disadvantages-Wasteful cutting of brick or block to
allow the flight built into the walls.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

➢ [Link] BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Wall height and Wall thickness:

• Wall thickness : 10-15 inch
• In the previous time the brick building were built usually 3-4
floor .
• but now a day based on construction it rises 5-6 floor.
• Primarily 12”at six story level and increases 4” at every one
stored down
• For buildings not more than 3 stories or 35’ in height, masonry
walls may be 12” thick
• One stored solid masonry walls not more than 9’ high may be
10” thick.

➢ Formal Expression:
• Plan –no grid pattern, can be any desired shape
• Large ,unbroken plans could be expressed
• In elevation – small punches
• For large openings ,arches are provided
• Massive and bold
• Arch, dome, and vaults can be constructed in this type of
structure
• Cantilevers can expressed as planes
• Solid void relation is boldly represented
• For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra
benefit.
• Screen wall can be added
• This type of structure lasted for thousand years.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Frame Structural System.

• A framed structure in any material is one that is made

stable by a skeleton that is able to stand by itself as a rigid
structure without depending on floors or walls to resist
deformation.
• Natural frame structures include coral, trees, spider webs,
and skeletons. Man-made frame structures include bridges
and bicycles.
• Man made shell structures include tunnels, roofs, helmets,
drink cans, and boats. The frame structures are mostly
made of beams.

▪ Types of Frame Structural System.

• There are five main forms of structural frames: Plain Frame, Structural Frame, Space
Frame. Monocoque and Semi-Monocoque. These are structures created in two dimensions.

• These are structures created in two dimensions. An

example is seen opposite. This is a flat wooden frame,
holding bricks in position, whilst the cement dries. This is
a typical construction technique. Once the brick work is
set in position, the plain frame structure can be removed,
leaving the brick arch firmly and permanently in place.

• These are three dimensional structures, often composed

of girders, beams and columns. They are characterized
by having columns to hold up sections of the structure.
The steel structure of a stadium may have many anchor
points to the ground. The roof of many sporting
stadiums, are held in position, by this type of structure
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space
structure (3D truss) is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space
frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.

▪ Space Frame Components

Composed of two components, the members and joints form the
structural integrity of the space frame. Members are axial elements
with circular or rectangular sections resisting tension and
compression, while the connecting joints are critical to the strength,
stiffness and safety of the design.

▪ Monocoque also called structural skin, is a structural system in

which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner
similar to an egg shell. The word monocoque is a French term for
"single shell".

▪ The term semi-monocoque refers to a stressed shell structure that

is similar to a true monocoque, but which derives at least some of
its strength from conventional reinforcement. Semi-monocoque
construction is used for, among other things, aircraft fuselages, car
bodies and motorcycle frames.
 Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ A truss is a structure that consists of members organized
into connected triangles so that the overall assembly
behaves as a single object. Trusses are most commonly
used in bridges, roofs and towers.
▪ To tie, bind, or fasten. to make fast with skewers, thread, or
the like, as the wings or legs of a fowl in preparation for
cooking. to furnish or support with a truss or trusses.
▪ A truss is an assembly of members such as beams,
connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In
engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-
force members only, where the members are organized so
that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object".

➢ Types of Truss Structural System.

I. Pratt Truss
II. Warren Truss
III. K Truss
IV. Howe Truss
V. Fink Truss
VI. Gambrel Truss
 Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Arch Structural System.

▪ In architecture, an arch is an opening in a structure

that is curved on top and designed to distribute
weight. Arches are used in structural engineering
(a branch of civil engineering that deals with large
buildings and similar structures) because they can
support a very large mass placed on top of them.

▪ Types of Arch Structural System.

▪ Types of arches based on shape, material of construction, workmanship and number of centers
are discussed here. An arch is constructed in curved shape due to which loads from above is
distributed to supports
• Types of Arches based on shape
Based on the shape of construction arches are
classified into 10 types and they are discussed below.
• Flat Arch
•For flat arch, the intrados is apparently flat and it
acts as a base of equilateral triangle which was
formed by the horizontal angle of 600 by skewbacks.

• Segmental Arch
•This is the basic type of arch used for buildings in
which Centre of arch lies below the springing line.
•In segmental arch, the thrust Transferred in inclined
direction to the abutment.

• Semi-Circular Arch
The shape of arch curve looks like semi-circle and the
thrust transferred to the abutments is perfectly
vertical direction since skewback is horizontal. In this
type of arch, the Centre lies exactly on the springing
line.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Horse Shoe Arch

• Horse Shoe Arch is in the shape of horse shoe which curves
more than semi-circle. This is generally considered for
architectural provisions.

▪ Pointed Arch
• The other name of pointed arch is Gothic arch. In this type of
arch two arcs of circles are met at the apex hence triangle is
formed. This may be either isosceles or equilateral.

▪ Venetian Arch
• Venetian arch is also pointed arch but its crown is deeper than
springing’s. It contains four Centre’s, all located on the
springing line.

▪ Florentine Arch
• Intrados of arch is in the shape of semi-circle and rest of the
arch is similar to Venetian arch. It has three Centre’s, all
located on the springing line.

▪ Relieving Arch
• Relieving arch is constructed above flat arch or
on a wooden lintel to provide greater strength. In
case of relieving arch, we can replace the decayed
wooden lintel easily without disturbing the
stability of structure. The ends of this arch
should be carried sufficiently into the abutments.
 Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

➢ Shell Structural System.
▪ Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped
to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the
surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh.
▪ Shell structures are typically curved, light-weight structures. Examples of natural shell structures
include coconut shells, tortoise shells, sea shells and nut shells. Examples of man-made shell
structures include tunnels, roofs, helmets, drink cans and boats.

▪ Types of Shell Structure.

[Link] shell:
This cylindrical shells in which stationary cure called as directrix or moving curve
called generatrix is a straight line.
Semi ellipse, parabola, arch circle, cycloid catenary, horse-shoe shape are the example
of some common cylindrical shells.
[Link] cylindrical shells:
Multiple cylindrical shells is a series of cylindrical shells that are parallel and
transversely continuous.
[Link] light shells:
The north light shell in which two springing are provided at different levels is called
the north light shell.
The provision of curves at different levels towards the north gives maximum north-
light, this type of shell is usually provided as a roof in case of factories.
[Link] cylindrical shells:
This asymmetrical cylindrical shell structure is not symmetrical about the crown.
[Link] shells:
This barrel shells is symmetrical about the crown.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

[Link] vaults:
Barrel vaults are most useful for shell structures because of the greater span capacity of up to
50 m with minimal material.
They are very efficient structures because the arch form is used to reduce stress and thickness
in the transverse direction.
[Link] shells and long Shells:
The number of terms has been developed to describe cylindrical shells depending upon its
span short or long.
Short shells: If the span length is short, then it is termed as short shells.
Long shells:
If the span length is large in comparison with its width, the shell form is termed as long shell.
[Link]:
A dome is a space structure that covers a more or less square or circular area.
The domes are attached to a surface generated by a curve of any form revolving about a
vertical line.
When the surface has a double curvature that gives rise to a hard and strong shell structure of
snoring rather than a curved surface.
[Link] shell structure:
The structural effectively of the intersection shell is dependent upon the angle of intersection
of the surface.
[Link] arches:
Shell arches are in the same category as small shells.
If the stresses are mainly compressive, all thicknesses can be made much smaller than an arc.
Shells are not a very efficient structure for the high value of bending moment.
[Link] shells:
A translation shell is generated by a vertical curve sliding along another vertical curve.
Curves have different shapes such as circles, ellipse, and parabola therefore vertical segments
are all the same as opposed to a round dome in which all vertical segments differ in height.
In short, translation shell is simply a square dome in which the shape is generated by curve
moving along another curve.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

Tensile Structural System.

▪ A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or

bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form
with both tension and compression elements. Tensile structures are the most common type of
thin-shell structures.
▪ Tensile structure is the term usually used to refer to the construction of roofs using a
membrane held in place on steel cables. Their main characteristics are the way in which they
work under stress tensile, their ease of pre-fabrication, their ability to cover large spans, and
their malleability.

Types of Tensile Structural System.

▪ Hyper Tensile Structure.

The hyper (hyperbolic paraboloid) manifests a unique structural
design in which a twisted membrane is attributed with the help of
overhead supportive structure. The hyper structure is a classic
shade solution which offers a contemporary look with maximum
coverage area.
▪ Conical Tensile Structure.
Conical tensile systems are long-lasting and wind-resistant. Without
concern about wear, the conical tensile systems can be used in
open spaces.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Wave Tensile Structure.

▪ Arch Tensile Structure.

They combine a rigid weigh-bearing structure in steel or
laminated wood and a high resistant covering membrane.
These are permanent structures used to cover medium and large
dimension areas.

▪ Cushion Tensile Structure.

 Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

Cable Structural System.

▪ Cable structure, Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses suspension cables for
support. Highly efficient, cable structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the
bicycle-wheel roof.

▪ Cable structures are used extensively in bridge engineering, including stayed cables of cable-stayed bridges,
main cable and suspenders of suspension bridges, and hangers of arch bridges. These types of cable
structures can offer an elegant and economic bridge alternative.
▪ Cable structures especially the cable of a suspension bridge is in the form of a catenary. Catenary is the
shape assumed by astring /cable freely suspended between two points.
▪ Cables can be of mild steel, high strength steel (drawn carbon steel), stainless steel, polyester or aramid
fibres. Structural cables are made of a series of small strands twisted or bound together to form a much
larger cable.

▪ Cables - Membranes

• Cables offer high tensile strength as a principle means of support. Cables are an essential part to bridge design
for long spans. They also offer great strength for heavy roof loads allowing long spans with no central
support. Cables can also be used to support membranes. Cables require frequent upkeep due to the exposed
steel having a tendency to rust. A cables basic form when strung from end to end is a catenary curve.

▪ Things to Keep in Mind

-Cables work only in tension.
-A cables form adapts to the loads applied to it so that it is in pure tension.
-Cables must be well kept if exposed to the environment; usually a zinc coating is applied.
-Some cable forms must be tested in a wind tunnel to evaluate chances of flutter within the structure
 Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Use of Suspension Bridges
Suspension structures utilize a network of cables suspended and prestressed between compression
members to directly support applied loads. Must be tested in wind tunnel to view affects of flutter on the
structure due to wind. A mast is a vertical member under compression supporting vertical forces within
structure. Cables are then strung from these towers and are placed in tension. Cables are usually covered
in zinc to protect the cables from the elements.

• Akashi-Kaikyo bridge is a good example of using a suspension cable system in bridge design. Akashi-
Kaiko is located between Awaji island and Kobe. So far the Akashi-Kaikyo has the longest suspension
span of 6,532ft (roughly 1.2miles). To give a mental picture of this span, it is as if there was a bridge
from the 7th floor of the college of architecture all the way to Jones Stadium and back. It was
completed in 1998.
▪ Use in Cable-Stayed Structures
• Cable-stayed structures have vertical or inclined
masts from which cables extend to support
horizontally spanning members arranged in a
parallel or radial pattern. These two patterns are
• usually referred to as a harp design or fan design.
They may also be used to support a vertical
member by anchoring the cables to the ground.
Cable-stayed must also be wind tested and the
cables need a protective coat.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Use in Cable Roofs
• Cables are used in roof designs as well which gives them their influence to architects. Cables can span
long distances allowing for many architects to refer to cables when designing the roofs to many arenas,
stadiums, sports centers, airports, etc... Cable roofs can cover a large area without interior column
• support. The cable structure for these roofs can be designed in a variety of ways. The three main basic
concepts is cables span from one end of the building to the other, the cables may span to a center
support, or the structure can use a cable-stayed system. The cables are almost always pretensioned to
ensure that they remain in tension under the most adverse conditions of loading.

▪ Dulles International Airport, in Dulles, Virginia, uses a design concept a lot like Sundial Bridge, but in
this case it has two inclined towers a 150ft apart in which a cable is spanned from one tower to the
other. This process was repeated several times until the structure shown above was completed in
1962. Since the structure is repetitive in this process, it has plenty of room to add on to either end
of the terminal. It is a great example of how cables can be used to span large distances (150ft wide
x 600ft long) with no central support and the amount for which the cables can keep supported
above. The roof supports an estimated 4 million pounds of concrete roof panels.
Structural System

2.1.3 Categories of Structural System

▪ Benefits of Using Cables
Cables are very lightweight compared to other structural supports. This allows cables to be implemented in
•
environments where the foundations cannot support heavier support systems such as steel beams.

Sony Center in Berlin (photographed by bartholo // flickr) Sony Center in Berlin (photographed by robsen71 // flickr)

▪ The Sony Center located in Berlin was not possible without

the lightweight properties of cables and membranes. The
buildings did not have the fan roof initially. Cables and
membranes were the only options available in adding an
additional roof since the buildings were not designed to
support heavy loads.
Cables transfer the weight of the roof across the perimeter of
the structure which then transfers the load onto the buildings
below. Membranes are placed around the roof to provide
shade during the day. At night they act like a canvas for the
light to reflect and illuminate the environment Sony Center exterior (source wikipedia commons)
Structural System

• 2.2.0 Introduction
➢ The same basic principles of structural design apply to high-
rise buildings as for any other type of construction.
➢ Individual members and the overall structure must be
designed for adequate strength under gravity and lateral loads
and there needs to be enough stiffness built into the
structure to restrict deflections to acceptable levels.
➢ Nevertheless, the structural systems of high-rise buildings
tend to be dominated by the need to resist lateral forces.
➢ The provisions for lateral force strength, drift control, dynamic
behavior, and resistance to overturning overshadow the
provisions for gravity load-carrying ability.

2.2.1 Forces on high-rise structures

A HIGH-RISE building structure must be able to support
two types of load:
1. GRAVITY LOADS
2. LATERAL LOADS
1. GRAVITY LOADS:
➢ Dead Load (DL)
➢ Live Load (LL)
➢ Snow Load
2. LATERAL LOADS:
➢ Wind Load
➢ Earthquake Load
Special load cases:
➢ Impact Loads
➢ Blast Loads
Structural System

• 2.2.1 Forces on high-rise structures

➢ The primary structural skeleton of a tall
building can be visualized as a vertical
cantilever beam with its base fixed in the
ground.
➢ The structure has to carry the vertical gravity
loads and the lateral wind and earthquake
loads.
➢ Gravity loads are caused by dead and live
loads.
➢ Lateral loads tend to snap the building or
topple it.
➢ The building must therefore have adequate
shear and bending resistance and must not
lose its vertical load-carrying capability.

2.2.2 Types of high-rise structures

We can divide high-rise structures into two categories:
1. Interior structures
2. Exterior structures.
➢ Interior Structures:
▪ Interior structures are high-rise structures that resist lateral
loads primarily through lateral-force-resisting elements
located within the interior of the structure, such as a rigid
frame structure of steel or concrete, or a structure braced by
a core consisting of braced frames, moment frames, or shear
walls constructed into a closed system that acts as a
structural tube.
➢ Exterior Structures
▪ Exterior structures are high-rise structures that resist lateral
loads primarily through lateral-force-resisting elements Interior Structures Exterior Structures
located along the perimeter of the structure.
Structural System

• 2.2.2 Types of high-rise structures

Structural System

• 2.2.2 Types of high-rise structures

2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

➢ TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:
➢ Rigid Frame Systems
➢ Flat Plate/Slab Systems
➢ Core Systems
➢ Shear Wall Systems
➢ Shear-frame Systems
• Shear Trussed Frame (Braced Frame) Systems
• Shear Walled Frame Systems
➢ Mega Column (Mega Frame, Space Truss) Systems
➢ Mega Core Systems
➢ Outrigger Frame Systems
➢ Tube Systems
• Framed-tube Systems
• Trussed-tube Systems
• Bundled-tube Systems.
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

RIGID FRAME SYSTEMS:
▪ In rigid frame structure, beams and columns
are constructed monolithically to withstand
moments imposed due to loads.
▪ The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends
on the bending stiffness of the columns,
girders and connections in-plane
▪ It is suitable for reinforced concrete buildings
. It may be used in steel construction as well,
but the connections will be costly.
▪ One of the advantages of rigid frames is the
likelihood of planning and fitting of windows
due to open rectangular arrangement.
▪ 20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed
using rigid frame system.
▪ Maximum beam span is 12.2m and larger
span beams would suffer lateral deflection.
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

FLAT PLATE/SLAB SYSTEMS:

▪ This system consists of slabs (flat or plate) connected to columns (without the use of beams).
▪ Flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness,
the simplest of structural shapes.
▪ The flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes either drop panels or
column capitals at columns to resist heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
▪ Lateral resistance depends on the flexural stiffness of the components and their connections,
with the slab corresponding to the girder of the rigid frame.
▪ Suitable for building up to 25 stories.
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

CORE SYSTEMS:
▪ Core systems are used in reinforced concrete
buildings.
▪ This system consists of a reinforced concrete core
shear wall resisting all the vertical and lateral loads.
▪ In general, a core wall is an open core that is
converted into a partially closed core by using floor
beams and/or slabs so as to increase the lateral and
torsional stiffness of the building.
▪ Although the behavior of closed cores is ideal against
building torsion under lateral loads, a partially closed
core is used to approximate this for architectural
reasons.
▪ Thus, a partially closed core is produced by supporting
the open part of the core with beams and/or slabs
having satisfactory strength against shear and
bending.

Price tower
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

SHEAR WALL SYSTEMS:
▪ It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from
reinforced concrete or masonry wall.
▪ Shear walls withstand both gravity and lateral loads,
and it acts as narrow deep cantilever beam.
▪ Commonly, constructed as a core of buildings
▪ This because shear walls have substantial in plane
stiffness and strength.
▪ Shear wall system is appropriate for hotel and
residential buildings where the floor-by floor
repetitive planning allows the walls to be vertically
continuou
▪ Shear wall structural system can be economical up
to 35 stories building structure.

SHEAR-FRAME SYSTEMS:
▪ Rigid frame systems economically do not have
suffcient resistance against lateral loads in buildings
over 25 storeys because of bending on columns that
causes large deformations.
▪ In this case, the total stiffness and so the economical
height of the building can be increased by adding
vertical shear trusses (braces) and/or shear walls to
the rigid frame to carry the external shear induced
by lateral loads
▪ This interactive system of frames and shear trusses
and/or shear walls is called the “shear- frame
system”, and is quite effective against lateral
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

MEGA COLUMN (MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) SYSTEMS:
▪ Mega column systems consist of reinforced concrete or
composite columns and or shear walls with much
larger cross-sections than normal, running
continuously throughout the height of the building.
▪ In this system, mega columns and/or mega shear walls
can resist all the vertical and lateral loads .
▪ In mega column systems, horizontal connections are of
primary importance.

MEGA CORE SYSTEMS:

▪ Mega core systems consist of reinforced concrete or
composite core shear walls with much larger cross-
sections than normal, running continuously throughout
the height of the building.
▪ Since the mega core can resist all vertical and lateral
loads in this system, there is no need for columns or
shear walls on the perimeter of the building.
▪ In mega core systems, floor slabs are cantilevered from
the core shear wall.
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

OUTRIGGERED FRAME SYSTEMS:
▪ Outriggered frame systems have been developed by adding
outriggers to shear-frame systems with core (core-frame
systems) so as to couple the core with the perimeter
(exterior) columns.
▪ The outriggers are structural elements connecting the core
to the perimeter columns at one or more levels throughout
the height of the building so as to stiffen the structure.
▪ The outriggers affect the interior space, they are generally
located at the mechanical equipment floors in order not to
hinder the use of normal floors.
▪ The outrigger supports the core shear truss/wall against
bending, creating axial tension and compression on the
perimeter columns.
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

TUBE SYSTEMS:
▪ The tube system was innovated in the early
1960s by the famous structural engineer Fazlur
Rahman Khan who is considered the “father of
tubular design”
▪ The tube system can be likened to a system in
which a hollow box column is cantilevering from
the ground, and so the building exterior exhibits
a tubular behaviour against lateral loads.
▪ This system is evolved from the rigid frame
system and can be defend as a three
dimensional rigid frame having the capability of
resisting all lateral loads with the facade
structure.
TUBE SYSTEMS:

• Framed tube system

• Trussed tube system
• Tube-in-tube system
• Bundled tube system
• Hybrid tube system
Structural System

• 2.2.3 Stabilizing high-rise structures

DIAGRID SYSTEMS:
▪ A fairly recent application of a lattice-like framework on the exterior surface of the building to resist both
lateral and gravity loads is the diagrid (diagonal grid) system.
▪ Diagrid structures differ from conventional braced frames in their ability to resist gravity loads, which is
so effective that vertical columns are virtually eliminated.
▪ The diagrid structural system can accommodate a variety of open floor plans. Beside the service core, the
typical floor plan can be free of columns and other structural elements.

Typical floor plan and section: 30 St. Mary Axe (The Gherkin), London, England, 2001–2003,
Norman Foster/Foster + Partners
Principles of Highrise Chapter 3
3.1.0 Introduction
3.1.1 Driveway
3.1.2 Entrance
3.1.3 Reception and waiting areas
3.1.4 Core
3.1.5 Core function details
3.1.6 Fire protection system of a high-rise building
3.1.7 HVAC system of a high-rise building
3.1.8 Mechanical system of a high-rise building
3.1.9 Damper system of a high-rise building
3.1.10 Construction material of high rise building
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.0 Introduction

➢ PART OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING

THEREARE THREE PARTS OF HIGH-RISE
BUILDING

HEADER
BODY
BASE or PODIUM
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.1 Driveway

➢ STANDARDS:

➢ a. One way driveway entrances

▪ Shall be constructed to a minimum width of fourteen feet (14’) and a maximum of twenty feet (20’).
▪ If the entrance is to be used as a fire lane then it shall be constructed to a width of twenty feet (20’)
unless it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the TE&O Bureau Chief that a larger entrance is
needed.
➢ b. Two way driveway entrances
▪ Shall be constructed to a minimum width of twenty feet (20’) and no greater than thirty feet (30’) unless
it can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the TE&O Bureau Chief that a larger entrance is needed.
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.2 Entrance

➢ DESIGN CONSIDERATION:
▪ Ensure entrances are clearly visible and
prominent.
▪ Make sure all entrances in buildings are
universally designed.
▪ Provide adequate space inside and outside
entrance doors.
▪ Establish clear landing space outside entrance of
2440mm x 2440mm. ( 8’ X 8’)
▪ Arrange outward-opening doors so that they are
recessed or guarded.
▪ Ensure threshold to entrances are level or no
greater than 10mm with chamfered, pencil-
rounded or ramped profile.
▪ Provide canopy or door recess for weather
protection.
▪ Leave a clear space of 600mm adjacent to handle-
side of door.

3.1.3 Reception and Waiting Area

➢ DESIGN CONSIDERATION:
▪ Make sure reception desk is clearly visible with direct route from entrance doors.
▪ Provide induction loop system at reception desk.
▪ Install well-designed lighting to optimise visual communication and lip reading.
▪ Avoid glare by using controllable light sources.
▪ Choose floor finishes that are firm and slip-resistant.
▪ Provide comfortable seating and free space for wheelchair users; parents with strollers; people with visual
difficulties; guide dog users; and those with walking aids.
▪ Locate toilet facilities adjacent to reception area.
▪ Highlight the location of key facilities with well-designed, clear signage.
▪ Ensure telephones or combined telephone, text and email units are accessible and useable.
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.4 Core

➢ DEFINITION OF CORE
▪ The central of arterial part of a multistory
building that integrates functions and
service needs for established occupants.
Such areas are normally composed of toilet
facilities, elevator banks, janitors’ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts
and stair.
▪ Core also known as facade envelope is a
spatial element for load-bearing high-rise
building system.

➢ CHARACTERISTIC
▪ Shape of core.
▪ Number of cores.
▪ Location of cores
▪ Arrangement of cores
▪ Geometry of building as generator of core
form

➢ Service core is typically containing the

following service:
1. Elevator
2. Lift lobby
3. Normal stair
4. Fire protected stair
5. Toilets
6. Mechanical vertical services riser ducts
(electrical power & lighting distribution, water
distribution, sewerage pipes)
7. Electrical vertical service
8. Store room
Principles of Highrise

3.1.4 Core

➢ TYPES OF CORE:

▪ Central core
▪ Split core
▪ End core
▪ Atrium core

CENTRAL CORE:
➢ Advantages
• Allows all window space to be utilized
• Permit offices of varying depth to receive natural
light
• Easy access, equidistant from all sides
• Simplify area division

➢ Disadvantages
• Central interior location limits depth of offices
• Requires access corridor

OFF CENTRAL CORE:

➢ Advantages
• Allows building perimeter space to be
utilized
• Flexible depth and arrangement of
spaces
• Desirable for large open spaces

➢ Disadvantages
• Accessibility is not comfortable
• Less suitable for distant spaces and corners
of building
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.4 Core
EXTERIOR CORE:

➢ Advantages
• Leaves entire floor area available for tenant
use
• Core doesn’t complicate floor plan
functionally or structurally
• Maximum flexibility achieved with respect to
tenant distribution of office depth and plan
layout.
➢ Disadvantages
• In case of multi tenant occupancy, core
requires long access corridor. Thus,
distribution flexibility of tenants is reduced
• Core occupies desirable window spaces so
offices adjacent to core doesn’t receive
natural light
DOUBLE CORE:
➢ Advantages
• Placed on the hot sides, creating buffer,
minimizing air conditioning usage
• Window opening runs through north
and south
• Lift lobbies, stairways and toilets are
naturally ventilated
• Outside view is possible
• More flexible in floor area division

➢ Disadvantages
• If the building is not very big, it
becomes costly
• Ambiguity of circulation of the service.
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.5 Core Function Details

➢ ELEVATOR:

• Vertical Transportation is one of the most important aspects of tall building services affecting the
efficiency of people’s movements and contributing to overall energy consumption.
• Electric traction lifts can range in speed from 0.6-10.0 meters per second.
• At very high speeds, human comfort becomes the limiting factor.
• Lifts with capacities of up to 1950 kg or 26 persons are often used for tall office buildings, offering
high speed and capacity at the same time.
• Vertical transportation generally accounts for about 5-10 per cent of the building energy
consumption depending upon the type of lifts and other electrical loads in the building.
• Different configurations can benefit improved core design and efficiency of the net-to-gross floor
area ratio, crucial in the economic considerations of tall buildings.
• As an example, the double-decker lifts in the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur use half the core
space of single-decker lifts.
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.5 Core Function Details

➢ ELEVATOR SIZES:

➢ Where are elevators in Highrise

placed:

• The most popular design for the placement

of elevators is in the centre or core of a
building.
• This is to leave more space for windows and
to make it easiest for the greatest amount
of people to access them.
• The elevator systems being designed for the
buildings today and for the future divide the
building into sections.
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.5 Core Function Details

Elevator lobby configuration:

➢ Two car grouping

• The side-by-side arrangement is best

• The passenger faces both cars& can react
immediately
• AVOID separation of elevators
• EXCESSIVE separation destroys the advantages of
group operation

Elevator lobby configuration:

➢ Three car grouping

• 3 cars in a row are PREFERRABLE

• 2 cars opposite 1 are acceptable
• PROBLEM: location of the elevator call button

Elevator lobby configuration:

➢ Four car grouping

• Commonly in large, busier buildings

• The 2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most
efficient
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.5 Core Function Details

Elevator lobby configuration:

➢ Six car grouping
• Found in large office buildings, public buildings & hospitals
• Provide quantity & quality
• 3-opposite-3 position is PREFERRED
• Dimension of the LOBBY must not be less than 3m or 3.6m

Elevator lobby configuration:

➢ Eight car grouping

• the largest PRACTICAL group

• 4-opposite-4 arrangement
Elevator machine room:

• Machine room height to be 7′-0″ minimum.

• Others to provide light and switch in the
machine room.
• Means must be provided to maintain
machine room temperature between 55 F
and 90 F. with a maximum relative
humidity of 85%. Proper ventilation is
essential.
 Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.6 Fire protection system of a high-rise building

The aim of a fire protection system is to protect a building's occupants and minimise the damage associated
with fire. Overall, the goal is to provide the widest possible window for a safe evacuation, whilst also reducing
potential repair costs. Fire protection systems can be categorised as either active or passive.
Causes of Fire hazard
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the five most common causes of fires in
commercial buildings are
• Cooking equipment,
• Heating equipment,
• Electrical and lighting equipment,
• Smoking materials, and
• Intentional fire setting

➢ Standards for fire safety

Distance of the stair or fire exit After 3 minutes in a smoky situation humans will faint or be asphyxiated.
Humans can generally move about 12 meter or 39.37 feet per minute during a fire with thick smoke. So in a
building fire exit should be placed under 25 meter or 82 feet Fire Fighting System
Fire safety material
• Foam
• High velocity water spray
• Dry chemical or wet chemical
Fire Extinguishing Systems
In modern times there are a lot of fire safety system these are given below:
• Automatic fire detecting and alarm system
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.6 Fire protection system of a high-rise building

Outlets from a fire main should be

located in the firefighting lobby or in
the case of a shaft serving flats, in
the firefighting stairway.
Smoke control should be provided
where the shaft only serves flats.
A firefighting lift in required if the
building has a floor more than 18m
above, or more than 10m below, fire
service vehicle access level
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.6 Fire protection system of a high-rise building

➢ FIRE SCAPE
• Lift, escalators etc will not count as fire escape elements.
• Fire escape should be located on the exterior facade of the building.
• Fire escape must not route people to basement.
• The area of fire escape will count 10sqm for per person.
• Minimum width of exit door is 1m & height 2m. 32
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.6 Fire protection system of a high-rise building

Fire detection system

Sprinkler system
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.7 HVAC system of a high-rise building

This high rise HVAC option consists of a
central piped water system with air-cooled
chillers for air conditioning and boilers for
heat, which supply indoor fan coil units
inside each living space.
• HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation,
and Air Conditioning.
• HVAC systems control the indoor
environment (temperature, humidity, air
flow, and air filtering)
• Mechanical intervention to condition
the air to a preferred temperature and
relative humidity .Conditions at which
most people are likely to feel
comfortable most of the Time also
called as Thermal Comfort.
• Temperature: Summer - 78⁰F (25⁰C)
,Winter - 68⁰F (20⁰C)
• Relative Humidity: 30 %– 60%.

➢ Why HVAC?
• Temperature can be Raised or Lowered.
• Humidity can be Raised or Lowered.
• Maintain Proper Filtration of Air.
• Proper Air Movement.
• Outside Air can be Added and Removed.
• To hold the air contamination within acceptable limits.

➢ Basic Components of HVAC

• Air Handling Unit
• Air distribution • Chiller

• Duct network • Cooling tower

• Insulator • Boiler

• Dampers/valves • Air handling unit

• Return lower & grills. • Variable air volume

• Air filter • Ductworks & Air Terminals.

Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.7 HVAC system of a high-rise building

Chiller Cooling tower

Variable Air Air Handling Unit

volume (VAV)

Boiler Air handler units

Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.8 Mechanical system of a high-rise building

• A mechanical floor, mechanical penthouse, mechanical
layer or mechanical level is a story of a high-rise building
that is dedicated to mechanical and electronics
equipment. "Mechanical" is the most commonly used
term, but words such as utility, technical, service, and
plant are also used.
• They are present in all tall buildings including the world's
tallest skyscrapers with significant structural, mechanical
and aesthetics concerns.
• While most buildings have mechanical rooms, typically
in the basement, tall buildings require dedicated floors
throughout the structure for this purpose, for a variety
of reasons discussed below.
• Because they use up valuable floor area (just like
elevator shafts), engineers try to minimize the number of
mechanical floors while allowing for sufficient
redundancy in the services they provide. As a rule of
thumb, skyscrapers require a mechanical floor for every
10 tenant floors (10%) although this percentage can vary
widely (see examples below).
• In some buildings they are clustered in groups that divide
the building into blocks, in others they are spread evenly
through the structure, while in others still they are
mostly concentrated at the top
Mechanical rooms typically house the following equipment:
• Air handlers
• Boilers
• Chillers
• Heat exchangers
• Water heaters and tanks
• Main distribution piping and valves
• Sprinkler distribution piping and pumps
• Back-up electrical generators
• Elevator machinery
• Back-up batteries
• Janitorial closets
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.8 Mechanical system of a high-rise building

Elevator Pit/Vault Systems Self-Priming Pump Systems

Submersible Storm & Sewage Pressure Boosting Pump

Pump Systems Systems

Hot Water Recirculating Systems Cross-Connection Control

Systems
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.8 Mechanical system of a high-rise building

➢ How many number of mechanical floor need in a high rise building?

• While most buildings have mechanical rooms, typically in the basement, tall buildings require
dedicated floors throughout the structure for this purpose.
• As a rule of thumb, skyscrapers require a mechanical floor for every 10 tenant floors (10%) although
this percentage can vary widely
• Mechanical floors are generally counted in the building's floor numbering (this is required by some
building codes) but are accessed only by service elevators.
• Sometimes buildings are designed with a mechanical floor located on the thirteenth floor, to avoid
problems in renting the space due to superstitions about the number.
• One World Trade Center: Floors 2–19, 92–99, and 103–104 (a total of 28 of the 104 aboveground
floors, total 26%).
• Previous WTC (Twin Towers): Floors 7–8, 41–42, 75–76, and 108–109 (total 8/110, 7%).

One World Trade World Trade Center

Center
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.8 Mechanical system of a high-rise building

Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.9 Damper system of a high-rise building

• Typically, the dampers are huge concrete blocks or steel bodies

mounted in skyscrapers or other structures, and moved in opposition
to the resonance frequency oscillations of the structure by means of
springs, fluid or pendulums.
• By adding a damper into the structure with base isolators, seismic
energy can be further absorbed as the building moves, which will help
to limit the amount a building sways, helping to better protect the
building from damage
• To reduce the inconvenience to occupants and damage to contents
• A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air
inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or other air-handling
equipment. A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning
(heating or cooling) to an unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-
room temperature and climate control.
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.9 Damper system of a high-rise building

Importance of Dampers in buildings

When installed in buildings, dampers are typically huge concrete blocks or steel bodies mounted in
skyscrapers or other structures, which move in opposition to the resonance frequency oscillations of
the structure by means of springs, fluid, or pendulums.
• Sources of vibration and resonance
Unwanted vibration may be caused by environmental forces acting on a structure, such as wind or
earthquake, or by a seemingly innocuous vibration source causing resonance that may be destructive,
unpleasant or simply inconvenient.
• Earthquakes
The seismic waves caused by an earthquake will make buildings sway and oscillate in various ways
depending on the frequency and direction of ground motion, and the height and construction of the
building. Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to structural
failure. To enhance the building's seismic performance, a proper building design is performed
engaging various seismic vibration control technologies. As mentioned above, damping devices had
been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries long before they were standard in mitigating
seismic damage to buildings. In fact, the first specialized damping devices for earthquakes were not
developed until late in 1950.
• Mechanical human sources
Dampers on the Millennium Bridge in London. The white disk is not part of the damper. Masses of
people walking up and down stairs at once, or great numbers of people stomping in unison, can cause
serious problems in large structures like stadiums if those structures lack damping measures.
• Wind
The force of wind against tall buildings can cause the top of skyscrapers to move more than a meter.
This motion can be in the form of swaying or twisting, and can cause the upper floors of such
buildings to move. Certain angles of wind and aerodynamic properties of a building can accentuate
the movement and cause motion sickness in people. A TMD is usually tuned to a certain building's
frequency to work efficiently. However, during their lifetimes, high-rise and slender buildings may
experience natural frequency changes under wind speed, ambient temperatures and relative
humidity variations, among other factors, which requires a robust TMD design
Principles of Highrise

• 3.1.10 Construction material of high rise building

Brick (or Metals Cast Iron

Glass
block work)

Steel Plastics

Concrete
Literature Review Chapter 3

4.1 Local Case Study

4.1.1 People’s insurance building
4.1.2 South Breeze Square
4.1.3 Haque’s South Leaf
4.1.4 Ranges RD center
4.1.5 Shanta- Skymark
4.2 International Case Study
4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso
4.2.2 CCTV Headquarter
4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre
4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center
Literature Review

• 4.1.1 People’s Insurance Building

Building type: Commercial Building
Structural system: Rigid structure
Year: 1998- 2006
Floor: 20
Basement: 2
Location: 36, Dilkusha C/A, Dhaka 1000
Built Area: 20,000 Sq. M.
Height: 84m
Project Cost: US $ 5.0 Million
Materials: Concrete, glass
Architects: Ar. Mustapha Khalid
Ar. Md. Foyez Ullah
Ar. Shahzia Islam

ENTRY
Literature Review

• 4.1.1 People’s Insurance Building

CORE
• Lift – 4
• Common Toiilet
Literature Review

4.1.1 People’s Insurance Building

RAMP

PARKING
• 56 Cars capacity
Literature Review

• 4.1.1 People’s Insurance Building

FIRE SAFETY
• Sprinkler
• Fire hose pipe

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Literature Review

4.1.2 South Breeze Square

Building type: Commercial Building
Structural system: Composite structure
Floor: 14
Basemant: 3
Location: 52 Gulshan Ave, Dhaka 1212
Built Area: 103,346 sq ft
Height: 53.70 m
Materials: Concrete
Architects: Ar. Nahas Ahmed Khalil

ENTRY
Literature Review

4.1.2 South Breeze Square

ENTRY RAMP
For differently able people.

CORE
• 3 lifts
Literature Review

4.1.2 South Breeze Square

FIRE SAFETY
• Smoke detector
• Sprinkler
• Fire pump room
• Fire light
• Fire hose pipe

ELECTRO MECHNICAL ROOM

Literature Review

4.1.2 South Breeze Square

BMS ROOM

FIRE PUMP ROOM

Literature Review

4.1.2 South Breeze Square

CLIMATE CONSIDERATION
• Natural light
• Shading device

SAFETY & SECURITY

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• 24 hours smart CCTV surveillance
• Platinum LEED certified
• Energy efficient architecture • Complete state of the art firefighting solutions – fire smoke
detection & alarm system, fire pumps & hydrant, fire sprinklers and
• Reduced noise pollution extinguishers
• Eco-friendly design • Emergency stairs, fire regulations compliant and with fire doors
• Rainwater harvesting
• Extra-large underground water reservoir for various uses including
• Solar power support firefighting
• Electric car charging points • Innovative disabled access solution from the UK

• Smart Building Management System

• Digital smart under vehicle scanner

• Full generator backup

• US government compliant electrical fittings & cables

Literature Review

4.1.2 South Breeze Square

BASEMENT PLAN
Literature Review

4.1.3 Haque’s South Leaf

Building type: Residential

Structural system: Composite structure
Floor: 14
Basemant: 2
Location: House-26 Rd, 36, Dhaka 1212
Built Area: 27,220 sq ft
Materials: Concrete
Architects: Ar. Rafiq Azam
Literature Review

4.1.3 Haque’s South Leaf

CORE
• LIFT-1
• STAIR
Literature Review

4.1.3 Haque’s South Leaf

RAMP
Literature Review

4.1.3 Haque’s South Leaf

PARKING
Car capacity- 63

FIRE PUMP ROOM

 Literature Review

4.1.4 Ranges RD Centre

Project name :Rangs RD Tower

Location Architects : Gulshan-1 Avenue

Basement floor No of
: Mustafa Khalid Palash
Floor Consultant
: 3 Nos.
Building types
: G+13

: Vistara Architect

: Commercial building.
Literature Review

4.1.4 Ranges RD Centre

Rangs Rd Tower

Core Drive

way

Car Parking

Electro-
mechanical
Literature Review

4.1.4 Ranges RD Centre

Core

Office space
 Literature Review

4.1.4 Ranges RD Centre

MERITS & DIMERITS

MERITS

 Grand and direct entry to the complex.

 Service cores are well lighted and

natural ventilated

 Exterior view expresses post slab

structure system

 Fire safety are available at all floors

 Front façade are used horizontal

shading louver.

 This building decorous for both side.

DIMERITS

 Lift lobby is insufficient

 Incorrect leveling in basement floors

 Toilets are not available in this tower.

.
Literature Review

4.1.5 Shanta- Skymark

Building type: commertial

Floor: 15
Basemant: 4
Location: 18, Gulshan Ave, Dhaka 1212
Built Area: 163,444 sft
Orientation of the Land: East-West
Height: 53.70 m
Materials: Glass
Architects: Ar. Ehsan Khan
Ar. Nusrat Jahan
Literature Review

4.1.5 Shanta- Skymark

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY.

The high-rise commercial building Skymark seeks a

dialogue and symbiosis with the street and the city.
It conveys a new concept of the urban pattern by
reactivating the area through people’s participation
and providing a new space for modern commercial activities.

The offices are designed in an open-floor concept, with minimal columns for greater interior design
flexibility. “Not sticking to typically confined workstations, we went for an open-floor concept with
minimal structural columns that brings more flexibility and allows alternation of functional arrangements
according to the specific needs of the tenants over time,”

Facade treatment & Climatic solution,Shading,ventilation: .

• The facades of the building are wrapped in double-glazed low-e glass.

• Allowing plenty of natural light to spill into the interior and maximizing the view of the vibrant cityscape.
• While also minimizing heat gain.
• A fully unitized curtain wall system building.
• Which allows higher durability and strength.
• Energy efficiency with heat resistance, water-proofing and dust proofing benefits.
• Providing a higher quality internal office environment for tenants.
• The facades are further endowed with elegant metal fins which complement it.
• Adding an elaborate shadow relation and subdues the shine of the glass.
Literature Review

4.1.5 Shanta- Skymark

FACILITIES
• Elegantly Designed Atrium Entry of 40 Feet Height to Reception Zone
• Insulated, Double-glazing, Low-emission & Heat-resistant Glass
• 11.5 Feet Floor to Floor Height for Comfortable Interior Arrangement
• Professional Landscaping & Lighting
• Four High-Speed Elevators from Internationally Reputed Brand
• Four-Layered Basement Parking with Mechanical Ventilation System
• Separate Vehicular Entry and Exit
• Centrally Air-conditioned System with Load Management

ENTRY ENTRY
CORE
Lift-4
2 Fire stairs.
Literature Review

4.1 International Case Study

Location : Malmo, Sweden

Building Function : Residential
Height : 190m (623ft)
Number of Storeys : 57
Status : Completed
Completion : 2005
Architect : Santiago Calatrava
Structural Engineer : SWECO
Structural System : Mega core system/
reinforced concrete
Literature Review

4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso

Concept
Based on the sculpture, “Twisting Torso” exploring the human body in motion, twisting
as far as it can naturally being pushed while staying directly upright
Form is made up of 9 cubes, each individual cube containing five stories
Structural Features
Slab ,Core ,Spine, Foundation
Structural Analysis
Lateral Loads ,wind load
Literature Review

4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso

Architecture style
Structure expressionism with more
naturalistic style.
• Displays natural elements on
outsides.
• Steel support and exposed
core
• Building Twists
Literature Review

4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso

Core
3 Lifts for Residence
2 Lift for Office Stair
Literature Review

4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso

Literature Review

4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso

Literature Review

4.2.1 HSB Turning Torso

Fire Safety
• Fire proof concrete structure.
• Advanced sprinkler system with double water supply.
• Independent reserve power supplies for every security system.
• Divided into 6 fire zoon.
• Takes at least 60 min to get through an apartment or office.
Literature Review

4.2.2 CCTV Headquarters

Location : Beijing, China
Building Function : Office
Height : 234m (767ft)
Number of Storeys : 49
Status : Completed
Completion : 2011
Architect : Office for Metropolitan
Architecture
Structural Engineer : East China Architectural Design
and Research; Ove Arup & Partners
Structural System : Trussed-tube system/composite
Literature Review

4.2.2 CCTV Headquarters

Literature Review

4.2.2 CCTV Headquarters

External Structure System

A. Edge structure
B. 12m*12m diagrid structure
C. Stress distribution structure
D. Combined structure
Literature Review

4.2.2 CCTV Headquarters

Entry
Literature Review

4.2.2 CCTV Headquarters

Climate Consideration
Natural lighting
Literature Review

4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre

Ping An Finance Centre

Location : Shezhen, Guangdong, China
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Asst.
Storied: 115
Building Type: Office
Floor Are:385918 Square Meter
Lifts: 80
Height: 599m
Number Of parking: 1051
Year Of completion : 2017
Type of Structure: Composite
Literature Review

4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre

Literature Review

4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre

Literature Review

4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre

Steel
Outriggers
Literature Review

4.2.3 Ping An Finance Centre

01 Podium
02 Lobby Lounge
03 Exterior View
04 Front Approach
Literature Review

• 4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center

Wuhan Greenland Center
Location : Wuhan, Hubei
Architect: AS + GG, ECADI
Storied: 125
Building Type: Office
Floor Are:303275 Square Meter
Lifts: 84
Height: 636m
Number Of parking: 1051
Year Of completion : 2017
Type of Structure: Composite
Literature Review

• 4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center

Literature Review

4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center

Literature Review

4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center

Literature Review

4.2.4 Wuhan Greenland Center 01

Commercial space
02
Top Lounge
03
Facade Treatment
04
Bracings
BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.1 BNBC DATA
5.2 FAR ACCORDING CHITTAGONG IMAROT NIRMAN BIDHIMALA
BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.1 BNBC DATA

FAR (Floor Area Ratio)

FAR is a ratio between the area of a plot and the sum of floor areas of building or buildings are erected or
intended to be erected thereof. In the buildings, there may have some specific and calculated floor areas
which shall be treated as bonus or exempted from the total floor area calculation and such areas shall be
specified by the authorities having jurisdiction.

MGC

Open space within a plot includes all spaces other than spaces covered by the Maximum Ground
Coverage (MGC).

Set Back up to 10 Floor (33m) FAR And MGC (For Residential )

BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.1 BNBC DATA

SETBACK

For according high rise building the required set back follows
1. From three sides of the site is min. 3m/10ft.
2. 2. There will be no built form within 4.5m(14.7ft) from the mid point of access road or 1.5m (5ft)
from front side.
3. [Link] green space is the 50% of the total site without any shading from the built form.

PODIUM

The height of the podium will be maximum 40ft (12m). This height is determined with parapet. According
to BNBC, MGC of the podium will be 75%. In this case the MGC of the high rise tower will be recessed to
37.5%. According to rules we can provide 50% paved area from uncovered spaces Shades on this paved
area can be provided where the minimum height should be 13ft (4m) from ground level or 10ft (3m) from
plinth level. The uncovered ground of the site must used for guard room & parking

POPULATION DENSITY

• Density should be 90 sq ft per person.

– Net usable area = 75% x total area

= x.
• Population = x / 90 no.

STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT

For high-rise buildings [up to 120 storey], different structural systems are used according to height range:
• up to 30 storey, bearing wall system [concrete wall] & core system [shear wall system].
• from 30 to 60 storey, frame systems [post-lintel & post-slab].
• above 60 storey, tube systems [steel structure].
BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.1 BNBC DATA
COLUMN

RAMP

Slope of ramp should be 1:8 preparation length of the ramp should be minimum 14ft (4.25m) clear
height of the ramp must be minimum 8ft.

STAIR

Minimum width of stair is 5ft(1.5m)

Railing height of stair is minimum 3ft(0.9m)
Clear height of stair is minimum 7ft(2.10m)

INTERIOR COURTYARD

• For building over 20 storeys high the size of the interior courtyard shall not less than the
square of one third the height of the tallest wall abutting the courtyard.
Minimum area of courtyard
BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.1 BNBC DATA
AREA LIMITATION BASED ON FAR
• [Link] In specifying FAR for a zone or an area, the city or area development authority shall follow
the guidelines of Appendix-A (Development Control) and shall take into consideration the
following:
• Proximity to Public/Mass Transport network
• Availability of Urban social infrastructure including urban open spaces
• Environmental balance
• Adequacy of present and proposed Utility services
• Occupancy group and land-use permitted by master plan
• Type of construction
• Population density of the area
• Width of approach roads
• Traffic density in the approach roads
• Local fire-fighting facilities
• Parking facilities

5.2 FAR ACCORDING CHITTAGONG IMAROT NIRMAN BIDHIMALA

BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.2 FAR ACCORDING CHITTAGONG IMAROT NIRMAN BIDHIMALA
BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE Chapter 5
5.2 FAR ACCORDING CHITTAGONG IMAROT NIRMAN BIDHIMALA

PARKING RULES
Thank you