ENGINEERING DYNAMICS

PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC: MOTORISED POWER JACK

'Mathematical Calculation for the Kinematics and Dynamics

of a Motorised Power Jack':
A REVIEW

SUBMITTED BY: AHMAD NASIR NAZAR

REGISTRATION ID: 171532

SUBMITTED TO: SIR IMRAN

 ENGINEERING DYNAMICS

PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC: MOTORISED POWER JACK

'Mathematical Calculation for the Kinematics and Dynamics of a Motorised Power Jack':
A REVIEW

ABSTRACT
A huge amount of effort is required for manual operation of jacks, for this reason there is a need of innovation. For the
repair and maintenance of an automobile vehicle, it is required that the vehicle may be lifted to a height to change the
wheel or for accessing the bottom of vehicle. This project shows the mathematics based on the dynamics of a modern
power jack that works with the aid of a DC motor. A screw jack serves to give mechanical advantage by changing
rotational force to linear force thus allows one to lift a load and support it at a given height.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The power screw also known as jack screw is a mechanical device that can increase the magnitude of an
effort force. They provide high mechanical advantage in order to move moderately heavy and large
weights with minimum effort.
Nowadays, different kinds of types of car jacks have been developed for lifting an automobile from a
ground surface. Available car jacks, however, are generally manually operated; therefore require
substantial laborious physical effort on the part of the user. These are such relevant difficulties of jack for
the elderly and handicapped people.
◦ A mechanical toggle jack is operated by rotation of power screw. In this case of a jack, a small force
applied in the horizontal plane is used to lift very large weight. The compressive force of jackscrew is
obtained through the tension force applied by its lead screw.
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
Engineering is preferred for making things simpler or improving and effective. The objective of this
project is to calculate and study the dynamics that is applied here. The general purpose of the project is to
minimize the human effort while operating the jack which in case of a manual jack is maximum.
1.2 WORKING
Firstly motorized jack will be placed under car chassis which is the vehicle frame, with some clearance
space between top plate and chassis. The cigarette lighter receptacle connected with jack will be plugged
in port, thus connecting DC motor directly with car battery. Motor will transfer its rotating speed to the
spur gear meshing with a bigger gear which is connected to power screw and it will rotate raising or
lowering the load as required. During loading process, jack will eliminate the clearance space between
itself and chassis by rising up. When chassis will come in contact with jack, the weight of car will
gradually transfer to jack.

1.3 PRINCIPLE
A screw jack is a gearbox assembly (either worm gear, spur or
bevel gear) and a transmission product which through use of a
motor is used to convert rotary into linaer motion. They can be
used to push, pull,tilt, lock, unlock, slide, lift or lower loads
anything from a few kilos to thousands of tonnes.
1.4 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
The mechanical advantage of a screw jack can be referred to as the ratio of the force jack exerts on load to
the input force on the lever. However, most screw jacks have large amounts of friction which increase the
required input force.
M.A= F load / F effort
where
F load= The force that jack exerts on the load
F effort= The rotational force exerted on the handle of jack (by motor in our case)
1.5 COMPONENTS
• DC motor
• Spur gear
• Worm gear
• Nut
• Screw
In case of a spur and worm gear mesh:
Suppose spur gear has 64 teeth, hence 64 revolutions of worm gear would produce 1
revolution of spur gear. Screw moves π distance equal to 1 pitch.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS
Pitch= 5mm
μ= 0.18( friction coefficient)
Load(car)= 1000kg
Raising one wheel of 4 wheels= Around 250 kg
For safety= Load of one wheel= 500kg
Ground clearance= 280 mm
Max lift= 50mm
1.7 ENERGY BALANCE
Load*distance=revolutions*Torque
(500*9.81)*50mm=64*T
T=245.25/64=3.83Nm
1.8 POWER BALANCE
Suppose jack raises load with a speed of 1mm/sec, then
load*speed=power
500*9.81*1mm/sec= 4.9 watts
In real life scenario, DC motor power and Torque should be greater than values
calculated above.
1.9 MOTOR SELECTION
DC motor 13Nm
Voltage=12V
Current=2A
Power= V.I=24 watts
2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT
Firstly, we'll dicuss the mechanics of the power screw and the terminologies that are used here:
p=pitch
'The pitch is defined as the distance measured parallel to the axis of the screw from a point on one thread
to corresponding point on the adjacent thread.'
L=lead
'The distance that the nut advances in one revolution of the screw.'
where L=np ; n=1 for single thread and n=2 for double threaded screw
dm=mean diameter
Helix angle=α
'It is defined as the angle made by the helix of the thread with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
screw.'
In order to analyze the mechanics of the power screw, we need to consider two cases:
a) Raising the load
b) Lowering the load

F L

лdm

A SQUARE THREAD POWER SCREW DEVELOPMENT OF A SINGLE THREAD

FIGURE 1.1 FIGURE 1.2
 2.1 Raising the Load
This requires an axial force P as shown in figure 1.3. N is the reaction force and μN is the frictional force.

Torque requirement to raise the load:

The screw is considered as an inclined plane with inclination α.When the load is get raised, following forces act at a
point on it‟s inclined plane. The screw moves π distance equal to 1 pitch.
Load W:
It always acts in vertically downward direction.
Normal reaction, N:
It acts transversely perpendicular to the normal inclined plane.
Frictional force, μN:
Frictional force acts opposite to the motion. Since the load travel in the direction of inclined plane , frictional force acts
toward the downward direction along the inclined plane.
Effort P:
The effort P acts in a direction perpendicular to the load W. It always move towards right to reduce the friction and raise
the load in that direction.
F

P
L

N
α

лdm

Forces at contact surface for raising load

FIGURE 1.3
CALCULATION:
Σ fx=0
P−μ Ncos α− Nsin α =0

Σ fy=0
F +μ Nsin α−Ncos α=0
which gives
N =F /cos α−sin α
P= F ( μ cos α+sin α)/(cos α−μ sin α)
Torque transmitted during raising
Tr = P dm/ 2= F dm /2(μ cos α+sin α)/(cos α−μ sin α)
tan α= L/π dm
sin α /cos α= L/π dm
sin α= Lcos α /π dm= Lsinα /π dm tan α
cos α=sin α π dm / L
(μ cos α+sin α)/(cos α−μ sin α)=[μ cos α+ L(cos α /π dm)]/[sin α (π dm/ L)−μ sin α ]

Taking common
cos α [μ+(L /π dm)]/sin α[(π dm / L)−μ]=[μ+( L/π dm)]/ tan α[(π dm / L)−μ]
as tan α= L /π dm
[μ+( L/π dm)]/(L/ π dm)[(π dm/ L)−μ ]=(μ+( L/π dm))/( L/ L−( Lμ /π dm))
 [μ+( L/π dm)]/[1−(L μ/ π dm)]=[(μ π dm+ L)/π dm]/[(π dm− Lμ)/π dm]
(μ π dm+L)/π dm∗π dm/(π dm− Lμ)=(π dmμ+ L)/(π dm− Lμ)
Torque Tr = F dm/2(μ π dm+ L)/(π dm−μ L)

2.2 Lowering the Load

Torque requirement to lower the load:

When the load is being lowered, following forces act at a point on the inclined plane:

Load W:
It always acts in vertically downward direction.

Normal reaction:
It acts transversely perpendicular to the normal inclined plane.

Fricitional force, μN:

Frictional force acts opposite to the motion. Since the load travels in the direction of inclined plane, frictional force acts
towards upward dircetion along the inclined plane.

P L
μN

пdm
Forces at contact surface for lowerng load
FIGURE 1.4
CALCULATION:
Σ fx=0
P−μ Ncos α+ Nsin α=0
Σ fy=0
F − Ncos α−μ Nsin α=0
N =F /(cos α+sin α)
P= F (μ cos α−sin α)/(cos α+μ sin α)

Torque required to lower load is given by

Tl = P(dm /2)[(μ cos α−sin α)/(cos α+μ sin α)]
again tan α= L/π dm
Tl = F (dm /2)[(μ π dm−L)/(π dm+μ L)]
 2.3 Efficiency of the power screw
η=work output/work input
Referring to figure 1.3: The output consists of raising the load if load moves from lower end to the upper end
of the inclined plane.
Work ouput= force*distance travelled in the direction of force
Work output=W*L
The input consists of rotating the screw by means of an effort P,
Work input=Force*distance travelled in direction of force
work input = P∗(π dm)
η=work ouput / work input =W ∗L/ P (π dm)
As,
tan α= L/π dm
Therefore,
η=Wtan α/ P
Substituting for P=Wtan(α+θ) we get:
η=tan α /tan (α+θ)
From above equation, it is clear that effciency of power screw depends upon helix
angle α and the friction angle θ.

2.4 Rectilinear kinematics

Position:
The straight-line path of a particle will be defined using a single coordinate axis [Link] origin O on
the path is a fixed point, and from this point the position coordinate s is used to specify the location
of the particle at any given instant.

ΔS

S'
S

Displacement:
The displacement of the particle is defined as the change in its position. For example, if the particle
moves from one point to another, Fig. 1.5a&b, the displacement is
Δs=s'-s
Velocity:
If the particle moves through a displacement S'
Δs during the time interval Δt, the average velocity of
the particle during this time interval is
v(avg)=Δs/Δt
instantaneous velocity v= ds/dt
Acceleration:
Provided the velocity of the particle is known at two points, the average acceleration of the particle
during the time interval Δt is defined as
a(avg)=Δv/Δt
instantaneous acceleration a=dv/dt
When the power screw raises or lowers load with constant acceleration a=ac then;
velocity v=v ο+(ac )t as function of time
position s= s ο+v ο t+1/2(a c )t 2 as function of time
velocity=v 2ο +2ac (s−s ο ) as function of position
Assuming that the screw moves up with constant acceleration 9.81 m/ s 2 .
max lift= 50mm,
assuming
time that screw takes to reach maximum lift=10sec, where velocity becomes 0.
In 1 revolution of screw, it moves up 5mm and as max lift is 50mm,
it takes a total of 10 revolutions to reach max height hence one revolution completed in 1 sec
then velocity=5mm/s
2.5 Normal and tangential components
t
n

un

ut

Velocity:
Consider a particle on the edge of the screw, the particle's velocity v has a direction that is always
tangent to the path and a magnitude that is determined by taking time derivative of path function
s=s(t), i.e., v=ds/dt
v=vut
v= ṡ
Acceleration:
Acceleration of particle is time rate of change of velocity.
˙ t +v u̇t
a= v̇= vu
a can be written as the sum of it's two components,
a=at u t +an u n
 2
a t = v̇ & a n=v /ρ

2.6 Equations of motion: Rectangular coordinates

z

As there is no motion of screw along x and y axis, Fz=Fy=0.

Then only Σ f z=ma z
2.7 Work of a force

F
μN

P
L

πdm

Work done by constant force P for raising the load where hypotenuse=πdm/cosα
U p=P∗π dm
Work done due to load F:
U F =−F∗L
since force acts in opposite sense to it's vertical displacement.
And vice versa for lowering the load.
 2.8 Linear impulse and Momentum
Assume mass of power screw to be 7kg, we know velocity=5mm/s
P=mv=7∗5∗10−3=0.035kgm / s
For linear impulse I = F c (t 2−t 1)
F c=ma=7∗9.81=68.7 N
If force acts for 10sec, then I =68.7 (10−0)=687 Ns
Principle of linear impulse and momentum:
mv 1+Σt2t1 Fdt =mv 2
which is also applicable only along z-axis in our case.
m(v z )1+Σt2t1 F z =m(v z )2
2.9 Planar kinematics
If we consider the power screw and the spur gears as rigid body, then we can see that these
parts have a rotation about a fixed axis.
When a body rotates about a fixed axis, any point P located in the body travels along a
circular path. To study this motion it is first necessary to discuss the angular motion of the
body about the axis.
For this case we'll only consider the dynamics of the spur gear.
Angular motion:
Consider that the load is being raised:
Since a point is without dimension, it cannot have angular motion. Only lines or bodies undergo
angular motion.
For example, consider the body shown in Fig. 16–4a and the angular motion of a radial line r
located within the shaded plane.

O P
r
dθ

θ
rp
Angular position:
At the instant shown, the angular position of r is defined by the angle u, measured from a fixed
reference line to r. α
ω
 Angular displacement:
The change in the angular position, which can be measured as a differential dU, is called the
angular displacement.
This vector has a magnitude of dU, measured in degrees, radians, or revolutions, where 1 rev = 2p
rad. Since motion is about a fixed axis, the direction of dU is always along this axis. Specifically,
the direction is determined by the right-hand rule; that is, the fingers of the right hand are curled
with the sense of rotation, so that in this case the thumb, or dU, points downwards, Fig above.
In two dimensions, as shown by the top view of the shaded plane, Fig. 16–4b, both u and du are
clockwise, and so the thumb points inward from the page.
Angular velocity:
The time rate of change in the angular position is called the angular velocity V (omega).
Since dU occurs during an instant of time dt, then,
ω =d θ /dt
This vector has a magnitude which is often measured in rad/s. It is expressed here in scalar
form since it's direction is also along the axis of rotation.
Top view of spur gear:

O
r
ω P
α
dθ

Angular acceleration:
The angular acceleration α gives the time rate of change of angular velocity. The magnitude
of this vector is α=d ω/dt
It is also possible to express α:
α=d θ2 /dt 2
Position and displacement:
The position of P is defined by the position vector r, which extends from O to P. If body
rotates dθ thenP will displace ds=rdθ.
Velocity:
The velocity of P has magnitude which can be found by dividing ds=rdθ by dt so that
v=r ω
Also note that the direction of v is tangent to circular path as we saw for the case of power
screw.
If rp is directed from any point on the axis of rotation to point P.
v=r p ω
 Acceleration:

The acceleration of P can be expressed in terms of its normal and tangential components.
As discussed above,
a t =dv /dt
a n=v 2 /ρ
ρ=r , v=r ω α=dw /dt
we get at =α r , an=ω2 r

We see that the two rotating bodies (spur gears) contact one another, then the points in contact
move along different circular paths, and velocity and tangential components of acceleration of the
points will be the same, however the noraml components of acceleration will not be the same.
Consider the two meshed gears:
They are in contact at point A for gear B and A' for gear C.
ωc
ωb
rb
AA'
rc

Due to the rotationl motion, v A =v A '

ωb r b=ωc r c
but a A=a A '

3.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

• Torque calculation when load is being lowered and raised
• Efficiency of power screw calculation
• Analysis of rectilinear kinematics of the power screw
• Analysis of normal and tangential components of velocity and acceleration
• Calculation of rectangular coordinates
• Calculating work of a force
• Considering linear impulse and momentum
• Analysis of planar kinematics
 ENGINEERING DYNAMICS

PROJECT REPORT

TOPIC: MOTORISED POWER JACK

'Mathematical Calculation for the Kinematics and Dynamics

of a Motorised Power Jack':
A REVIEW

SUBMITTED BY: AHMAD NASIR NAZAR

REGISTRATION ID: 171532

SUBMITTED TO: SIR IMRAN