Cardio Assignment
SA Node Activation
SA Node Activation
SA Node Activation
SA Node Activation
SA Node Activation
SA Node Activation
the ECG is a record of electrical events within the heart • the ECG can be used to detect
abnormal heart rates or rhythms, conduction pathways, hyperthrophy or atrophy of the heart,
and the approximate location of damaged cardiac muscle • the normal ECG consists of P
wave, a QRS complex and a T wave
RESPIRATORY ASSIGNMENT:
1. MEDICAL TERMS RELATED TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
A. VENTILATION -is the movement of air through the conducting passages
between the atmosphere and the lungs. The air moves through the passages
because of pressure gradients that are produced by contraction of the diaphragm
and thoracic muscles
B. Respiration -They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation)
and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation)
C. Tidal volume -Tidal volume is essentially every breath a person takes. It is one of
the main determinants of minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. Minute
ventilation, also known as total ventilation, is a measurement of the amount of air
that enters the lungs per minute. It is the product of respiratory rate and tidal
volume.
D. Vital capacity -It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation. The
value is about 4800mL and it varies according to age and body size.
E. Residual volume -is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum
forceful expiration. In other words, it is the volume of air that cannot be expelled
from the lungs, thus causing the alveoli to remain open at all times.
F. Pneumonia -an infection that affects one or both lungs. It causes the air sacs, or
alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may
cause pneumonia.
G. Asthma - is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce
extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling
sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath. For some
people, asthma is a minor nuisance.
2. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MUSCLE OF RESPIRATION?
The DIAPHRAGM, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large,
dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time,
involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity
enlarges.
3. WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY MUSCLE OF RESPIRATION?
-Accessory muscles of ventilation include the scalene, the sternocleidomastoid, the pectoralis
major, the trapezius, and the external intercostals.
4. GAS EXCHANGE
-During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. At the same time
carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs. This happens in the lungs between the
alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, which are located in the walls
of the alveoli.
-Oxygen is carried both physically dissolved in the blood and chemically combined to
hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is carried physically dissolved in the blood, chemically
combined to blood proteins as carbamino compounds, and as bicarbonate
Structure and primary function:
1. Mouth
- Structure: Muscular cavity with teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. - Function:
Mechanical breakdown of food (chewing), mixing with saliva (containing enzymes
like amylase), and formation of bolus.
2. Esophagus
- Structure: Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach. - Function: Transport of
bolus from mouth to stomach through peristalsis (muscular contractions).
3. Stomach
- Structure: Sac-like organ with gastric glands secreting digestive enzymes and acids.
- Function: Chemical breakdown of proteins and fats, mixing with gastric juices, and
churning food into chyme.
4. Small Intestine
- Structure: Long, thin, coiled tube with finger-like projections (villi) and microvilli. -
Function: Most nutrient absorption occurs here, including carbohydrates, proteins,
fats, vitamins, and minerals.
5. Large Intestine
- Structure: Wider, shorter tube with fewer villi and microvilli. - Function: Water
absorption, electrolyte balance, and storage/elimination of waste (feces).
6. Liver
- Structure: Large, lobed organ producing bile and enzymes. - Function: Produces bile
for fat digestion, detoxifies substances, and regulates nutrient distribution.
7. Pancreas
- Structure: Glandular organ producing digestive enzymes and hormones. - Function:
Secretes enzymes (amylase, lipase, trypsin) for carbohydrate, fat, and protein
digestion, and hormones (insulin, glucagon) regulating blood sugar.
8. Gallbladder
- Structure: Small, pear-shaped organ storing bile. - Function: Stores and concentrates
bile from liver, releasing it into small intestine for fat digestion.