QUESTION 1

Q1 EXPLAIN THE ARCHITECTURE OF IOT.

There is no standard defined architecture that is followed universally.
The architecture mainly depends upon the functionality and application in different
sectors.
Still there is a basic model that is divided into 4 layers.
Sensing Layer
Sensors, actuators devices are presented in this layer.
The sensors accept the data (physical/ environmental), processes the data and emits
the data over the network.
Network Layer
Internet/Network Gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in this layer.
DAS collects and aggregates the data and then converts the analog data from sensors
to digital data.
Data Processing Layer
This is the processing unit IoT ecosystem.
Here data is analyzed and pre-processed before it is sent application layer.
Application Layer
It is the last layer of the IoT architecture.
Data center or cloud management stage of data where data is managed and is used by
end user applications such as agriculture, health care, farming, defense, etc.

Q2 EXPLAIN IOT FRAMEWORK.

IoT framework is a conceptual model that provides a structure for understanding the
different components and technologies involved in IoT system.
It provides a high-level view of how various IoT devices, sensors, networks and
application interact with each other.
Key components of an IoT framework.
Devices
Devices are physical objects that are embedded with sensors and other components
that enable them to collect data and communicate with other devices.
Sensors
Sensors are components that collect data from the physical environment and convert
it into digital signals that can be processed by computers.
Networks
Networks are communication channels to transmit data between devices.
Cloud Computing
Cloud platforms are used to store and process vast amounts of data generated by IoT
devices.
Applications
Applications are software programs that allow users to interact with the IoT
system.

Q3 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES IN IOT.

Various enabling technologies in IoT are:
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
A WSN is a collection of devices with sensors which are used to monitor the
environment and physical conditions.
Each nodes have sensors attached to them and that data is passed to coordinator
using routers
Example, Weather monitoring system, Indoor air quality monitoring system,
Surveillance system, Health monitoring system.
Cloud Computing
It provides a way to access applications over the internet. Cloud means something
which is present in remote location.
With cloud computing users can access applications, servers and databases from
anywhere in the world using the internet.
Big Data Analysis
It refers to study of massive volumes of data.
Collection of data whose volume is too much to store, control, manage and analyse
using traditional databases.
Example, Bank transactions, E-commerce, Health and fitness data etc.
Communication protocols
Communication protocols are a set of rules that are used by devices to exchange
data over the internet.
They are used in Data Encoding and addressing schemes.
Embedded Systems
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes micro controller, micro processor memory, networking units and input
output units and storage units.
It collects data and sends it to the internet.
Examples, Digital camera, DVD player, music player, Industrial robots, Wireless
Routers etc.

Q4 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M.

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Description automatically generated with medium confidence

Q5 EXPLAIN PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT.

A physical design refers to individual node devices and their protocols that are
used in creating a functional IoT ecosystem.
The design must be oriented towards the end user’s needs.
Each node can perform various task such as remote sensing, monitoring etc. by using
the physically connected devices.
These devices are also capable of transmitting information though different types
of wired or wireless connections.
The things/devices in the IoT system are used for:
* Building connections
* Data processing
* Providing storage
* Providing interfaces
* Providing graphical interfaces
The devices generate data, and the data is used to perform analysis and do
operations for improving the system.
For instance, a moisture sensor is used to obtain the moisture data from a
location, and the system analyses it to give an output.

Q6 EXPLAIN DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT.

IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday
objects, enabling them to send and receive data.
Connectivity
Connectivity is an important aspect as all the devices should be connected to the
IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anytime, anyone must be able to connect.
Intelligence and Identity
The information is not useful if not extracted from the device. For example, a
sensor produces data which is not useful unless extracted from it.
Scalability
The number of elements connected to IOT is increasing day by day thus an IoT setup
must be able to handle expansion.
Dynamic and Self-Adapting
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to
work in different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon,
night).
Safety
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause
a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge.
Self-Configuring
IoT devices are able to upgrade their software in accordance with requirements with
a minimum of user participation.

Q7 EXPLAIN M2M.
M2M stands for machine-to-machine communication.
It is a direct communication between the devices using wired or wireless
communication channels without any human interaction.
It collects the data and shares it with other connected devices.
It is a technology that allows devices without the use of the internet to connect
between devices.
Various applications, such as defense, monitoring and tracking, production and
facility management, are provided by M2M communications.

Q8 EXPLAIN IDENTIFIERS IN IOT.

IoT is about interaction between things and user by electronic means.
Both the things and the users need to be identified for an interaction to occur.
Thus in IoT identifiers are used to uniquely identify different objects and devices
in the system.
It is a name or label assigned to a specific object to make it distinguishable from
others.
Identifiers used in IoT are IP addresses, MAC address, URLs etc.
They are used to establish connections, manage resources and allow data transfer
between the devices.
For example in a home a smart bulb, a smart lock and thermostat all would have
different identifiers.
Identifiers allow devices to interact with each other and share data seamlessly.