OVERVIEW

▪ Self and Filipino Society is an effective strategy intended to arrive at a

better understanding of one’s self and to identify the characteristic that
makes a Filipino vary from different society.
▪ This module develops the character of the students to become more
mindful to the quality of values and attitudes needed to produce moral
and ethical professionals.
▪ The suggested activities in this module of work can be adapted and
resources sourced to support student needs and the local context.
Lesson 1: Self Awareness

▪ Definition of Self-Awareness
▪ Nature of Self – Who am I
▪ How to become more Self-aware
 When we talk about the human person it is
obviously everything that pertains to man
whether it is physical, spiritual, emotional, and
intellectual attributes.

There are several definitions of a human person

NATURE OF based on different perspectives:
SELF- •Aristotle and Boethius described man as a rational being.
WHO AM I? As rational being, a person is able to know, reason-out and
apply what he knows.
•Theologians describe a human person as a substance of
physical and spiritual. Spiritual in nature because man has
a soul and is created by a Superior Being with a divine
purpose. Physical in nature because a person is created
with body and faculty that correspond to his relationship
with society.
•Dictionaries define a human person as a living, self-
conscious animal, or a thing.
 • SELF-AWARENESS INCLUDES
RECOGNITION OF ONE’S
PERSONALITY, ONE’S STRENGTHS
AND WEAKNESSES, ONE’S LIKES
AND DISLIKES. DEVELOPING SELF-
DEFINITION AWARENESS CAN HELP ONE TO
RECOGNIZE WHEN HE/SHE
OF SELF STRESSED OR UNDER PRESSURE. IT IS
AWARENESS ALSO OFTEN A PREREQUISITE FOR
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS, AS
WELL AS FOR DEVELOPING
EMPATHY FOR OTHERS.
 The first step in changing the way you create
your life is self-awareness because you cannot
expect to change, what you are not aware of.

Self-awareness provides the clarity to choose

HOW TO whether you express emotions of love or express
emotions out of reactions of fear.
BECOME Self-awareness provides the possibility to catch
MORE you in that moment prior to saying something
destructive or even thinking a negative thought.
SELF- Self-awareness is the means to identify your
AWARE unconscious patterns and raise them to your
consciousness so they can be changed.

It is through self-awareness that you identify and

change the underlying core beliefs that drive
destructive behaviors to create happiness.
Lesson 2: Values Development
▪ Meaning of Value
▪ Three-Dimensional Process of Valuing
▪ Filipino Values and Characteristics
▪ Other Strengths of the Filipino Character
▪ Other Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
 VALUES DEVELOPMENT
• THE WORD “VALUES” COMES FROM
THE LATIN WORD “VALERE”
MEANING “TO MEASURE THE WORTH
OF SOMETHING”. ALSO, VALUES ARE
THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE PREVAILING IN
ANY SOCIETY AND THEY LIE AT THE
CORE OF MAN’S LIFE.
 PERSONAL
VALUES = ARE
OUR
Personal
CONVICTIONS values come in
REGARDING
WHAT WE two varieties:
BELIEVE IS
IMPORTANT •Terminal Values
AND
DESIRABLE •Instrumental Values
 BEHAVIOR There are three (3) level of
values maturity:
DISPLAYED
BY
INDIVIDUALS 1. Self-centered
IS A
PRODUCT
OF THEIR 2. Conformity Level
LEVEL OF
VALUES
MATURITY. 3. Principled Level
THREE (3) DIMENSIONAL PROCESS
OF VALUING

Second Dimension: Third Dimension: One

First Dimension: Man Man must identify those must recognize those
needs to see himself as whom one respects, who have respect for
someone important and characteristics of other others, and the methods
someone unique. people one respects, by which respect has
and the reasons why he been shown.
respects them.
 • THE CHARACTERISTIC THAT MAKES A FILIPINO
VARY FROM DIFFERENT SOCIETY IS HIS UNIQUELY
BLENDED CULTURE AND VALUES FROM
DIFFERENT INFLUENCES. FILIPINO VALUES, FOR
REASON OF SEVERAL INFLUENCES THAT SHAPED
ITS IDENTITY, ARE BIPOLAR LIKE A COIN THAT HAS
TWO SIDES. THEY MAY EITHER BE POSITIVE OR
FILIPINO VALUES NEGATIVE IN POLARITY. LET US TAKE FOR
AND EXAMPLE THE VALUE OF UTANG NA LOOB, OR
DEBT OF GRATITUDE. THE VALUE OF UTANG NA
CHARACTERISTICS LOOB, THE ALTRUISTIC DRAWING OF INTERIOR
GOODNESS OF A PERSON BY RETURNING A
DEBT OF GRATITUDE, IS BY ITSELF POSITIVE.
HOWEVER, WHEN ONE IS COERCED TO HONOR
A DEBT OF GRATITUDE AND RETURN THE FAVOR,
THEN IT BECOMES NEGATIVE.
• DUE TO THIS AMBIVALENCE OF FILIPINO VALUES, THEY HAVE THE
POTENTIAL OF BEING USED FOR GOOD OR EVIL. THEY MAY
EITHER HELP OR HINDER PERSONAL AND NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT, DEPENDING ON HOW THEY ARE UNDERSTOOD
OR PRACTICED OR LIVED.
• TO SHAPE THE FILIPINO SOCIETY INTO A SUCCESSFUL AND
PROGRESSIVE NATION, THERE IS A NEED TO REEVALUATE THE
DIFFERENT VALUES THAT INFLUENCE EVERY FILIPINO
INDIVIDUAL’S ACTION TO A SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES. WE NEED
TO IDENTIFY THE POSITIVE SIDE OF EVERY FILIPINO VALUE AND
DEVELOP THEM TO YIELD A MORE SUCCESSFUL AND
DEVELOPED SOCIETY.
LET US THEN TRY TO
DISCUSS SOME OF
THE VALUES IN THE
FILIPINO SOCIETY
AND RE-EVALUATE
THEM TO DEVELOP
▪UTANG NA LOOB
A MORE POSITIVE
VALUE FOR THE
▪BAHALA NA
FILIPINO
INDIVIDUAL.
Lesson 3: Leadership
▪ Difference between a Leader and Leadership
▪ How to be a Good Leader
▪ Qualities of a Good Leader
▪ The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People
 • A LEADER IS:
-SOMEONE WHO ACTS AS A
GUIDE, A DIRECTING HEAD AND
DIFFERENCE SOMEONE WHO LEADS A BODY OF
BETWEEN A TROOPS.
LEADER AND • LEADERSHIP IS:
LEADERSHIP -THE POSITION OF A LEADER,
THE QUALITY DISPLAYED BY A LEADER
AND THE ACT OF LEADING.
 HOW TO BECOME A GOOD
LEADER
• GOOD LEADERS ARE MADE, NOT BORN BECAUSE IF YOU HAVE
THE DESIRE AND WILLPOWER YOU CAN BECOME A GOOD
LEADER. GOOD LEADERS DEVELOP THROUGH A NEVER-
ENDING PROCESS OF SELF-STUDY, EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND
EXPERIENCE (JAGO,1982).
• FROM A FOLLOWER’S PERSPECTIVE, GOOD LEADERSHIP CAN
BE ATTRIBUTED ON SEVERAL QUALITIES THAT A PERSON MUST
HAVE. THESE QUALITIES MAKE PEOPLE COMPLY AND
PASSIONATELY FOLLOW A LEADER.
 1. CHARACTER = THE QUALITY OF A PERSON’S BEHAVIOR, AS
REVEALED IN HIS HABITS OF THOUGHTS AND EXPRESSIONS, HIS
ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS, HIS ACTION, AND HIS PERSONAL
PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE.
WHAT PEOPLE MUST KNOW ABOUT CHARACTER?
- CHARACTER IS MORE THAN TALK; TALENT IS A GIFT, BUT
CHARACTER IS A CHOICE.
QUALITIES -CHARACTER BRINGS LASTING SUCCESS WITH PEOPLE.
- LEADERS CANNOT RISE ABOVE THE LIMITATIONS OF THEIR
OF A CHARACTER.

GOOD 2. CHARISMA = “THE FIRST IMPRESSION CAN SEAL THE DEAL.”.

AN EXTRAORDINARY POWER IN A PERSON, GROUP, CAUSE,
LEADER ETC. WHICH TAKES HOLD OF POPULAR IMAGINATION, WINS
POPULAR SUPPORT.
TO MAKE YOURSELF THE KIND OF PERSON WHO ATTRACTS
OTHERS, YOU NEED TO PERSONIFY THESE POINTERS:
-LOVE LIFE
-PUT A “10” ON EVERY PERSON’S HEAD
-GIVE PEOPLE HOPE
-SHARE YOURSELF.
 3. COMMITMENT = “IT SEPARATES “DOERS” FROM “DREAMERS”.
THE ACT OF COMMITTING, THE STATE OF INTELLECTUAL AND
EMOTIONAL ADHERENCE TO SOME POLITICAL, SOCIAL,
RELIGIOUS THEORY OR ACTION ESPECIALLY THE CONSCIOUS
LINKING OF WORKS OF LITERATURE AND ART WITH SUCH
THEORY OF ACTION.
QUALITIES TRUE NATURE OF COMMITMENT:
-COMMITMENT STARTS IN THE HEART
OF A -COMMITMENT IS TESTED BY ACTION
GOOD -COMMITMENT OPENS THE DOOR TO ACHIEVEMENT
4. COMMUNICATION = “WITHOUT IT YOU TRAVEL ALONE.” THE
LEADER ACT OF COMMUNICATING, SOMETHING COMMUNICATED
AND A MEANS OF SENDING A MESSAGE, ORDERS, ETC.
YOU CAN BE MORE EFFECTIVE AS A COMMUNICATOR IF YOU
FOLLOW FOUR BASIC TRUTHS:
-SIMPLIFY YOUR MESSAGE
-SEE THE PERSON
-SHOW THE TRUTH
-SEEK A RESPONSE
 5. COMPETENCE = “IF YOU BUILT IT, THEY WOULD COME”. TO
CULTIVATE COMPETENCE, DO THE FOLLOWING:
-SHOW UP EVERYDAY
-KEEP IMPROVING
-FOLLOW THROUGH WITH EXCELLENCE
-ACCOMPLISH MORE THAN EXPECTED
QUALITIES -INSPIRE OTHERS
OF A 6. COURAGE = “ONE PERSON WITH COURAGE IS MAJORITY”.
THE QUALITY OF THE MIND THAT ENABLES THE PERSON TO
GOOD FACE DIFFICULTY, DANGER, ETC. WITHOUT FEAR.
LEADER TRUTHS ABOUT COURAGE:
-COURAGE BEGINS WITH AN INWARD BATTLE
-COURAGE IS MAKING THINGS RIGHT, NOT JUST SMOOTHING
THEM OVER
-COURAGE IN A LEADER INSPIRES COMMITMENT FROM
FOLLOWERS
-YOUR LIFE EXPANDS IN PROPORTION TO YOUR COURAGE
 7. DISCERNMENT = “PUT AN END TO SOLVE MYSTERY”. TO
PERCEIVE BY THE SIGHT OR THE INTELLECT AND TO
DISTINGUISH MENTALLY.
TO MAXIMIZE EFFECTIVENESS OF A LEADER, DO THE
FOLLOWING:
QUALITIES - DISCOVER THE ROOT ISSUES
OF A -ENHANCE YOUR PROBLEM SOLVING
- EVALUATE YOUR OPTIONS FOR MAXIMUM IMPACT
GOOD -MULTIPLY YOUR OPPORTUNITIES
LEADER 8. FOCUS = “THE SHARPER IT IS, THE SHARPER YOU ARE”. A
CENTRAL POINT OF ATTRACTION, ATTENTION, OR ACTIVITY.
GUIDELINES TO FOCUS YOUR TIME AND ENERGY:
- 70% ON STRENGTH
-25% ON NEW THINGS
-5% ON AREAS OF WEAKNESS
 9. GENEROSITY = “GIVING FREELY”
THE FOLLOWING WILL CULTIVATE THE QUALITY OF GENEROSITY
IN YOUR LIFE:
-BE GRATEFUL FOR WHATEVER YOU HAVE
-PUT PEOPLE FIRST
-DON’T ALLOW THE DESIRE FOR POSSESSIONS TO CONTROL YOU
QUALITIES -REGARD MONEY AS A RESOURCE
OF A -DEVELOP THE HABIT OF GIVING
10. INITIATIVE = “YOU WON’T LEAVE HOME WITHOUT IT”
GOOD AN INTRODUCTORY ACT OR STEP, READINESS, AND THE ABILITY
LEADER IN INITIATING ACTION, ONE PERSONAL, RESPONSIBLE DECISION.
A LEADER POSSESSES THE FOLLOWING QUALITIES TO MAKE
THINGS HAPPEN:
-THEY KNOW WHAT THEY WANT
-THEY PUSH THEMSELVES TO ACT
-THEY TAKE MORE RISKS
-THEY MAKE MORE MISTAKES
 11. LISTENING = “TO CONNECT WITH THEIR HEARTS, USE YOUR
EARS.”. TO GIVE ATTENTION FOR THE PURPOSE OF HEARING
KEEP YOUR EARS OPEN TO THE FOLLOWING:
-YOUR MENTORS
-YOUR FOLLOWERS
QUALITIES -YOUR CUSTOMERS
OF A -YOUR COMPETITORS
12. PASSION = “TAKE THIS LIFE AND LOVE IT”. ANY COMPELLING
GOOD EMOTION, STRONG AMOROUS FEELING, STRONG SEXUAL
LEADER DESIRE, STRONG FONDNESS, OR ENTHUSIASM.
TRUTHS ABOUT PASSION:
-PASSION IS THE FIRST STEP TO ACHIEVEMENT
-PASSION INCREASES YOUR WILLPOWER
-PASSION CHANGES YOU
-PASSION MAKES THE IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBLE.
 13. POSITIVE ATTITUDE = “IF YOU BELIEVE YOU CAN, YOU CAN”
TO BE MORE POSITIVE, THINK OF THE FOLLOWING:
-YOUR ATTITUDE IS A CHOICE
-YOUR ATTITUDE DETERMINES YOUR ACTIONS
-YOUR PEOPLE ARE A MIRROR OF YOUR ATTITUDE
QUALITIES -MAINTAINING A GOOD ATTITUDE IS EASIER THAN REGAINING
ONE
OF A 14. PROBLEM SOLVING = “YOU CAN’T LET YOU PROBLEMS BE A
GOOD PROBLEM”
FIVE (5) QUALITIES DEMONSTRATED BY A LEADER WITH GOOD
LEADER PROBLEM-SOLVING ABILITY:
-THEY ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS
-THEY ACCEPT THE TRUTH
-THEY SEE THE BIG PICTURE
-THEY HANDLE ONE THING AT A TIME
-THEY DON’T GIVE UP A MAJOR GOAL WHEN THEY’RE DOWN
 15. RELATIONSHIPS = “IF YOU GET ALONG, THEY’LL GO ALONG”.
THE STATE OR FACT OF BEING RELATED
TO CULTIVATE GOOD RELATIONSHIPS, IT REQUIRES THE
FOLLOWING:
-HAVE A LEADER’S HEAD – UNDERSTAND PEOPLE
-HAVE A LEADER’S HEART – LOVE PEOPLE
QUALITIES -EXTEND A LEADER’S HAND – HELP PEOPLE
16. RESPONSIBILITY = “IF YOU WON’T CARRY THE BALL, YOU
OF A CAN’T LEAD THE TEAM”. THE STATE OR FACT OF BEING
GOOD RESPONSIBLE, A PERSON OR THING FOR WHICH ONE IS
RESPONSIBLE INVOLVES DUTIES OR OBLIGATIONS AND
LEADER ACCOUNTABLE, AS FOR SOMETHING WITHIN ONE’S POWER.
THE ONE WHO EMBRACES RESPONSIBILITY HAS THE FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS:
-THEY GET THE JOB DONE
-THEY ARE WILLING TO GO THE EXTRA MILE
-THEY ARE DRIVEN BY EXCELLENCE
-THEY PRODUCE REGARDLESS OF THE SITUATION
 17. SELF-DISCIPLINE = “THE FIRST PERSON YOU LEAD IS YOU”
ACTION POINTS TO FOLLOW:
-DEVELOP AND FOLLOW YOUR PRIORITIES
-MAKE A DISCIPLINED LIFESTYLE YOUR GOAL
QUALITIES -CHALLENGE YOUR EXCUSES
OF A -REMOVE REWARDS UNTIL THE JOB IS DONE
-STAY FOCUSED ON RESULTS
GOOD 18. SERVANTHOOD = “TO GET AHEAD, PUT OTHERS FIRST” A TRUE
LEADER SERVANT LEADER EMBODIES THE FOLLOWING:
-PUTS OTHERS AHEAD OF HIS OWN AGENDA
-POSSESSES THE CONFIDENCE TO SERVE
-INITIATES SERVICE TO OTHERS
-IS NOT POSITION-CONSCIOUS; SERVES OUT OF LOVE
 19. TEACHABILITY = “TO KEEP LEADING, KEEP LEARNING”
GUIDELINES TO HELP CULTIVATE AND MAINTAIN TEACHABLE
ATTITUDE:
-CURE YOUR DESTINATION DISEASE
-OVERCOME YOUR SUCCESS
QUALITIES -SWEAR OFF SHORTCUTS
-TRADE IN YOUR PRIDE
OF A -NEVER PAY THE SAME PRICE FOR THE SAME MISTAKE
GOOD 20. VISION = “YOU CAN SEIZE ONLY WHAT YOU CAN SEE”. THE
ACT OF POWER OF SEEING AND A VIVID IMAGINATIVE
LEADER CONCEPTION.
THINGS TO BE UNDERSTOOD TO HANDLE VISION:
-VISION STARTS WITHIN
-VISION DRAWS IN YOUR HISTORY
-VISION MEETS OTHER‟S NEEDS
-VISION HELPS YOU GATHER RESOURCES
Lesson 4: Nationalism and Patriotism
▪ 10 Modern Ways to Express Filipino Nationalism
▪ Nationalism Vs Patriotism
▪ What’s the Difference?
• THE WORDS NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM ARE OFTEN USED INTERCHANGEABLY, MEANING ONE
FOR THE OTHER. THERE IS, HOWEVER, A WIDE DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATIONALISM AND
PATRIOTISM AS POLITICAL CONCEPTS. LET US CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING.

• NATIONALISM, ETYMOLOGICALLY, MEANS LOVE, CARE FOR, PRESERVATION AND PATRONAGE OF

ONE’S NATIVE LAND AND EVERYTHING IN IT—THE COUNTRY OF BIRTH OF A NATIONAL, WHETHER IT
BE FILIPINO OR OTHERWISE. TO BE A FILIPINO NATIONALIST, THEREFORE, THE ETHNOLOGICAL
RAMIFICATIONS OF NATIONALISM MUST ALL BE PRESENT IN ONE’S BEING. THIS IMPLIES A HEARTFELT
DEDICATION FOR THE LOVE, CARE, AND PRESERVATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND EVERYTHING
THAT IS IDENTIFIED WITH IT: THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORY, THE INHABITANTS, PHILIPPINE SOVEREIGNTY,
ITS GOVERNMENT, ALL THINGS THAT REPRESENT AND SYMBOLIZE THE COUNTRY; THE ASPIRATIONS,
HOPES, DREAMS AND NEEDS OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE.
• ON THE OTHER HAND, PATRIOTISM IS TAKEN FROM THE LATIN TERM PATER, WHICH LITERALLY
MEANS “FATHER”. PATRIOTISM IS THE WILLINGNESS AND DETERMINATION TO LAY DOWN ONE’S LIFE
FOR THE FATHERLAND—THE CONSTANT RESOLVE TO SACRIFICE ONE’S LIFE AND LIMB FOR THE
PRESERVATION OF THE STATE. IT IS THE TOTAL REALIZATION OF THAT LOVE FOR THE COUNTRY,
WHICH IS NATIONALISM. IN OTHER WORDS, TO BE PATRIOTIC IS TO BE NATIONALISTIC.
CONVERSELY, ONE CANNOT BE PATRIOTIC WITHOUT BEING NATIONALISTIC.
• IN THE PHILIPPINES, TODAY, WE ARE LACKING IN PATRIOTS LARGELY DUE TO THE
DIFFUSION OF FILIPINO VALUES, CULTURE, INFLUENCE OF CONQUISTADORES, AND THE
CONFLUENCE OF HISTORICAL BAD GOVERNANCE. THE PHILIPPINE STATE IS IN DIRE NEED
OF STATESMEN WHO TRULY UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF POLITICS—POLITICS BEING
DEFINED AS THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE STATE—THE STATE BEING DEFINED AS
HAVING FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS: TERRITORY (THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO, ITS WATERS,
SUBTERRANEAN SHELVES, ETC.), PEOPLE (THE FILIPINO PEOPLE WHO ARE NATIONALISTIC
AND PATRIOTIC), SOVEREIGNTY (FREEDOM FROM FOREIGN DICTATES), AND
GOVERNMENT (A BODY POLITIC COMPOSED OF DELEGATES WHO ARE CONSIDERED TO
BE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE TO STAND AND FIGHT FOR FILIPINO INTERESTS,
DREAMS, ASPIRATIONS, AND HOPES).
• FOR AS LONG AS OUR POLITICAL LEADERS BLIND US OF THESE THINGS, FOR AS LONG AS
THE FILIPINO PEOPLE REFUSE TO LEARN, FOR AS LONG AS WE REMAIN MEDIOCRE, FOR
AS LONG WE COULD NOT CHANGE OUR SELF INWARDLY, FOR AS LONG AS WE REFUSE
TO CHANGE, NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM WILL ONLY BE WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY.
 10 MODERN WAYS TO EXPRESS
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
• NATIONALISM IS A DEVOTION OF LOVE FOR ONE’S COUNTRY.
A COUNTRY’S IDENTITY IS SEEN THROUGH ITS CULTURE,
TRADITIONS, RELIGIONS, BELIEFS, AND EVEN THE UNITY OR
TOGETHERNESS OF THE PEOPLE IN IT. THE HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES REFLECTS THE KIND OF NATIONALISM THE FILIPINOS
HAVE. THEIR HEROES STOOD AND FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE
FILIPINO IDENTITY AND ATTAIN FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE.
THE FOLLOWING ARE 10 MODERN WAYS
TO EXPRESS FILIPINO NATIONALISM:
1. RESPECT THE PHILIPPINE FLAG AND VALUE THE FILIPINO IDENTITY
• BEING FILIPINOS, WE SHOULD RESPECT OUR PHILIPPINE FLAG AND ITS
PURPOSE. THE HISTORY AND VALUE OF THIS FLAG ARE CONNECTED TO THE
FREEDOM WE HAVE TODAY. ENCOURAGE OUR FELLOWMEN TO
PARTICIPATE AND RESPECT OUR FLAG AND ITS ANTHEM AND EVEN OUR
DIFFERENT SYMBOLS. THEY PROVIDE US OUR IDENTITY AS FLIPINOS OR
CITIZENS OF THE BEAUTIFUL REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES.
2. BE A PRODUCTIVE CITIZEN
• BE INDUSTRIOUS AND MAKE OURSELVES PRODUCTIVE, NOT ONLY FOR
OURSELVES BUT FOR OUR COUNTRY AS WELL. SERVE THE PEOPLE, SERVE
OUR NATION.
3. BE AWARE OF THE ISSUES IN OUR COUNTRY
• WE MUST BE AWARE AND UPDATED ON THE SIGNIFICANT ISSUES HAPPENING IN
THE COUNTRY. EXTEND HELP TO THE NEEDY FELLOWMEN, ESPECIALLY THE VICTIMS
OF DISASTERS LIKE TYPHOONS, FLOODING, AND THE LIKE.
4. STAND PROUD FOR EVERY FILIPINOS ACHIEVEMENT
• FILIPINOS IS GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE IN MANY ASPECTS. THEY ARE PROUD TO BE A
FILIPINO AND FOR THE HONORS THEY BRING TO OUR COUNTRY. THEY UNITE EVERY
FILIPINO FOR THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS. WE CAN BE PROUD OF FILIPINOS LIKE MANNY
PACQUIAO, THE AZKALS FOOTBALL TEAM, THE GILAS PILIPINAS BASKETBALL TEAM,
AND MANY MORE.
5. PATRONIZE AND SUPPORT OUR OWN PRODUCTS
• THE PHILIPPINES HAS RICH RESOURCES TO CREATE QUALITY GOODS AND
PRODUCTS. THE MANPOWER SERVICES WE PROVIDE ARE ALSO GLOBALLY
COMPETITIVE. OUR ECONOMY WILL IMPROVE MORE IF WE OURSELVES PATRONIZE
OUR OWN PRODUCTS WHICH CHARACTERIZE OUR CREATIVITY,
RESOURCEFULNESS, AND INDUSTRY.
6. PRESERVE THE FILIPINO CULTURE
• PHILIPPINESIS RICH IN VARIOUS COLORFUL CULTURAL ELEMENTS. THEY ARE OUR
IDENTITY. BE PROUD AND PRESERVE THE CULTURE WE HAVE FOR THEY ARE OUR
TREASURE. WE HAVE TO KEEP THEM FOR THE FUTURE GENERATION.
7. RESPECT EVERYONE AND VALUE OUR TRADITIONS
• FILIPINOS ARE VERY COURTEOUS AND RESPECTFUL. EVEN IN MODERN TIMES,
MANY FILIPINOS SHOW AND VALUE THEIR NOBLE NORMS AND TRADITIONS. SO
WE FILIPINOS MUST CONTINUE TO EXERCISE THESE GOOD TRADITIONS LIKE
RESPECTING OUR ELDERS AND OTHERS, BY USING “PO AT OPO”, BEING
HOSPITABLE, AND BEING RELIGIOUS.
8. SPEAK OUT OUR OWN LANGUAGE
• USING OUR OWN LANGUAGE IS MANIFESTING AND PRESERVING OUR NATIONAL
IDENTITY. IT IS OUR UNIQUE MEANS OF COMMUNICATING AND INTERACTING WITH
OUR FELLOWMEN. OUR LANGUAGE IS AN IMPORTANT TOOL TO ACHIEVE FURTHER
UNITY AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
 9. REMEMBER AND COMMEMORATE OUR HEROES’ SACRIFICES FOR OUR COUNTRY.
• THERE WERE MANY FILIPINOS WHO DIED FOR OUR DEMOCRACY, FREEDOM, AND
INDEPENDENCE. SOME FOUGHT USING THEIR PENS AND TONGUES, WHILE SOME
USED THE POWER OF THEIR ARMS AND WEAPONS. EACH HAD THEIR OWN WAY
OF SHOWING THEIR LOVE AND RESPECT TO OUR COUNTRY. IN TODAY’S
GENERATION, LET US VALUE AND TREASURED OUR HEROES SACRIFICES AND
DEVOTION FOR OUR COUNTRY. ([Link])

10. LOVE OUR FAMILY, OUR NEIGHBORS, AND OUR COMPATRIOTS

• LOVE AND HELP ONE ANOTHER. THAT WAY, WE ARE SHOWING THE WORLD THAT
WE ARE PROUD TO BE FILIPINOS. STAND UNITED! DO SOMETHING TO HELP EACH
OTHER AND FOR THE GREATER GOOD FOR MOTHER COUNTRY. LOVE EVERYONE
AND LOVE OUR COUNTRY AS WE LOVE OURSELVES. ([Link])
• THERE ARE MANY WAYS TO SHOW OUR LOVE FOR OUR COUNTRY. IN OUR
GENERATION, THERE ARE THINGS THAT TEST OUR NATIONALISM. WHAT IS IMPORTANT
THOUGH IS THAT WE STAND UNITED AS FILIPINO PEOPLE AND WE LOVE PHILIPPINES
AS OUR MOTHER COUNTRY. LET US MANIFEST THE ESSENCE OF NATIONALISM IN
EVERY ASPECT OF OUR LIFE.
 NATIONALISM VS PATRIOTISM

• NOW THAT OUR WORLD IS BECOMING MORE AND

MORE INTERCONNECTED, SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE
THAT IT IS IMPORTANT TO SUPPORT ONE’S OWN
COUNTRY. BOTH “NATIONALISM” AND
“PATRIOTISM” CAN BE USED TO DESCRIBE A PRIDE
FOR ONE’S COUNTRY.
 WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
• THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO TERMS IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH
PEOPLE FEEL THEM, AND WHETHER THEY ARE BENEFICIAL FEELINGS OR NOT.
PATRIOTISM
• NOUN: THE ROOT OF THE WORD PATRIOTISM IS PATRIOT, OR A PERSON WHO IS
LOYAL TO THEIR COUNTRY. IN GENERAL, THIS IS A VERY POSITIVE FEELING.
PATRIOTISM IS SUPPORT FOR ONE’S COUNTRY BECAUSE YOU FEEL PRIDE IN IT,
AND A BELIEF IN THE VALUES OF THAT COUNTRY.
• EXAMPLE:
• • PEOPLE WHO VOLUNTEER TO SERVE IN THE MILITARY FEEL A SENSE OF
PATRIOTISM TO THEIR COUNTRY.
• • PATRIOTISM IS NEEDED IN A COUNTRY AFTER WAR TO HELP REVIVE THE
COUNTRY’S ECONOMY AND SOCIETY.
 • NOUN: FOR NATIONALISM, THE MEANING IS QUITE DIFFERENT.
INSTEAD OF JUST A POSITIVE FEELING OF PRIDE IN YOUR
COUNTRY, NATIONALISM IS A FEELING OF SUPERIORITY.
• YOU WILL THINK THAT YOUR COUNTRY IS BETTER THAN OTHER
COUNTRIES, TO THE POINT THAT YOU REJECT OTHER COUNTRIES
– THEIR PEOPLE, PRODUCTS, CULTURE, LANGUAGE, ETC. –
SIMPLY BECAUSE THEY ARE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. EVEN IF
THINGS FROM YOUR OWN COUNTRY ARE INFERIOR, YOU
DEFEND THEM UNCONDITIONALLY BECAUSE YOU BELIEVE YOU
COUNTRY IS BETTER.
EXAMPLE

NATIONALISM • • RECENTLY, THERE HAVE BEEN A LOT OF CRIES FOR MORE

NATIONALISM IN THE GOVERNMENT.
• • I ORIGINALLY THOUGHT THAT THE DRIVING FORCE
BEHIND THAT ORGANIZATION WAS PATRIOTISM, BUT AFTER THEY
STARTED TAKING MORE EXTREME MEASURES AND STANCES, I
REALIZED IT HAD TURNED INTO NATIONALISM.
• WHILE A PRIDE IN YOUR OWN COUNTRY IS CERTAINLY
ENCOURAGED, AN EXCESSIVE PRIDE OR OUTRIGHT REJECTION
OF OTHER CULTURES IS NOT! NATIONALISM CAN LEAD A
COUNTRY TO BECOME CLOSED OFF AND INHIBIT ITS GROWTH
AND COOPERATION WITH OTHER NATIONS. IN THE GLOBALIZED
WORLD OF TODAY, COOPERATION IS CERTAINLY PREFERABLE
TO CONFLICT.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
- Fully understand the definition of a person.
Self-Awareness
-Assess one’s strength and weaknesses as pathway to self-mastery.
-Recognize oneself to be a better person.
-Improve oneself to fulfill one’s life goals.
Values Development and Filipino Values
-Be aware of the desirable values to make oneself worthy.
-Infuse positive values to develop a Christian-inspired living.
-Identify community services driven by good citizenship values.
Leadership
-Discover why dynamic leaders are made, not born.
-Practice the effective habits of a good leader.
-Be a servant leader in a community service.
 CITIZENSHIP TRAINING

I. Content Focus THE NSTP LAW

REPUBLIC ACT 7722 – HIGHER EDUCATION ACT OF 1994
Republic Act 7722 is the act creating the Commission on Higher Education which covers both the
public and private institutions of higher education as well as degree-granting programs in all post-
secondary educational institutions, be it public or private.
One of the powers and functions of this act which is in line with the goal of National Service Training
Program [NSTP] is to identify, support and develop potential centers of excellence in program areas needed
for the development of world-class scholarship, nation building and national development.

THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM [R.A. 9163]

1. What is the legal basis of the National Service Training Program (NSTP)?
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law or RA 9163 also known as “An Act Establishing
the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students, amending for the purpose
Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for other purposes.” was enacted last
January 2002 to amend the Expanded ROTC. This program aimed to enhance civic consciousness and
defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing
training in any of its three (3) program components, specifically designed to enhance the youth’s active
contribution to the. general welfare.

2. Wh at are the components of the NSTP?

a. Reserve Officer’s Training Corps [ROTC] - refers to the program component, institutionalized under
Section 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to provide military training to motivate, train
organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.
b. Civic Welfare Training Service [CWTS] - refers to the program component or activities contributory to
the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of
its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship,
safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry and other social welfare services.
c. Literacy Training Service [LTS] - refers to the program component designed to train the students to
teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youth and other segments of society
in need of their services.

Who are covered by the NSTP Law?

A. All incoming freshmen students, male, female, starting school year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled in any
baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical- vocational or associate courses, are required to
complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation requirement;
B. All higher and technical-vocational education institutions must at least offer one (1) of the NSTP
components.
C. State universities and colleges (SUC‟s), shall offer the ROTC component and at least one (1) other
NSTP component.
D. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA), Philippine
National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUC‟s of similar nature, in view of the special character of
these institutions, are exempted from the NSTP.
E. Private higher education and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350 student cadets
may offer the ROTC component and consequently establish / maintain a Department Of Military
Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP).

3. What is the duration and equivalent course unit of each of the NSTP Component?
Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters for
54 to 90 training hours per semester. It shall be credited for three (3) units per semester.

4. What fees shall be charged to students taking any of the NSTP components?
No other fees shall be collected except basic tuition fees, which should not be more than 50% of the
charges of the school per academic unit.

5. Who are covered by the suspension of the ROTC requirement?

The completion of ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is set aside for students who have
completed all their academic requirements for their respective courses as certified by the school on or
before the effectivity of the NSTP Act of 2001, which is March 23, 2002. The concerned students may apply
for graduation in their respective schools.

6. What happens to male students who are currently enrolled and have not taken nor completed the ROTC
requirements for graduation?
a. Male students who are not covered by Section 12 of this Rule and are currently enrolled but have not
taken any of the Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS) or Law Enforcement Service (LES)
shall be covered by the NSTP Law.
 b. Male students who have completed two semesters of the Expanded ROTC (E-ROTC) / National
Service Program (NSP) are deemed to have complied with the NSTP requirement.
c. Male students who are not covered by Section 12 of these Rules and have taken only one (1)
semester of Basic ROTC or E-ROTC/NSP shall take any of the NSTP components to qualify for
graduation.
d. Students who want to qualify for enlistment in the Reserve Force or attend the advance ROTC program
shall undertake a special program for this purpose.

7. How are Clustering and Cross-Enrollment done?

a. Clustering of students from different education institutions during semestral or summer periods may be done for
any of the NSTP component, taking into account logistics, branch of service and geographical locations. The
host school shall be responsible in managing the Program.
b. Schools that do not meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC and any of the NSTP
components, or do not offer the component chosen by the student shall allow their students to cross-enroll in
other schools irrespective of whether such school is under CHED or TESDA; and in the case the students
taking the ROTC component irrespective of whether the two semesters shall be taken from different schools
whose ROTC is managed by different branches of service of the Armed forces of the Philippines(AFP).

8. What is NSTP-One Summer Program (NSTP-OSP)?

NSTP-OSP is created under RA 9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001, especially Section 6 and jointly
devised, formulated and adopted by DND, CHED and TESDA.
NSTP-OSP is established for the three (3) components: ROTC, CWTS and LTS. This is intended
for graduating students in baccalaureate or at least two-year technical-vocational or associate courses,
who have yet to comply with the NSTP as a requirement for graduation, as well as for students, thus allow
them to concentrate on the academic subjects and other co- curricular concerns.

9. What is the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC)?

NSRC is created under Section 11 of RA 9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001, composed of graduates of
the non- ROTC components: the CWTS and LTS. Members of this Corps maybe tapped by the State for
literacy and civic welfare activities, through the joint efforts of DND, CHED, and TESDA.

CITIZENSHIP TRAINING PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Since June 12, 1898, Proclamation of Independence, there have been a total of six (6) Philippine
Constitution. Below is the evolution of the constitution:

1. Malolos Constitution (1898 – 1901) – First Philippine Constitution; First republican constitution in Asia

2. Philippine Organic Act of 1902 & Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 (1902 – 1935) - The Phil. Organic
Act of 1902 provided a Philippine Assembly composed of Filipino citizen while the Phil. Autonomy Act
of 1916 included the first pledge of Philippine Independence.

3. Commonwealth and Third Republic/1935 Constitution (1935 – 1943 & 1945 – 1972) – The United
States Congress in 1934 passed the Philippine Independence Act that paved way to the creation of a
constitution for the Philippines. Through the 1934 Constitutional Convention, a draft of the Constitution
for the Philippines was produced. It was ratified through a national plebiscite on May 14, 1935. In
November 15, 1935 with the inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the constitution was
fully implemented and enforced. Part of its provision states that the said constitution will remain in effect
once independence was declared on July 4, 1946. In 1940, the National Assembly of the Philippines
amended the constitution from having a unicameral assembly to a bicameral congress and changing
the term limit of the president from six (6) years with no re-election to four (4) years with a possibility of
re-election for a second term. In 1945, the constitution was again observed with the liberation of the
country.

4. Japanese-Sponsored Republic/Second Republic/1943 Constitution (1943 – 1945) – The Japanese-

sponsored government nullified the constitution during the World War II. The government created a
Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence to replace the constitution. The new constitution
was used by the administration under President Jose P. Laurel.

5. Martial Law Constitution/1973 Constitution (1973 – 1986) – During the regime of President Ferdinand
Marcos, a Constitutional Convention was formed to amend the 1935 Constitution. Through the
Presidential Decree No. 86, s. 1972 – creation of a citizen assembly to ratify a drafted constitution by
means of a Viva Voce in place of secret ballots, President Marcos announced the ratification and its
effectivity on January 17, 1973. Although there were several oppositions to its ratification, the 1973
Constitution was deemed valid and was enforced.

6. Freedom Constitution/1987 Constitution (1987 – Present) – After Martial Law and the democracy was
restored, President Corazon Aquino issued the suspension of several provision in the 1973
Constitution and promulgated a transitory constitution through Proclamation No. 3. The Constitutional
 Commission was created by Proclamation No. 9, s. 1986 and was tasked to write a new charter to
replace the previous Constitution. The National Plebiscite for the new Constitution was held on
February 2, 1987. Then, on February 11, 1987, by virtue of Proclamation No. 58 the new constitution
was ratified.

PREAMBLE

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

BILL OF RIGHTS

SEC. 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person
be denied the equal protection of the laws.

SEC. 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and
no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the
witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.

SEC. 3 .1. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of
the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.

SEC. 3.2. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any
purpose in any proceeding.

SEC. 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.

SEC. 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.
The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or
preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights.

SEC. 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired
except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest
of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.

SEC. 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to
official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as
well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
SEC. 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.

SEC. 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

SEC. 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

SEC. 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be
denied to any person by reason of poverty.

SEC. 12. 1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his
own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These
rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.

SEC. 12. 2. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall
be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of
detention are prohibited.

SEC. 12. 3. Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
 inadmissible in evidence against him.

SEC. 12. 4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions of violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.

SEC. 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of
guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient securities, or be released on
recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.

SEC. 14. 1. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.

SEC. 14. 2. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved,
and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to
face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of
evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of
the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.

SEC. 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or
rebellion when the public safety requires it.

SEC. 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial,
or administrative bodies.

SEC. 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

SEC. 18. 1. No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations

SEC. 18. 2. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted.

SEC. 19. 1. Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.
Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the
Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.

SEC. 19. 2. The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or
detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be
dealt with by law.

SEC. 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

SEC. 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by
a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another
prosecution for the same act.

SEC. 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF FILIPINO CITIZEN

1. It is the duty of every Filipino to respect, honor and give due accord to his Filipino heritage, patrimony,
values and tradition.
2. It is the duty of every Filipino to contribute to the development, welfare and nation-building of its
country.
3. It is the duty of every Filipino to engage in gainful work to assure himself and his family a life of worthy
of human dignity.
4. Loyalty to the federal republic and national consciousness, aspirations and ideals shall be asked from
every Filipino citizen.
5. Every Filipino citizen is asked to uphold this Constitution, obey the laws of the land, pay taxes and
duties, and to cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in the attainment and preservation of a just
and orderly society.
6. Every Filipino citizen must give due honor to the Philippine flag, National Anthem, Philippine President
and other national symbols and emblems.
7. It is the duty of very Filipino citizen to defend the national territory from aggressive invaders, protect the
sovereignty of its people, and preserve the continuity of a just, human society and government.
 8. It is the duty of every Filipino to report to the proper authorities all plots of terrorism, plans of rebellion,
subversion, or insurrection toward the duly and legally acknowledge government, and other acts that
will compromise the union and sovereignty of the federal republic.
9. It is the obligation of every Filipino, to report corrupt, dishonest or fraudulent government officials to the
proper forum, courts and agencies. A Filipino shall not tempt or bribe government officials, steal from
the coffers of the government, or escape or abandon his lawful responsibilities.
10. It is the responsibilities of every Filipino to elect officials of government as a means of demonstrating
his personal ideas and aspirations for the motherland. Omission or abstention from this responsibility
may indicate a person’s renunciation of his rights of suffrage. No fine or inappropriate or excessive
penalty shall be asked from him as reparation for his choice not to vote. People who lost their social
right of suffrage, may reclaim such rights accordance of law.

REPUBLIC ACT 8491 – FLAG HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

For the implementation of the Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines, the NSTP should be guided with
the following provisions:

SEC. 2. States that it is the policy of the state to prescribe the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-
of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines, ensure the promotion and
implementation of its corresponding rules and regulations, and adopt effective administrative,
regulatory, coordinative and supervisory programs and activities, where appropriate, in conformity with
national government policies.

SEC. 4. The Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines will promote or sustain reverence and respect for the flag,
the anthem and other national symbols, and those which symbolizes the national ideals and traditions.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

These are the terminologies used in these rules:

1. Military – means all the branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines including the Philippine
National Police, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the Bureau of Fire Protection
2. Festoon – to hang in a curved shape between two points as a decoration
3. National Flag – is the National Flag and Ensign of the Philippines, use on land and sea by public,
private and the military and shall refer to the flag or any other design that resembles it as likely to cause
any person to believe that it is the flag or design stated
4. Fly – is the part of the flag outside the hoist or length
5. Symbol – any conventional sign that shows man’s achievement and heroism, identification, authority
and a sign of dignity
6. Half-mast – is the lowering of the flag to the middle of the pole
7. Halyard – the long rope used for raising and lowering the flag
8. Inclement Weather – when there is a typhoon signal raised in a locality
9. National Anthem – the “Lupang Hinirang”, Philippine National Anthem
10. Official Residences – is Malacanang and other government-owned structures where the President
lives, and other structures occupied by the Philippine Consulate or Embassies abroad
11. Places of Frivolity – places of hilarity marked by or providing boisterous merriment or recreation
12. Advertisement or Infomercial – these are any information material, printed or through radio, television
and electronic media which seeks to promote individuals, products or services, political purposes or
information campaigns
13. Heraldic Items and Devices – are coat-of-arms, seals, logos, insignia, badges, flashes, patches, orders
and decorations, medals, stars, citations, lapel pins, trophies, dry, wax or wet seals, and imprints on
letterheads, envelops and cards
14. Government Entities – all branches of government, its bureaus and attached agencies, constitutional
offices, government owned and/or controlled corporations, government financial institutions, state
universities and colleges, Armed Forces of the Philippines and its basic units
15. Vexillary Items – national, local house flags or administrative and corporate organization’s banner

A. HALF - MAST
SEC. 27. The National Flag should be at half-mast as a sign of mourning on all the buildings and places where
it is displayed on the official day of announcement of the death of the following officials:
a. The President or former President (10 days);
b. The Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives (7 days);
c. Cabinet Secretaries, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, Members of the Senate and House of
Representatives, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Director-General of
the Philippine National Police (5 days);
d. Head of National Government Agencies, including Government Owned and Control Corporations and
Government Financial Institutions (3 days)
e. The Commanding Generals of the Philippine Air Force and the Philippine Army and the Flag Officer in
Command of the Philippine Navy (3 days)
f. Governors, Vice-Governors, city and municipal Mayor, city and municipal Vice- Mayors (3 days)
g. Members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang Panlungsod and Sangguniang Bayan (on
the day of interment)
h. Barangay Chairmen and Barangay Councilmen on the day of interment
i. Former National or Local Government Officials, appointive or elective
j. Regional Directors, Superintendents, Supervisors, Principals, Teachers and other school officials

*During calamities and disasters, National Flag shall also be flown at half-mast.

RULE: The flag must be raised to the top of the pole before it is lowered to the half-mast position; and before it
is lowered for the day it must be raised to the top again.

B. CASKET

SEC. 28. The National Flag may be used to cover the caskets of the dead honored men (military, veterans of
previous wars, National Artists and other civilians) who rendered noble service to our nation. It should
not touch the ground but must be folded solemnly and handed it to the heirs of the deceased. No
object must beplaced on top of it except for the religious objects that symbolizes “God above the
country”.

RULE: When positioning the flag, the white triangle must be at the head of the casket while the blue field must
cover the right side. To prevent the flag from falling off, a black band may be wrapped along the side of
the casket.
C. PLEDGE TO THE NATIONAL FLAG

SEC 29. The following shall be the Pledge of Allegiance to the National Flag:

Panunumpa ng Katapatan sa Watawat ng Pilipinas

Ako ay Pilipino
Buong Katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipinas
At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag Na may dangal, Katarungan at Kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Maka-Diyos Maka-Tao Makakalikasan at Makabansa.

(This pledge should be recited right after singing the National Anthem with right palm open and shoulder
raised high)
a. PROHIBITED ACTS

SEC. 39. It is prohibited:

a. To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on, cast contempt, or commit any act or omission casting
dishonor or ridicule upon the National Flag or over its surface;
b. To dip the National Flag to any person or object by way of compliment or salute;
c. To use National Flag
1. As drapery, festoon, tablecloth;
2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
d. To display the National Flag:
1. Under any painting or picture;
2. Horizontally. It shall always be hoisted aloft and be allowed to fall freely;
3. Below any platform; or
4. In discotheques, cockpits, night and day clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of vice or
where frivolity prevails.
e. To wear the National Flag in whole or in part as a costume or uniform;
f. To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawings, advertisement, or imprint of any nature
on the National Flag to print, paint or attach representation of the National Flag on
handkerchiefs, napkins, cushions, and articles of merchandise;
g. To display in public any foreign flag, except in embassies and other diplomatic establishments, and
in offices of international organizations;
h. To use or display or be part of any advertisement or infomercial; and
i. To display the National Flag in front of buildings or offices occupied by aliens.

b. NATIONAL ANTHEM

SEC. 40 -41. The National Anthem should be interpreted in accordance with the musical arrangement and
composition of Julian Felipe with its original lyrics and tempo.

LUPANG HINIRANG
Bayang Magiliw Perlas ng Silanganan, Alab ng puso Sa Dibdib mo’y buhay.
Lupang Hinirang Duyan ka ng magiting, Sa manlulupig.
Di ka pasisiil.
Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw, May dilag ang tula
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.
Ang kislap ng watawat mo’y Tagumpay na nagniningning Ang bituin at araw niya, Kailan pa may di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati’t pagsinta, Buhay ay langit sa piling mo, Aming ligaya na pag may mang-aapi, Ang
mamatay ng dahil sa iyo.

c. NATIONAL MOTTO

SEC. 45. The Philippine National Motto is

MAKA-DIYOS, MAKA-TAO MAKAKALIKASAN AT MAKABANSA

d. NATIONAL COAT-OF-ARMS (SAGISAG NG PILIPINAS)

SEC. 46. The National Coat-of-Arms shall have:

Paleways of two (2) pieces, azure and gules; a chief argent studded with three (3) mullets equidistant from each
other; and, in point of honor, ovoid argent over all the sun rayonnant with eight minor and lesser rays. Beneath shall
be the scroll with the words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” inscribed thereon.

The eight-rayed sun symbolizes the eight provinces (Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Nueva Ecija,
Pampanga and Tarlac) which were placed under martial law by Governor-General Ramón Blanco
during the Philippine Revolution, and the three five-pointed stars representing the three primary geographic
regions of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

e. The Great Seal

The Great Seal should be in circular form with the same descriptions with the National Coat-of-Arms but
without the scroll and the inscription “Republika ng Pilipinas”. It should be surrounded by a double marginal circle
which “Republika ng Pilipinas” should appear. The Great Seal should also bear the National Motto.

f. Penalties

Failure or refusal to adhere to the provisions of this act, and/or any violations of these Rules shall be
penalized as stipulated in R.A. 8491.

REPUBLIC ACT 9418 – VOLUNTEER ACT OF 2007

It should be the policy of the state to promote the participation of the different sectors of the society,
international and foreign volunteer organizations in public and civic affairs, and adopt and strengthen the
practice of volunteerism as an approach in order to reach national development and international
understanding. Every Filipino should be educated of volunteerism to foster social justice, solidarity and
sustainable development.

To achieve attainment, here are the goals and objectives of the policy:

a. To provide the policy framework that shall underscore the fundamental principles necessary to
b. harmonize the broad and diverse efforts of the voluntary sector,
c. To provide a conducive and enabling environment for the mobilization and nurturance of volunteers
and volunteer organizations,
d. To strengthen the Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) as an
effective institution to support volunteerism in the country.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Volunteerism – (A) act that involves different activities which includes traditional form of mutual aid and
interventions to provide an enabling and empowering both on the part of the beneficiary and the
volunteer; (B) a powerful means for bringing more people into the fold. It strengthens civic
engagement, safeguards social inclusion, deepens solidarity and solidifies ownership of development
results. It simply is not possible to attain the SDGs without a wide range of people engaged at all
stages, at all levels, at all times.
2. Volunteer – an individual or group who contribute time, service and resources whether on full-time or
part-time basis to a just and essential social development cause, mission or endeavor in the belief that
their activity is mutually meaningful and beneficial to public interest as well as to themselves
3. Volunteer Service Organization – a local or foreign group that recruits, trains, deploys and supports
volunteer workers to programs and projects implemented by them or by other organizations or any
group that provides services and resources, information, capability building, advocacy and networking
for the attainment of the common good
4. Voluntary Sector – those sectors of Philippine society that organizes themselves into volunteers to
take advocacy and action primarily for local and national development as well as international
cooperation and understanding

ROLES AND MODALITIES OF VOLUNTEERISM IN PRIVATE SECTOR

a. Volunteerism in academe encourage academic institutions to continuously devise ways to effectively

teach and practice the value of volunteerism. Such integration provides students with the volunteering
arena by which they can channel their idealism and vigor into something worthwhile.
 b. In corporate sector, volunteerism serves as an expression of corporate social responsibility and
citizenship, which refers to the activities recognized by the company, where give their time, skills
and resources in the service of the company’s internal and/or external communities.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL VOLUNTEER SERVICE COORDINATING AGENCY (PNVSCA)

PNVSCA was created under the Executive Order No. 134 to review and provide policies and guidelines
regarding the national volunteer service program. It establishes and maintains a national network of volunteer
organizations and serves as liaison between and among local.
Recognizing the important contributions of volunteerism in nation-building, the Philippine National
Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) leads the promotion and coordination volunteer programs
and services in the Philippines, to maximize the benefits that may be derived from volunteer assistance and
properly gauge the contributions of volunteers to national development and international cooperation.

FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS

WHAT ARE VALUES?

Before delving into the discussion of values – Filipino values, in particular – it is worth analyzing
the word itself. The word “value” has its root in the Latin word “valere” which means to be strong and
vigorous. This proceeds from the premise that a human person has to have strength or valor in every
endeavor. It is the basis on which his strength in facing the challenges of life should be directed.
Dr. Tomas Q. D. Andres (1986) would define values as “things, persons, ideas or goals which are
important to life; anything which enables life to be understood, evaluated, and directed.”
On the other hand, Edgar Sheffield Brightman defines value as “whatever is liked, prized,
esteemed, desired approved, or enjoyed by anyone at any time. It is the actual experience of enjoying a
desired object or activity. Hence, value is an existing realization of desire.”
Collectively, the values of a society would be the standards or principles for which an act is judged
to be what is right or wrong, correct or incorrect. As such, it is the goal set for every member of the
community to attain what is desirable. In other words, values in a society give meaning and direction to
every individual’s life and influence his human behavior.
Based on these definitions, we can say that values are those which are considered by the society
as desirable and important and have attained the status as moral impetus behind every action of each
member geared towards the desired end or goal.

WHAT ARE FILIPINO VALUES?

Significantly, Filipino values would be the standards or principles set forth by the Filipino society as
basis for what is right or wrong, the principles on which every member of the Filipino society should
persevere to attain in order to reach the ultimate realization of his life, regarding his person and in relation
to his family and society in general.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING FILIPINO VALUES

Several studies have been made on Filipino Values. They have always been interested in
examining Filipino values because it influences a Filipino’s behavior in particular, and shaping the
Philippine Society in general. How Filipinos feel and motivated to do a specific task is directed and
evaluated by his set of values. In order to understand the Filipino culture and the development of the
Filipino individual, one has to understand the underlying values on which every Filipino acts. Thus, a study
on the Filipino values would provide us a deeper understanding of the Filipino culture.
The shaping of the Philippine society into a successful and progressive nation would depend on
understanding and appreciating the positive side of Filipino values and how they are applied to attain such
goal. Thus, it is imperative that a full understanding and appreciation of the positive side of our very own
principles be made and used for our personal and national success.
The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to help us understand our Filipino values to enable us to
put the positive side of Filipino values in use and to disregard the negative ones. Thus, in the end, through
the development and use of positive Filipino values, we may bring out the best in the Filipino society in
general and the individual in particular.

UNDERSTANDING FILIPINO VALUES AND CULTURE

The Filipino society is composed of a mixture of different races and cultures, many of which
influenced the lifestyle and values being practiced in the Philippine community. Among those who
influenced the Filipino culture and values are our ancestors – the Malays and Indons, our colonists – the
Spaniards and the Americans, and nationals of other countries who have dealt with the Philippine society
through trade – the Chinese and the Indians. The resulting blend of this mixture of influences, which are
sometimes conflicting, is uniquely Filipino in character.
Most of the prominent Filipino values are the result of a blend of the rich Christian values of
Europe, the pragmatic and democratic values of America, and the spiritual values of Asia.
The basic social unit in the Philippine society is the family. It is here where values and principles
are nurtured and imbibed in each and every member of the family. The tradition of close family ties has
long been practiced and considered as the foundation of the Philippine society. So much is the effect of
this tradition that the members of the constitutional commission of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
deemed it proper to include it as a State Policy and a chapter of the fundamental law of the land. Thus,
Article XV, Section 1 of the said constitution provides that “The State recognizes the Filipino family as the
foundation of the nation.”
It is in the family that the Filipino individual is introduced to the concept of structure and hierarchy
of power. He is always reminded to submit to the authoritarian familial set-up, where roles are prescribed
especially for younger members of the family. The Filipino family is structured in a way that autocratic
leadership rests on the elder members, where the young submit themselves to the decision of family
elders. He is indoctrinated of the tradition of primacy of the extended family over that of the individual and
that the only source of emotional, economic, and moral support is the family.
The Filipino individual identifies himself with his family. Right from childhood he is made to believe
that he belongs to the family. The Filipino individual is always encouraged to get advice from his parents
and submit to his parents‟ direction, counsel and advice. He is admonished to be good because any
disgrace that he commits is a disgrace to the family. In times of misfortune, he is assured of his family’s
support, sympathy and love.
Thus, Filipino society, in contrast with Western societies, prefers a rather "structured" way of life,
and not where he can be assertive of his own individuality.
However, modern era is catching up with the Filipino society. Changes must occur if the Filipino
society is to survive in a changing world. The Filipino society will have to keep up with the changes
brought about by modernization. The society must prepare itself for a serious reevaluation of its values. In
most instances, it will have to break away from its past and adjust itself towards the future.

FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristic that makes a Filipino vary from different society is his uniquely blended culture
and values from different influences. Filipino values, for reason of several influences that shaped its
identity, are bipolar like a coin that has two sides. They may either be positive or negative in polarity. Let
us take for example the value of utang na loob, or debt of gratitude. The value of utang na loob, the
altruistic drawing of interior goodness of a person by returning a debt of gratitude, is by itself positive.
However, when one is coerced to honor a debt of gratitude and return the favor, then it becomes negative.
Due to this ambivalence of Filipino values, they have the potential of being used for good or evil.
They may either help or hinder personal and national development, depending on how they are
understood or practiced or lived.
In order to shape the Filipino society into a successful and progressive nation, there is a need to
reevaluate the different values that influence every Filipino individual’s action to a set of circumstances.
We need to identify the positive side of every Filipino value and develop them in order to yield a more
successful and developed society.
According to [Link] and Philippines Australia Business Council, there are three (3)
main traits that underlie the Filipino values and value-orientation These traits have a strong influence in
the behavior and mentality of the Filipinos. These also have an effect in the Filipinos’ personal beliefs,
cultural traditions and practices.

MULTI-SECTORAL ADVISORY BODY (MSAB)

It was created under the Executive Order No. 365 to assist the PNVSCA. It composed of different
government agencies (NEDA, DepED, DFA, DOJ, DILG, DSWD, CHED and PMS) and representative
from the corporate sector, private academe sector and from the not-for-profit sector.
MSAB functions to provide advice in the formulation of policies and guidelines for the national
volunteer service program, provide consultative and technical advisory services on volunteer matters, and
serves as forum to enhance and strengthen linkages between and among volunteer groups and
communities.

1. Personalism is a Filipino trait wherein they give importance to interpersonal relations or face-to-face
encounters. Filipinos usually extends their work or services through “personal touch” or handles
problem solving through good personal relations.
2. Familialism focuses on the welfare and interest of the family over those of the community. The
family is the basis of group action and almost all community activity centers on the family. In
decision making, it is the family that decides rather than the individual on important matters. It takes
 into consideration the welfare of the family and not the individual. The family’s honor, not the
personal image, that is at stake when a family member makes a mistake.
3. Particularism relates to the strong family influence on the individual or group behavior. This is
shown when an individual strive to promote their own and their family’s interest over the
community’s interest. Popularity among peers is prevalent and observable. Thus, Filipinos make
special efforts to entertain friends and relatives. Pakikisama is very important. Conformity to proper
codes of conduct yields rewards of cooperation while non-conformity results to withdrawal of
support.

It is also important to know that there are three (3) main obligations that underlie the Filipino value
orientation namely – relational (pakikipagkapwa), emotional (damdamin) and moral (karangalan). One or
all of these may have influence in Filipinos’ lives and social relationships.
Let us then try to discuss some of the values in the Filipino society and re-evaluate them
to develop a more positive value for the Filipino individual.

A. UTANG NA LOOB
There is no specific translation that can approximate the meaning of this Filipino value of
utang na loob. Debt of gratitude is a lean excuse of a translation because it does not even
approximate the fertile concept of the Filipino loob.
Utang na loob is a situation where an individual is required to return a favor or service
received. However, the return of such service or favor cannot be translated into monetary equivalent,
and may reciprocated in a month of service or even a lifetime.
For example, a congressman proudly gives a town a new chapel, a bridge, or a waiting shed
(no matter whether the money came from his pocket or from the government), this makes the people
indebted to him. And when elections come, he recites the litany of his projects and people “ought” to
repay these through their votes.
Not to repay this form of debt means that those who were benefited are walang utang na loob.
After having been elected, the people would approach this congressman for return of the favor by
seeking employment for them. Thus, this would end into a vicious cycle, where the person na
pinagkakautangan ng loob becomes the giver and the giver becomes the person na may utang na
loob.
However, utang na loob may be interpreted in a positive outlook. If it is used with the concept
of justice, truth and human dignity, it would reflect the beautiful aspect of the Filipino character. Thus,
this altruistic feeling must voluntarily come from within the person himself, kusang loob; and should
not be demanded by coercing the person who has utang na loob, so as blind his sense of judgment.
Furthermore, this value should be used discriminately. The pagtatanaw ng utang na loob
should emerge from within the self of an individual with sense of justice so as to repay the person for
the favor or services rendered.
We should always remember that in demanding for the return of indebtedness, the golden rule
“Do unto other as you would want them to do unto you.” By demanding the return of the favor, would
you wish to become indebted in return? And when indebted, would you want that person to act the
same way when they are demanding the return of the favor?

B. BAHALA NA
Filipinos, by nature, are a religious group of people. They firmly believe in the supernatural and
in all kinds of spirit dwelling in individual persons, places or things. They believe in a Supreme Being
who will take care of things for them. The Filipino is very religious who has a saint to pray to each day
of the week.
The term bahala na comes from the words Bathala na. It reflects the Filipino's dependence on
the supernatural being and on fate. This tends to move toward the commonly conceived
procrastination character of the Filipino.

C. MAÑANA HABIT
Mañana Habit can be traced back in the Spanish colonization era. The term “Mañana” is a
Spanish word that means “tomorrow”. This is a Filipino trait that enforces procrastination - practice of
putting off work to be done in the near future or in the last minute. This habit is exemplified through
the “Mamaya na” or “Bukas na”.

D. NINGAS KUGON
The term Ningas Kugon translates to “burning of cogon grass”. As a Filipino trait, it means that
Filipinos tend to have a strong enthusiasm in the beginning of each work or endeavor but gradually
slows down and lose their drive to work and finish the job. It is said that in work Filipinos tend to do
their job half- baked or leave it unfinished.
 E. AMOR PROPIO
As a reinforcement to the Philippine trait of “Hiya” or shame, Filipinos are akin to the traditional
attitude of saving “face”. Amor propio is another Spanish term that means a sense of self-esteem or
self-respect that prevents a person from swallowing his pride. It also means ego defensiveness or
maintaining one’s dignity and personal pride. According to the Philippines Australia Business Council,
amor propio often implies a vindictive reaction to questioning an individual’s action, integrity, or honor.

F. BAYANIHAN
In an article entitled “Filipino Culture: Bayanihan: The Filipino Value that Must be Retained”, it
describe bayanihan as:
“Bayanihan is a core essence of the Filipino culture. It is helping out one’s neighbor as a
community, and doing a task together, thus lessening the workload and making the job easier. It is
also called the ‘community spirit’. It is best exhibited when people wish to move locations in the rural
area. The traditional Filipino house, the ‘bahay-kubo’, can be moved using wooden poles which are
carried from the old place to the new one. This requires a group of people to lift and carry the house
on their shoulders. Able-bodied men usually participated in such feats, while women stood and
watched, casually chatting and cheering the men on. Afterwards, there will be a small gathering as a
form of celebration and socialization.” [SOURCE: [Link]
bayanihan-the-filipino-value-that-must-be-retained/]

OTHER STRENGTHS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER

FILIPINO CHARACTER RESULTS

Pakikipagkapwa-tao Camaraderie and feeling of closeness to one another; foundation forunity as well as sense of
social justice
Family Oriented Feeling of belongingness and rootedness and a basic sense of security
Joy and Humor Emotional balance, optimism, a healthy disrespect for power and office and the capacity to survive
Flexibility and Adaptability Productivity, innovation, entrepreneurship, equanimity and survival
Hardwork and Industry Productivity and entrepreneurship for some and survival despite poverty for others
Faith and Religiosity Courage, daring, optimism, inner peace, as well as the capacity to genuinely accept tragedy and death
Ability to Survive Bravely live through the harshest economic and social circumstances

OTHER WEAKNESSES OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER

FILIPINO CHARACTER RESULTS

Extreme Personalism Leads to graft and corruption
Extreme Family Centeredness Lack of concern for the common good and acts as the block to national consciousness
Lack of Discipline Inefficient and wasteful work systems, violation of rules leading to more serious transgressions and a
casual work ethics leading to carelessness and lack of follow- through
Passivity and Lack of Initiative Easily resigned to one’s fate and thus easily oppressed and exploited
Colonial Mentality Basic feeling of national inferiority that makes it difficult for them to relate as equal to Westerners
Kanya-kanya Syndrome Dampening of cooperative and community spirit and in the trampling upon of the rights of others
Lack of Self- Analysis and Self – Reflection Emphasis on form more than substance

FILIPINO CITIZENSHIP VALUES

The given set of values is inherently within each Filipino. This part of the module aspires to awaken
these values amongst us and hopefully, later on, inspire us to practice it in our everyday lives. These
values, if carried out with one’s heart can serve as a vehicle and reinforcement towards our goal of
realizing social change and progress.
For us to have a better view on the said topic, short stories and activities, conveying and promoting
the said set of values were integrated in this module.

Take-Action
THE BILL OF RIGHTS OF FILIPINOS
A. Critical Thinking
Answer each question below in the space provided (maximum of 1 paragraph per item).
1. What rights are guaranteed (protected) to you as a Filipino citizen and which are important to you?
2. What responsibilities come with your rights?
3. At what point does the common good of society limit your rights?
4. Do you think you are a responsible citizen? If so, why? If not, why?
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Overview:

The concept of GAD stems from the realization that unless one understands the differences between men and
women and the way men and women interact then one cannot work towards ensuring that development
instruments achieve the set purpose because one does not have a clear picture of reality.

Having a gender perspective means to be aware that for cultural, class, legal and/or other reasons men and
women generally have different roles to fulfil, different access to and control over resources, different needs and
priorities and as a result different constraints and opportunities and bargaining power in the way they relate.

These differences between men and women in a household, community and society vary according to the area
and target group considered. It is therefore necessary to check the local reality before designing a development
tool such as microfinance and related services.

This module highlights the role of gender in development. The purpose of the module is to introduce students to
the major debates in the field of gender and development. It examines various developments in the concepts of
gender and development and how they have been adopted into theory and practice of feminism and development
in general. Thus, the module fundamentally introduces students to the main critical perspectives to study and
implement development issues and projects from a gender lens.

Objectives:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

• understanding the role of gender and development;
• discuss the basic concepts of gender mainstreaming;
• discuss the pertinent laws anchored to gender and development;
• recognize the current gender situation and gender concerns in the Philippines; and
• identify focused areas of gender and development.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT: DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW

Why Gender?
Gender is a development issue (Momsen, 2010) and development is a gender issue. The varied modes of and
efforts at development across the society pre- and post-globalization and liberalization have affected women and
men differently. Increasingly, with betterment in technology and modernization of agriculture, traditional livelihood
forms have further exacerbated the status of women in the processes of development today. With restricted (and
many times denied) access to and control over productive resources and increasing exclusion from newer modes
of production, women are being left out of the positive impacts of development. Unequal gender relations are
thus facing newer pressures which are playing crucial role in the results of development.

Gender relations as the socially constructed form of relations between women and men are unequal and usually
favor men in terms of access to power, resources and status. Scholars, for long, have been examining the ways
in which development processes affect and are affected by the gender relations in a society. And it has been long
established that there is a strong and significant relationship between women9s status and the level of
development in any society.

The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710) defines Gender and Development Program (GAD) as the
development perspective and process that is participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials. It
seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development choices and
contends that women are active agents of development, not just passive recipients of development. GAD focuses
on Gender Mainstreaming or a strategy for:

• making women9s as well as men9s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,
implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies, programs and projects in all social, political, civil,
and economic spheres so that women and men benefit equally.

• assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or
programs in all areas and at all levels

Goal of GAD

As a development approach, GAD seeks to equalize the status and condition of and relations between women
and men by influencing the process and output of policy- making, planning, budgeting, implementation and
monitoring, and evaluation so that they would deliberately address the gender issues and concerns affecting
the full development of women.

Gender Equity

Gender Equity means giving more opportunities to those who have less and those who are historically and socially
disadvantaged based on their needs for them to operate on a level playing field. “Focusing on the needs of women
does not mean discriminating against men or putting them at a disadvantage.”

UN–CEDAW (United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
recognized the need to remove the biases against and provide special attention to women through affirmative
action. It is a temporary measure that will be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and
treatment have been
How Gender and Development started in the Philippines

Gender and Development was developed in the 19809s as an alternative to the Women in Development
(WID) approach.

Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in which a
society assigns roles, responsibilities, and expectations to both men and women. GAD applies gender analysis
to uncover the ways in which men and women work together, presenting results in neutral terms of economics
and competence.

GAD focus primarily on two major frameworks, Gender Roles and Social Relations Analysis. Gender role
focus on social construction of identities within the household, it also reveals the expectations from 8maleness
and femaleness9 in their relative access to resources. Social relations analysis exposes the social dimensions of
hierarchical power relations imbedded in social institutions; also it9s determining influence on 8the relative
position of men and women in society. In an attempt to create gender equality, (denoting women having same
opportunities as men, including ability to participate in the public sphere) GAD policies aim to redefine traditional
gender role expectations.

Society before the Gender and

Development

Gender stereotypes are

generalizations about the roles of each
gender. Gender roles are generally neither
positive nor negative, they are simply
inaccurate generalizations of the male and
female attributes. Since each person has
individual desires, thoughts, and feelings,
regardless of their gender, these
stereotypes are incredibly simplistic and do
not at all describe the attributes of every
person of each gender.

GENDER MAINSTREAMING

Gender equality as the goal; gender mainstreaming as the strategy.

Gender Mainstreaming or Gender and Development (GAD) mainstreaming is the major global strategy
for ensuring that the government pursues gender equality in all aspects of the development process to achieve
the vision of a gender-responsive society where women and men equally contribute to and benefit from
development. Its importance has been extensively discussed since governments committed to this concept in the
Beijing Platform for Action during the Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women in 1995.

It endeavors to look more comprehensively at the relationship between men and women in their access
to and control over resources, decision making, and benefits and rewards within a particular system4it may be
an organization, a government or an entire society.

The process of gender mainstreaming necessitates the transformation of institutional structures, culture
and practices wherein gender concerns become central instead of remaining as peripheral issues and concerns.

What is the Mainstream?

The “mainstream” is an inter-related set of dominant ideas, values, practices, institutions and organizations that
determine “who gets what” within a society. The ideas and practices with the mainstream tend to reflect and
reinforce each other and thus provide a rationale for any given allocation of societal resources and opportunities.

Becoming part of the mainstream means:

• women and men have equitable access to resources, including opportunities and rewards. It implies
equal participation in influencing what is valued in shaping options within society.
• sharing equitably in the benefits of development.
• offers the opportunity to influence who does what in a society, who owns (and can own) what, who has
access to jobs and income, who controls the society9s resources and institutions, who makes decisions,
who sets priorities.

Entry Points of Gender Mainstreaming

GAD mainstreaming requires interventions from different stages of development planning processes, from
planning to programming, budgeting, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. There are four critical entry
points to GAD mainstreaming, namely: policies, programs and projects, people, and enabling mechanisms.
These are not in any order of importance. A government agency has the option on what entry point to use first.
They may opt to adopt strategies that characterize more than one entry point.

Policies

These refer to the official statements and pronouncements of support for gender mainstreaming issued by the
organization. These may be in the form of department orders, special orders, administrative orders, memoranda,
and executive orders that spell out the commitment of an organization to pursue gender mainstreaming. It also
includes national and sectoral plans, specific guidelines, manual of implementation and the GAD
Framework/Strategic Plan. Through these issuances, the organization expresses its recognition and acceptance
of gender mainstreaming as a critical and legitimate concern, even in broad or general terms.6

People

These refer to the relevant stakeholders who assume the task of gender mainstreaming. The following are critical
to the success of gender mainstreaming: GAD champions among top management who actively support the
gender mainstreaming program; recognition of GAD Focal Point System and staff members as GAD experts;
internal and external clients who are able to participate in the planning, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of programs, activities and projects.7

As an entry point, people shares four complementary and distinct roles8:

The Sponsor. “The individual or group who has the power to sanction or legitimize change.” Sponsors consider
the potential changes facing an organization and assess the changes and opportunities. They decide which
changes will happen, communicate the new priorities to the organization, and provide the proper reinforcement
to assure success. They are also “responsible for creating an environment that enables these changes to be
made on time and within budget.”
In gender mainstreaming, the sponsors are the heads of the organizations. They express support to gender
mainstreaming by issuing policies or installing the necessary enabling mechanisms such as approving the
organization9s GAD Plan and Budget. They also set the direction of the overall gender mainstreaming efforts of
the organization.

The Change Agent. “The individual or group who is responsible for actually making the change. The agent9s
success depends on the ability to diagnose potential problems, develop a plan to deal with these issues, and
execute the change effectively.”
The primary change agents are usually the GAD Focal Point System Members because they facilitate the
implementation of gender mainstreaming in the organization.

The Target. “The individual or group who must actually change or those who will benefit from development.
The term “target” is used because these people are the focus of the change effort and play a crucial role in the
short- and long-term success of an organization9s gender mainstreaming efforts.
To increase the likelihood of success, they must be educated to understand the changes that are expected to
accommodate. They must also be involved in the implementation process. The targets of gender mainstreaming
are people in the bureaucracy, the field workers and the clients of the different organizations. The officials and
members of the bureaucracy are given GAD capability programs to engage in the gender mainstreaming efforts.

The Advocate. <The individual or group who wants to achieve change but lacks the power to sanction it.= The
presence of GAD advocates determines the success rate of sustaining GAD mainstreaming initiatives. The
presence of GAD advocates helps lay a solid foundation built on appreciation of GAD as a rights-based approach
to development. Rights- based approach means achieving a positive transformation of power relations among
the different development actors.

Programs and Projects (PAPs)

These refer to the flagship programs or activities and projects that serve as a strategic entry point to gender
mainstreaming in an organization. It is the most practical entry point since it involves the actual implementation
of the mandate of an organization. PAPs can be review and issuance of revised GAD policies, application of
gender analysis tools, and conduct of GAD advocacy and regular updating of GAD mechanisms such as the
GAD database.

Enabling Mechanisms

These refer to the systems and mechanisms installed in the organization and the funds allocated for GAD activities
such as the GAD Focal Point System and Knowledge Management System.

The success of any gender mainstreaming efforts depend, to a large extent, on the resources allocated and the
mechanisms that are institutionalized to implement it.

Enabling mechanisms can be GAD Funds Audit of the Commission on Audit, which greatly helped in ensuring
the institutional compliance to the minimum 5% utilization of the GAD budgets of government agencies and local
government units.
In the course of implementing gender mainstreaming, an organization may progress through the following levels:

Level 1: Foundation Formation

This is the initial stage, where the level of gender awareness of an organization is heightened through raising
people9s awareness and generating support for gender mainstreaming. The challenge at the onset of any
change effort is getting people to understand, appreciate and imbibe the need for change. This level also sets
the tone for appreciating value-added in committing to GAD as one of the priority thrusts of the organization.

Level 2: Installation of Strategic Mechanisms

This marks the transition of the organization toward gender mainstreaming. Some of the enabling conditions
created and established by top management to support GAD are:

• Putting key people, necessary policies, support structures, systems and mechanisms in pace to
facilitate and sustain gender mainstreaming.

• Initial application of GAD concepts and tools

Level 3: GAD Application

This is the period where GAD-related activities are already institutionalized within the organization. Interventions
are usually based on a strategic GAD agenda that guides GAD planning and budgeting implementation. The
GAD planning and budgeting have become more strategic in terms of applying gender analysis in regular
programs that result in either increased attribution of the GAD budget and/or more gender responsive programs

Level 4: Commitment Enhancement and Institutionalization

In this level, the organization has already institutionalized gender mainstreaming and is focused on sustaining
its efforts. It also challenges other organizations to continuously evaluate and improve their efforts. After all, the
long-term goal is to improve the government9s ability to respond to gender issues and concerns on a sustained
basis.
Level 5: Replication and Innovation

When an organization reached this level, it means that GAD has been fully mainstreamed into its mandate and
is being recognized by others as a model in gender mainstreaming. The GAD Focal Person System members
of the organization do not only serve as internal experts but are also invited by other organizations as GAD
technical assistance providers. GAD-related mechanisms established by the organization are also certified as
learning hubs by national and/or international organizations

PERTINENT LAWS OF GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Executive Order No. 273 – Approving and Adopting the Philippine Plan for Gender- Responsive
Development (PPGD) 1995-2025

Executive Order (EO) 273, issued on September 9, 1995 and signed by President Fidel V. Ramos, adopted the
Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive Development IPPGD) 1995-2025. The PPGD 1995-2025 is a 30-year
perspective plan that outlines the policies, strategies, programs and projects that the government must adopt to
enable women to participate in and benefit from national development while EO 273 directs all government
agencies, departments, bureaus, offices and instrumentalities, including government owned and controlled
corporations, at the national level, sub-national and local levels to:

1. To take appropriate steps to ensure the full implementation of the policies/strategies and
programs/projects outlined in the Plan;
2. To institutionalize Gender and Development (GAD) efforts in government by incorporating GAD
concerns, as spelled out in the Plan, in their planning, programming and budgeting processes, but
specifically to:

3. Include/incorporate GAD concerns in the:

3.1. formulation, assessment and updating of their annual agency plans;
3.2. formulation, assessment and updating of their inputs to the medium/long- term development
plans, and
3.3. preparation of their inputs to sectoral performance assessment reports, public investment
plans and other similar documents.

4. Incorporate and reflect GAD concerns in their:

4.1. agency performance commitments contracts indicating key result areas for GAD as well as
in their annual performance report to the President, and
4.2. annual Agency Budget Proposals and work and financial plans

Republic Act No. 8760 – General Appropriations Act (GAA) On Programs/Projects Related to Gender and
Development (GAD)

Section 27:

“All concerned government entities shall submit their GAD plan to the National Commission on Women for review.
They shall likewise submit annual reports to Congress, the Department of Budget and Management (DBM),
National Commission on Women (NCW), indicating the accomplishments and amounts utilized to implement
programs/projects/activities addressing gendere issues and women empowerment. The evaluaton of agencies
utilization of the GAD budget shall be performance based.”
Republic Act No. 9710 – An Act Providing for the Magna Carta of Women

Section 36: Gender Mainstreaming as a Strategy for Implementing the Magna Carta of Women

“All government departments, including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, state universities and colleges,
government owned and controlled coporations, local government units and all other government instrumentalities
shall adopt gender mainstreaming as a strategy to promote women’s human rights and eliminate gender
discrimination in their systems, structures, policies, programs, processes and procedures.”

Section 36-B: Creation and/or Strengthening of the GAD Focal Points (GFP)

“All concerned government agencies and instrumentalities mentioned above shall establish or strengthen their
GAD Focal Point System (GFPS) or a similar GAD mechanism to catalyze and accelerate gender mainstreaming
within the agency.”

In addition to Joint Circular 99-4 issued by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the DBM
and NCRFW, additional sets of guidelines, as deemed necessary, shall be formulated, for the implementation of
GAD-related programs/projects/activities.

FOCUSED AREAS OF GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Education and GAD

Education improves the quality of life by enabling literate people to promote health, expand access to paid
employment, increase productivity in market and non-market work, and facilitate social and political participation.
As such, it is a basic human right that should be equally accessible to all.

Why prioritize this sector?

Educating women is imperative because it enables women to participate in the labor force and allows them to
sustain herself and the needs of her family. This stems from the fact that in modern Filipino families, both husband
and wife should engage in productive work to earn enough for their family9s needs.

Education has been a facilitating factor towards women9s economic empowerment. A mother9s level of
education has been found to create positive educational outcomes for her children since she is primarily assigned
in rearing of children. Educated women build smaller families, with lower rate of children dying in infancy; hence,
surviving children are given better access to education. Furthermore, educated mothers lead a better-quality life
for their children.

Environment and GAD

The Philippines is the:

• 3rd riskiest country in the world when it comes to natural disasters (2017 World Risk Report)
• 13th most climate-vulnerable country (2016 Climate Change Vulnerability Index)
• 5th most affected country by weather-related loss events from the period of 1997- 2016 (2018 Global
Climate Risk Index)
Why prioritize this sector?

The threat of climate change and other climate hazards is not gender neutral. Prevailing inequalities, including
gender inequalities, are magnified by climate-related events and often neglected is the fact that it has more
devastating effects on women and girls.

Gender-based discrimination in this sector is experienced by women and girls in different ways: insecure land
and tenure rights; lack of access to and control of economic and natural resources; limited opportunities to
participate in environmental decision-making; lack of access to markets, capital, training and technologies;
multiple burden of women being the primary caregivers of affected family members, additional income earners,
and community workers; exposure to contracting diseases due to limited reproductive health services and
facilities and unhygienic water and lack of private spaces for personal hygiene needs; and gender-based violence
risks in the form of physical abuse, rape and sexual harassment in evacuation centers and sexual exploitation
in the form of sex trafficking and post-disaster prostitution.

This sector focuses on addressing and eliminating the prevailing inequalities that exist for women and girls in the
areas of biodiversity, climate change and disasters, and other environment-related areas through the adoption
of international strategies: Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPfA), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), among
others, and strategic actions aligned with the Gender Equality and Women Empowerment (GEWE) indicators of
concerned sectoral bodies. It is also endeavored to ensure the promotion of women as agents of change and
leaders in the environmental arena, as well as the equal participation of women and men in decision-making at
all levels on environmental issues.

Access to Justice and GAD

The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, specifically on Chapter 6: Pursuing Swift and Fair Administration of
Justice underscores some issues and challenges of this sector that still need to be addressed. These are as
follows:

• fragmentation of the justice system.

• backlogs in resolving cases and delays in case development procedures continue to increase, and penal
facilities are occupied way beyond capacity.
• lack of public awareness, trust and investor confidence underscores the people9s low appreciation of the
country9s justice system.
• limited resources of relevant agencies cause inefficiency and slow delivery of justice

Why prioritize this sector?

Access to justice is a fundamental right and an essential factor for women9s empowerment and gender equality,
especially for the vulnerable and the marginalized sectors including women and girls. Addressing the promotion
and protection of women9s human rights in the pursuit of access to justice should be a paramount goal of every
Filipino. However, discriminatory justice systems can undermine this women9s human rights and when such
systems cannot ensure equal access to justice for all, the vulnerable and marginalized like women and girls
become even more disadvantaged, and their human rights are placed at risk.

Access to justice initiatives should be geared towards one ultimate goal – to empower the vulnerable and
marginalized women and bring them to the sense of <justice= they request and demand.
The women victims of violence are the ones who often experience various difficulties and barriers in accessing
justice. The 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey shows that 1 in 5 women or 20% has ever
experienced emotional violence, 14% has ever experienced physical violence, and 5% has ever experienced
sexual violence by their current or most recent husband or partner.

Data from the Department of Justice in 2017 alone revealed that violence against women and their children has
16,343 cases with 675 convictions, rape has 10,892 cases with 1,759 convictions, and human trafficking has 426
cases with 39 convictions. Reports gathered by the Philippine National Police from 2004 to 2017 showed a drastic
increase in violence against women cases – the highest percentage reported was violence against women and
their children accounting to more than 85% of the cases. Other cases such as rape and acts of lasciviousness
were also alarmingly high. Gender-based violence against women continues to be one of the most prevalent social
problems in the country and the impact of the justice system to these women victims poses specific challenges.

ASSESSMENTS

Task 1:
1. Discuss awareness campaign, activities, and implementation of programs/projects of Gender and
Development in your:
1.1. Community

1.2. School

1.3. At home

2. How important is institutionalizing Gender and Development?

 PROHIBITED DRUG PREVENTION AND DRUG EDUCATION
Overview:

The prevalence of illegal drug use in the Philippines is lower than the global average,
according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Two of the most used and
valuable illegal drugs in the country are methamphetamine hydrochloride (known locally as
shabu) and marijuana. In 2012, the United Nations said the Philippines had the highest rate of
methamphetamine use in East Asia, and according to a U.S. State Department report, 2.1 percent
of Filipinos aged 16 to 64 use the drug based on 2008 figures by the Philippines Dangerous Drugs
Board. As of 2016, the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime report that 1.1 percent of
Filipinos aged 10 to 69 use the drug. In Metro Manila, most barangays are affected by illegal drugs.

The drug situation in the country may have similarities with other countries. However, there
are also distinct problems in the country which may need distinct solutions. It is, therefore, vital to
carefully look into the drug situation in the country.

Drug user profile indicates that majority of drug dependents in the country are poly- drug
users or users who use several types of illegal drugs. More often than not, the abuse is done
mainly for pleasure. There are also cases where illegal drugs are used by individuals to cope with
the demands of their work, like those working in graveyard shifts, or working for long hours and
the like. The availability of illegal drugs encourages them to take illicit drugs. Methamphetamine
hydrochloride or shabu remains to be the most abused drug in the country, followed by marijuana
or cannabis sativa and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy. Ecstasy, well
known for being a “party drug,” which is commonly used in parties and nightlife, is considered as
the most expensive drug in the market. Solvents and other inhalants are also a preference and are
usually abused by street children.

Drug education enables children, youth and adults to develop the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes to appreciate the benefits of living healthily (which may or may not include the use of
psychoactive substances), promote responsibility towards the use of drugs and relate these to
their own actions and those of others, both now and in their future lives. It also provides
opportunities for people to reflect on their own and others' attitudes to various psychoactive
substances, their use, and the people who use them.

The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), with the help of various implementing agencies and
organizations in the Philippines, has a range of educational programs and services designed to
cater to the needs of every sector of society. It has programs that engage the youth, address the
needs of parents, and provide employers, educators, health professionals, policymakers, and
other sectors with information on the prevention and control of drug use.
 This module focuses on drug abuse and drug education. In this module, we will be aware
of commonly abused drugs, symptoms of drug addiction, ways of helping someone with
addiction, and legislations pertaining to drug prevention and drug education.

Objectives:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

• define drug and drug abuse;
• identify commonly abused drugs;
• determine the symptoms of drug addiction;
• identify ways of helping someone with addiction;
• be aware of the legislations pertaining to drug prevention and drug education.

Course Materials:

Drug and Drug Abuse Defined

A drug is any chemical substance,

natural or manmade (usually excluding
nutrients, water, or oxygen), that - by its
chemical nature - alters biological
structure or functioning when
administered and absorbed. It is a
chemical substance that brings about
physical, emotional or behavioral change
in a person taking it. They are taken
through the following – ingestion,
inhalation, injection, as suppository or
applied topically.
Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose
of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. There are over
190 million drug users around the
world and the problem has been increasing at alarming rates,
especially among young adults under the age of 30.
Moreover, drug abuse is the use of chemical substance, licit
or illicit, which results in an individual’s physical, mental, or
social impairment. It may refer to any of the following process:

• Using, without benefit or prescription, useful drugs which

have the capacity to alter mood or behavior;
• Using drugs and substances for a purpose different from
the one for which the drug has been prescribed; and
 • Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for
purposes other than research.

Any drug may be harmful when taken in excess. Some drugs can also be harmful if
taken in dangerous combinations or by hypersensitive (allergic) person in ordinary or even small
amounts.

Commonly Abused Drugs

Drugs that are commonly abused, depending on the pharmacological effects, may be
classified into:

1. Depressants. Sometimes called “downers.” They are also referred to as sedatives.

Depressants cause depression of the brain’s faculties. These drugs come in
multicolored tablets and capsules or in liquid
form. Some drugs in this category, such as
Zyprexa, Seroquel and Haldol, are
known as “major tranquilizers” or
“antipsychotics,” as they are supposed to
reduce the symptoms of mental illness.
Depressants such as Xanax, Klonopin,
Halcion and Librium are often referred to as
“benzos” (short for benzodiazepines1). Other
depressants, such as Amytal, Numbutal
and
Seconal, are classed as barbiturates—drugs that are used as sedatives and sleeping
pills.

Alcohol is also considered as a depressant. Since alcohol is a depressant, it can slow

motor skills and impair the user's ability to make clear judgments. Additionally, a woman
who uses alcohol while pregnant puts her unborn child at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome,
a condition that can cause mental retardation, impaired vision, and other lifelong
problems.

Depressants cause depression of the brain’s faculties.

2. Stimulants. Stimulants are a class of drugs that speed up the messages between the
brain and the body. They can make a person feel more awake, alert, confident or
energetic.

These cause stimulation of the brain, giving rise to alertness and increased bursts of
activity. A rapid heart rate, dilated pupils, raised blood pressure, nausea or vomiting
and behavioral changes such as agitation, and impaired judgment may also result. In
severe cases, there may be delusional psychosis which can occur with the use of
cocaine and amphetamines.

Large doses of stimulants can cause

over-stimulation, causing anxiety, panic,
seizures, headaches, stomach cramps,
aggression and paranoia. Long-term use of
strong stimulants can also cause a number
of adverse effects. Stimulants include

caffeine, nicotine,
amphetamines, and cocaine.

a. Amphetamines. Amphetamines are psychostimulant drugs, which means they

speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body.

Some types of amphetamines are legally prescribed by doctors to treat conditions such as
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (where a person has an
uncontrollable urge to sleep). Amphetamines have also been used to treat Parkinson’s
disease. Other types of amphetamines such as speed are produced and sold illegally.
Amphetamines have been also been taken as performance enhancement drugs. The
most potent form is crystal methamphetamine (ice).

The appearance of amphetamines varies. These drugs may be in the form of a

powder, tablets, crystals and capsules. They may be packaged in ‘foils’ (aluminium foil),
plastic bags or small balloons when sold illegally.6

b. Methylenedioxymethaphetamine (MDMA) is a drug that comes either in tablet or

capsule form (known as ecstasy, zoom, scrap), as powder or crystal. It is a stimulant
drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its
euphoric and hallucinogenic effects.

c. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca shrub. It is a stimulant not normally
prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a
local anesthetic, particularly in ophthalmology.

The leaf extract is processed to produce three different forms of cocaine:

• Cocaine hydrochloride: a fine white powder with a bitter, numbing taste. Cocaine
hydrochloride is often mixed, or ‘cut’, with other substances such as lidocaine,
talcum powder or sugar to dilute it before being sold.
• Freebase: a white powder that is more pure with less impurity than cocaine
hydrochloride.
 • Crack: crystals ranging in colour from white or cream to transparent with a pink
or yellow hue, it may contain impurities.

d. Caffeine is a drug that is found

naturally in coffee, tea, and to a small
extent cocoa. is also found in many
softdrinks particularly energy drinks.
Caffeine stimulates the body,
increasing heart rate and blood
pressure, and alertness, making some
people feel better and able to
concentrate.

e. Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae),

predominantly in tobacco, and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant
(aubergine), and green pepper.

Tar and carbon monoxide (a toxic gas) are

also released when tobacco is burned,
such as when it’s smoked. Products such
as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco,
chewing tobacco, and wet and dry snuff
and the dried leaves from the tobacco
plant all contain nicotine.
Electronic cigarettes (also known as E cigarettes) do not contain dried tobacco leaves, but
they may still contain nicotine.

3. Hallucinogens. Hallucinogens cause hallucinations and an "out of this world" feeling of

dissociation from oneself. Hallucinogens may cause distorted sensory perception,
delusion, paranoia and even depression. Examples include mescaline and LSD (an
abbreviation of the German words for "lysergic acid diethylamide")

Under the influence of hallucinogens,

people see images, hear sounds, and feel
sensations that seem real but do not exist.
Some hallucinogens also produce rapid,
intense emotional swings. Hallucinogens
cause their effects by disrupting the
interaction of nerve cells and the
neurotransmitter serotonin. Distributed
throughout the brain and spinal cord, the
serotonin system is involved in the control
 of behavioral, perceptual, and regulatory systems, including mood, hunger, body
temperature, sexual behavior, muscle control, and sensory perception.

Hallucinogens are among the oldest drugs, substances naturally occur in mushrooms,
cacti and a variety of other plants.

4. Narcotics. Narcotics are also

known as “opioids,” the term “narcotic”
comes from the Greek word for
“stupor” and originally referred to a
variety of substances that dulled the
senses and relieved pain. Though
some people still refer to all drugs as
“narcotics,” today “narcotic” refers to
opium, opium derivatives, and their
semi-synthetic substitutes. A more
current term for these drugs, with less
uncertainty regarding its meaning, is
“opioid.” Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like
OxyContin, Vicodin, codeine, morphine, methadone, and fentanyl.

Symptoms of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease that affects millions of people worldwide. In
addition to its physical aspects,
dependency on drugs affects mood, shapes
perception, and changes behavior. The
emotional and psychological aspects of
drug addiction are every bit as powerful and
life-altering as the physical effects of
substance dependence, and all must be
accounted for if treatment is to succeed.
Fortunately, treatment for drug addiction can
be highly effective, if recovering addicts are
willing
to accept the challenges involved in overcoming a troublesome and persistent behavioral health
condition.
Physical Symptoms of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction is a brain disease that causes changes in neurological structure and action.
These alterations inhibit or deform brain functioning and are responsible for some of the direct
physical characteristics of drug addiction. In addition to the neurological side effects, a slow
decline in overall physical health is one of the inevitable characteristics of drug abuse.

Some of the telltale physical signs of drug addiction include:

• Cravings and withdrawal. Addicts go from wanting drugs to needing them in order to
feel well, and if those needs are frustrated they will begin to experience withdrawal
symptoms within a few hours of their last dosage. Those symptoms can include panic
attacks, insomnia, elevated heart rate, shakiness or weakness, headaches, nausea,
muscle cramps, and extreme anxiety or nervousness.
• Growing tolerance. As their dependency progresses, drug addicts must consume
larger quantities of their drugs of choice to experience the same effects. High tolerance
can prompt drug addicts to consume dosages that put them at significant risk for
overdose.
• Changes in appearance. Some of the outward signs of drug abuse include excessively
dry or bloodshot eyes, dilated pupils, tooth decay, significant weight loss, pale skin, hair
loss, and the presence of sores that won’t heal.
• More frequent illnesses. Drug abuse damages immune system functioning and alters
body chemistry in multiple ways. This makes addicts more prone to colds, flus,
pneumonia, allergy attacks, bacterial infections, and a host of other potential illnesses or
diseases.
• Chronic physical health conditions. Long-term drug abuse can increase risk for
numerous physical ailments and conditions, including heart disease, high blood
pressure, stroke, high cholesterol, liver or kidney disease, chronic respiratory troubles,
skin disorders, and insomnia. Those who inject drugs and share needles are at elevated
risk for hepatitis and HIV/AIDS.

Psychological and Emotional Signs of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction alters perception, can distort thinking, creates emotional imbalances,
and leaves sufferers with a damaged sense of self-esteem.

The psychological and emotional characteristics of drug addiction include:

• Abrupt changes in mood. As chemical imbalances develop, drug addicts can

experience feelings of depression, anxiety, irritability, hostility, and paranoia that seem to
come from nowhere.
• Decrease in ability to enjoy formerly pleasurable activities. Drugs sap emotional
energy, leaving little room for other types of enjoyment or pleasure.
 • Rationalization and denial. People addicted to drugs erect walls of denial to protect
themselves from the truth, and the attempts of loved ones to break through those walls will
bring a string of excuses and rationalizations, which the drug abuser will actually believe.
• Stronger symptoms of mental illness. In 2016, 43.3 percent of people with drug abuse
problems also suffered from some form of mental illness, and the symptoms of mental
disorders are likely to intensify when complicated by substance dependence.
• Impulsivity. As time passes drug addicts may lose their inhibitions and suffer from
impaired judgement, which leads them to make rash and questionable decisions that
may seem completely out of character.
• Feelings of guilt and shame. People with addictions often feel deeply ashamed because
of their inability to stop using drugs, and they also feel guilty about the pain their behavior
causes for loved ones.
• Hallucinations and delusions. At the extreme edges of addiction, people who abuse
drugs repeatedly may begin to lose touch with reality, to the point where immediate
medical intervention is required.

Behavioral Indicators of Drug Dependency

The inner feelings of drug addicts may be somewhat difficult to decode, but their
behavior will show clear signs of their drug dependency, and of the desperation and chaos it is
creating in their lives.

Some of the most common behavioral characteristics of drug abuse include:

• Lying and manipulative behavior. People trapped by drug addiction will habitually lie
about their actions and whereabouts. They also won’t hesitate to manipulate others to get
what they want (which is more drugs). But over time, they tell so many lies or half-truths
that eventual exposure is inevitable.
• Blaming others for life problems. Unable to see through their own rationalizations,
people dependent on drugs will usually blame others, or bad luck, or life circumstances,
for their troubles. They become experts at making excuses to deflect responsibility and
protect themselves from exposure.
• Neglectfulness. As drug addiction deepens sufferers will begin to neglect their
responsibilities, as parents, family members, friends, employees, students, and citizens.
Drugs become their priority, and the physical and emotional toll of their drug abuse can
make it difficult to manage—or even remember—their personal responsibilities.
• Drugs take over. Addicts will spend enormous amounts of time using drugs, thinking
about them, trying to obtain them, or attempting to manage the fallout from their
prodigious drug consumption.
• Involvement in criminal activity, as perpetrator and/or victim. Much of it may involve
stealing, either drugs or the money to buy them. But addicts often become
 impulsive and lose their capacity to make wise decisions, which leads them into other
kinds of trouble as well (i.e., driving while intoxicated, getting involved in fights or
incidents of domestic violence, choosing dangerous and untrustworthy companions,
visiting high-crime districts in search of drugs, etc.).

Helping Someone Struggling With Addiction

Helping a friend or loved one struggling with drug addiction is often a long and
heartbreaking journey. At times, it can be so overwhelming that ignoring the situation may seem
like an easier solution. However, sweeping the issue under the rug can be damaging to you, your
family and the person you’re concerned about. As painful as it may be, it’s important that you take
the time to encourage your loved one to get the help they need.

Helping a loved one who is struggling with substance use isn’t easy, and there’s no
magic formula that will get your loved one to stop using. However, here are some suggestions on
how to help a loved one get treatment for their drug addiction:

• Educate Yourself About Addiction. You see what you know. Until you have
knowledge about addiction and the symptoms of drug abuse, it’s easy to miss the signs
that are right in front of you. Addiction is complex, and it’s okay if you don’t know
everything right away. However, taking the time to understand your loved one’s disease
and how it affects them is incredibly beneficial to both you and your loved one. It also helps
you be more aware of the signs that your loved one needs help.

• Offer Your Support. People with addiction don’t always understand how much their
family and friends love them. Talk to your loved one about your concerns, and don’t wait
for them to hit rock bottom to speak up. Let them know that you’re going to support them
on their journey to recovery.

• Encourage Them to Get Help. As with other diseases, the earlier addiction is treated, the
better. However, don’t be surprised if you’re met with denial or excuses as to why they
can’t or won’t seek treatment. Be persistent about how important it is that they enter
treatment for their addiction, but avoid making them feel guilty or ashamed in the process.
Another option is to hold an intervention for your loved one. Although these are often
difficult to do, an intervention may be exactly what your loved one needs if they’re deep
into their addiction. Consider bringing in an intervention specialist to help you navigate
this process.

• Support Recovery as an Ongoing Process. Once your loved one decides to enter
treatment, it’s essential that you remain involved. Continue supporting their participation
in ongoing care, meetings and recovery support groups. Be the support system that they
need, and show them that you’ll be there every step of the way.
 • Take Care of Yourself. Although you may see this as selfish, it’s incredibly important
that you’re able to be there for others and make the best decisions possible. Make sure
your own needs are met by getting enough sleep, exercising and eating well. Don’t be
afraid to go to therapy to get help if you find yourself struggling due to your loved one’s
drug addiction.

What to Avoid When Talking to a Loved One About Addiction

When talking to a loved one about getting treatment for their addiction, here are some things to
avoid:

• Preaching, lecturing, threatening or moralizing your loved one

• Emotional appeals that may increase the feelings of guilt and the compulsion to use
drugs
• Lying or making excuses for their behavior
• Taking over their responsibilities — doing this protects them from the consequences of
their behavior
• Enabling their behavior by covering up the abuse or giving them money for drugs
• Arguing with your loved one when they’re using drugs — during this time, your loved one
won’t be able to hold a rational conversation and likely won’t be open to what you have
to say
• Feeling guilty or responsible for their behavior — it’s not your fault

Pertinent Legislations on Drug Prevention and Drug Education

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165

An Act Instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Repealing Republic
Act No. 6425, Otherwise Known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as Amended,
Providing Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes

The Act shall be known and cited as the “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”.

It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the well-being of
its citizenry particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical
and mental well-being, and to defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their
development and preservation. In view of the foregoing, the State needs to enhance further the
efficacy of the law against dangerous drugs, it being one of today’s more serious social ills.
 Toward this end, the government shall pursue an intensive and unrelenting campaign
against the trafficking and use of dangerous drugs and other similar substances through an
integrated system of planning, implementation and enforcement of anti-drug abuse policies,
programs, and projects. The government shall however aim to achieve a balance in the national
drug control program so that people with legitimate medical needs are not prevented from being
treated with adequate amounts of appropriate medications, which include the use of dangerous
drugs.

It is further declared the policy of the State to provide effective mechanisms or measures
to re-integrate into society individuals who have fallen victims to drug abuse or dangerous drug
dependence through sustainable programs of treatment and rehabilitation.

Instruction on drug abuse prevention and control shall be integrated in the elementary,
secondary and tertiary curricula of all public and private schools, whether general, technical,
vocational or agro-industrial as well as in nonformal, informal and indigenous learning systems.
Such instructions shall include: (1) Adverse effects of the abuse and misuse of dangerous drugs
on the person, the family, the school and the community; (2) Preventive measures against drug
abuse; (3) Health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal and economic dimensions and implications
of the drug problem; (4) Steps to take when intervention on behalf of a drug dependent needed,
as well as the services available for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents; and
(5) Misconceptions about the use of dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, the importance
and safety of dangerous drugs for medical and therapeutic use as well as the differentiation
between medical patients and drug dependents in order to avoid confusion and accidental
stigmatization in the consciousness of the students otherwise known as the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2001.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 218

Strengthening the Support Mechanism for the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency By

virtue of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 ( Republic Act (R.A.)
No. 9165), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) was created for the efficient and
effective law enforcement of all the provisions on dangerous drugs and/or precursors and
essential chemicals as provided in R.A. No.9165;

Pursuant to R.A. No. 9165, the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) is the policy-making and
strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug
prevention and control.

R.A. No. 9165 provides for the abolition of the drug enforcement units of the Philippines
National Police (PNP), the National Bureau of Investigation and Bureau of Customs; also
provides that the personnel of the abolished units shall continue to perform their task as detail
service with the PDEA until such time that the PDEA is fully operational and is able to recruit a
sufficient number of new personnel to do the task themselves;
 The PDEA, as the lead agency tasked to enforce R.A. No.9165, is still in its transition
period and still has to develop its institutional capabilities to be able to accomplishment its
mandated task;

Other agencies of the Government have trained drug enforcement personnel who can
help PDEA fulfill its tasks.

There is an urgent need to pursue a forcefull, intensive and unrelenting campaign

against drug trafficking and the use of illegal drugs whether syndicated or street-level.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7624

An Act Integrating Drug Prevention and Control in the Intermediate and Secondary
Curricula as Well as in the Non-Formal, Informal and Indigenous Learning Systems and
For Other Purposes

There shall be integrated in the intermediate and secondary curricula whether in public or
private schools as well as in the non-formal, informal and indigenous learning programs the ill
effects of drugs abuse, drug addiction, or drug dependency.

ASSESSMENTS

Task 1:
Answer the following:
1. Discuss the four commonly abused drugs and the effect to one’s body.

2. Describe the manifestations of drug dependency in terms of the following:

a. Physical
b. Psychological and Emotional
c. Behavioral
Describe only two from each.
 Lesson Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (DRRM)
1
Objectives:
§ Be able to make use of the concepts upon which DRRM is founded on;
§ Learn and understand the daily applications of the terminologies and
definitions used in the study of DRRM;
§ And have familiarization with the study of DRRM.

Introduction
No country in the world is exempt from some form of natural or man-made disaster, yet
what can set countries apart is the response of the government and citizenry to return their
communities to a level of normalcy as quickly and effectively as possible.
Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) is a practice that does not merely
seek to provide aid after a calamity has occurred, but to prepare citizens should one occur. This
means providing constant education, resources to obtain information, and facilities that can
capacitate individuals to prevent, prepare for, and minimize the impact that disasters can have
on their community.

For this activity, we are going to look at all the ways that
Activity Humans and Nature are the same. Inside the respective circles,
list down the ways Humans and Nature are different. In the
middle, list down the ways in which Humans and Nature are
the same. The aim of the activity is to gain introspection on the
ways that we are alike, and yet unique as well, from our
environment.

Human Nature
Venn
Diagram: Both
Contrast and
Comparison
 Analysis 1. Do you think Disaster Risk Reduction and Management concepts
and lesson should be known by all and not just professional
emergency responders? Why?

Abstraction
Historically, response to disaster was more on being reactive;
meaning that natural or man-made disasters had already occurred before
the affected community is able to do anything about it. (Physiopedia:
Disaster Management).
But the UN states that over the last few decades, there is an increasing awareness among
societies that disasters are the “result of long-term processes,” where the risk has been created
many years before a disaster actually happens. This means that overtime, we as a society are
realizing that risks already exist and can increase the impact of a disaster to a community even
before a negative event strikes.
These definitions therefore give rise to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management as a
study that analyses what can be done before, during, and after a calamity occurs.
This includes preparation or prevention of the different natural and man-made disasters
that may happen, the actions to be taken during the actual event, and the protocol to be followed
after it occurs; such as retrieval and rescue, and rehabilitation of the affected community.
This graph better illustrates the concept of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management:

Source: UN-SPIDER ([Link]

RA 10121
In the Philippines, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management was adopted as a
nationwide practice and enacted into law in 2010 through R.A. 10121, also known as the
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (PDRRM) Act of 2010.
As defined in R.A. 10121, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management is the “systematic
process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities
to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse
impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.” It aims to bring together different public and
private stakeholders to spread education, increase mindful practices, and create a culture of
preparedness with regards to facing disasters.
It is enshrined in R.A. 10121 that the Filipino people’s constitutional right to life and
property will be protected by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters. The law
also provides that the country’s capacity for DRRM and resilience building of communities to
disasters be strengthened.
The PDRRM Act’s policies on disaster mitigation and response follows the
international standards on emergency prevention and preparation, mitigation, action, and
response and rehabilitation set in the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction’s Hyogo
Framework for Action, which aims to build the resilience of nations and communities to
disasters.
There are the five Priorities for Action outlined in the Hyogo Framework:
1. Governance – Ensure disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority with a
strong institutional basis for implementation.
2. Risk Assessment & Early Warning – Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks
and enhance early warning.
3. Knowledge Management & Education – Use knowledge, innovation, and
education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
4. Risk Management & Vulnerability Reduction – Reduce the underlying factors.
5. Disaster Preparedness – Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at
all levels. (Source: Hyogo Framework for Action,[Link])
The PDRRM Act also provides for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (NDRRMC), which is responsible for the formulation, development,
and implementation of the Philippines’ National Disaster Risk Reduction, Management, and
Recovery Framework.
The NDRRMC
The NDRRMC’s primary role is to be the lead actor in disaster response and mitigation as
outlined in RA 10121, and additional roles include:
• Developing the NDRRM Framework; which is the country’s “comprehensive, all-
hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach” to DRRM. It
shall serve as the principal guide to DRRMC efforts in the country and reviewed every
five years or as necessary in order that it stays relevant to the changing needs of the
times.
• Advising the nation’s President on the status of national disaster preparedness
programs and management plans, disaster operations, and rehabilitation efforts;
• It is also the recommending body in cases of declaring a state of national calamity and
release of national calamity funds as needed.
The NDRRMC’s responsibilities are cascaded down to regional, provincial, city, and
municipality levels through the formation of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office in each local government
unit.

Basic Disaster Concepts

• Disaster
According to Republic Act 10121
Section 3-h, a disaster is a “serious
disruption of the functioning of a Source:
[Link]
community or a society involving [Link]

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which

exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.” It is the result of a combination of exposure to hazard; the conditions of
vulnerability that are present; and not enough resources to prepare for or recover from
the negative event.

• Hazard
As defined in Republic Act 10121, Section 3-v, a Hazard is a “dangerous
phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage.”
Hazards may be natural, human-induced, or a combination of both.
 NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED COMBINATION OF BOOTH
Typhoon Fire Flood and Fire
Earthquake Pollution
Volcanic Eruption Oil Spill
Tsunami Industrial Accident
Floods Armed Conflict
Storm Surges Accidents

• Vulnerability
The law refers to it as the characteristics
and circumstances of a community which makes
it prone to the damaging effects of a hazard. It
explains why people, livelihoods, and properties
located in areas where hazards occur can suffer
damage and loss. In the country, vulnerabilities
largely stem from poverty. Poverty causes and Source:
[Link]
worsens vulnerabilities due [Link]

to lack of capacity to prepare essential tools in preparing for disasters. The inability of
a community to cope when a hazard occurs is called vulnerability.

• Exposure
Refers to “the degree to which a
community is likely to experience hazard events
of different magnitudes.” RA 10121 refers to the Source: OCD-CDBRRM

physical location (e.g. on the foot of a volcano,

proximity to a body of water, low- lying area),
characteristics (type of soil, topography,
temperature), and population density
(overpopulation, congestion) of a community
that “exposes” it to hazards. Source:
[Link]
g&app=desktop

• Capacity
According to Republic Act 10121
Section 3-b, Capacity “is a combination of all
strengths and resources available within a
 community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or effects of a
disaster.” The law further adds that this may include “infrastructure and physical means,
institutions, societal coping abilities; as well as human knowledge, skills and collective
attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management.” Capacity is also
described as capability.

• Disaster Risk
It is the potential for loss of lives,
health status, livelihood, assets and services,
which can happen to a particular community
over some specified future time period.
The International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent has stated that “the combination of
hazards, vulnerability, and inability to reduce the
potential negative consequences of risk results in Source:
[Link]
disaster,” highlighted in the equation. disaster-risk-in-latin-america/

The country’s Office of Civil Defense (OCD) explains that disasters are likelier to occur
if “the extent of exposure and vulnerability of a community to a particular hazard is higher than
its capacity to cope.” Simply put, an event is more likely to result in disaster if a community
does not have the tools to rise above or recover from a natural or man-made event.
However, it can also go the other way, as the OCD further states that disaster risk is
reduced if the community has the capacity to “prepare for and confront a particular hazard is
stronger than the extent of its exposure and vulnerability.”
 Hazard Mapping: For this activity, identify the possible hazards in your
community. Also note the capacity of the structures in your area to survive
disasters. Are the houses and buildings sturdy? Is there enough preparation
Application and mitigation against flooding, earthquakes, fire, etc? List your answers
below to gain a clear picture of the hazard mapping in your communities.

Hazard Vulnerability Exposure Capacity

Well done! You just reached the end of the first lesson. Should there be some parts of
the topic you need clarification on, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator during your
synchronous meeting.
Now you are already prepared to proceed to Lesson 2 of this module which
will discuss the geographic profile of the Philippines.
 Geographic Profile
Lesson of the Philippines
2
Objectives:
§ Learners will become familiar with the geographic details of the
Philippines and how these matters in relation to being affected by
natural disasters;
§ Be able to identify the Philippines on a world map;
§ Through self-directed research, be able to look up on a Philippine map
the areas where natural disasters often occur and be able to point out
why.

Introduction
For all of its abundance of natural resources and generally great tropical climate, the
beauty that the Philippines possesses comes at a price: the country’s geographic location places
it in the path of typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters; while its topography
wherein its regions are dotted by volcanoes also makes it prone to eruptions and the damages
these can cause to human life, properties, and livelihoods.

Explanation:
Activity
• Each student will identify regions on the map where the
majority of volcanoes and coastal areas are located, as
well as the economic situation of the specific location.
“Seek and You • The student will also need to identify the primary
Shall Find” means of livelihood and the economic standing of the
region. Are the communities near volcanoes or coastal
areas prosperous or impoverished?
• The aim of the activity is to see how natural wonders
(the coast, volcanoes, etc) and the communities located
near it are affected by disasters not just by their
location, but their economic standing as well.

.
 Analysis
1. Does the presence of these natural hazards combined
with the vulnerabilities of the community make it very
prone to the lasting effect of disasters?

Abstraction
An archipelagic nation comprised of more than 7, 000 islands and
islets located in Southeast Asia, the Philippines is characterized by its three
largest islands: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao; with a total land area
covering approximately 300,000 km2. (Status Report on Disaster
Risk Reduction in the Philippines, 2019)
It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, and shares maritime borders with China, Japan,
Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Palau. (World Atlas, 2019)
The country also consists of volcanic islands wherein some are active volcanoes, and
“mostly mountainous interior” (US Library of Congress, 2006) which is typically surrounded
by flat lowlands and plains of differing widths by the coastlines. The US Library of Congress
in its profile on countries lists the sea level elevation at 2, 954 meters above sea level from the
highest point of Mount Apo on Mindanao Island.
Depending on the
region, the country has either
exclusively coastal regions,
mountainous
regions, wetlands, or flat
stretches of open land; or a
combination of all
mentioned. The Philippines
does not have desert terrain.
[Link]
philippines/
 The Philippines is a country with a tropical marine climate and with two main seasons:
the dry summer seasons, and the wet rainy season for the rest of the year. The northeast
monsoon from December to February produces the cool dry season characterized by cloudy
weather but intermittent rainfall depending on the regions; while the southwest monsoon brings
“rain and high temperatures from May to October. Between March and May, hot, dry weather
prevails.” (US Library of Congress, 2006)

Describe the area where you live. Is it mountainous, near the sea,
or urban zone? What are the most common emergency situations/ natural
disasters that can occur in your area? Cite an experience. Write your
Application
answer on the space provided.

Great job! You have just completed Lesson 2.

In this lesson, you learned about the Geographic Profile of the Philippines. Now you
are already prepared to proceed to Lesson 3 of this module, which will discuss the Philippines'
disaster risk profile.
 Lesson Disaster Risk Profile
of the Philippines
3
Objectives:
§ The learners study and be able to identify the factors that can cause and
worsen the effects of disasters in the Philippines;
§ Learners will utilize the knowledge that climate change increasingly plays
a factor in the frequency and the worsening of the disasters that the
Philippines experiences, and create meaningful changes in their daily lives
to mitigate these effects; and
§ Learn how Davao region is affected by disaster due to its geography.
Introduction

While every Philippine region is unique in its culture, language, and people; the ties
that bind all Filipino people are our likelihood of exposure to disasters and the urgency with
which we must be prepared for them. Whether landlocked, coastal, or mountainous, our
communities are more often than not only one disaster away from major deaths, further
economic downfall, and difficulty to restore to a sense of normalcy. As a nation, we must
understand the various risks present in our communities; whether natural or man-made, and
prepare accordingly so that future generations will also have in them a culture of preparedness.

Activity

Barangay Hazard
Mapping
In the activity for Lesson 1,
you listed the hazards you
observed in your
barangays. For this
activity, plot on a MAP of
your barangay where those
hazards you listed exist.
The aim of the activity is to
help you identify, through
your own research and
application, the various
hazards you have observed
in your areas and its
specific location in your
barangay.
 Your map will be graded accordingly. See rubrics:
Basic
Excellent Good Requirement Little or no effort

5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts

The map is remarkably The map is neat, The map is The map is hard to
neat and clear. The clear, and it can slightly clear read or
reader can quickly identify with some though it may comprehend. No
Neatness identify the map. help. be a bit given clues or
disordered. consideration of
what it is for the
reader.

The map remarkably The map includes The map is lost The map is lost
includes clearly labeled the most common several standards
Map the location, hazards, hazards; most are standards components.
Elements and appropriate labels. exact and simple components.
to read.

Risks/hazards clearly Risks/hazards Seriousness of Wrong risk/hazards

distinguished by sort and distinguished the risk/hazards not are recognized or
Risk/Hazards seriousness of probability seriousness of recorded. identified.
clearly of damage. harm probability Risks/hazards as
recognized not accurately it were
completed. recognized.

All words in the map are 2-3 words are 4-5 words are There are more
correct. mistakes in the mistakes in the than 6 words that
Spelling map. map. are mistakes in the
map.

1. After the Barangay Hazard Mapping Activity, how vital do you think it is to
Analysis be well-informed or at least become familiar with the 'layout' of your barangay/
community? Do you believe it is helpful during times of disasters or
emergencies?

Abstraction
In a study conducted by the UN Office for the Coordination of Human
Affairs, they cited a 2018 World Risk Report which found that the
Philippines is ranked third among all of the countries with the highest
disaster risk, with an index value of 25.14.%.
The 2018 study also found that at least 60% of the country’s total land area is exposed to
multiple hazards, and 74% of the population is prone to its negative impacts.
 Much of these risks can be attributed to the country’s location and geographical
makeup, wherein extensive miles of coastline covered by the Pacific Ocean places the country
at an extreme likelihood of being hit by tropical depressions, tsunamis, storm surges, rising sea
levels, and other coastal hazards. Adding to the fact that the country also sits along the Pacific
Typhoon Belt, the Philippines is “visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year,” according
to the Asian Disaster Risk Reduction Center.
Adding to its increased exposure to these hazards is the fact that climate change has
aggravated the frequency of these ocean-borne disasters.
The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN, 2008) defines climate change
as an alteration of a particular location’s natural climate over time that “can be attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity.” The study further states that climate change affects
the country’s disaster risk in two ways: first, by increasing the weather and climate hazards,
and secondly, through increasing the
vulnerability of communities to natural
hazards, particularly through degradation of
the ecosystem, reductions in water and food
availability, and changes to livelihoods.
Additionally, the country is also
located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, also
known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, where the
majority of the Earth’s volcanoes and
earthquakes take place; often resulting in [Link]
fire/
volcanic eruptions as well.

According to the National Geographic, deep ocean trenches and high mountain ranges
are also a prominent characteristic of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Mountainous areas in the country during the wet season are at a risk of landslides; while
densely congested urban areas, areas near natural and man-made waterways, low-lying areas,
and areas that are near denuded forests are at an increased risk of flooding.

Davao Region at Risk

Davao Region, is located in the southeastern portion of Mindanao and bounded on the
north by the provinces of Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Sur and Bukidnon; in the east by the
Philippine Sea; and in the west by the Central Mindanao provinces; is often characterized by
“good climate” and supposedly lies outside the typhoon belt, with maximum rainfall
observed from November to January. The
region also has average temperatures of 28 -
29˚C. (Regional Profile, [Link])
Yet it in recent years, the once
famously dubbed ‘typhoon free’ Davao
region is becoming increasingly affected by
these changes; with Typhoon Bopha (Pablo)
ravaging Davao Oriental and parts of Davao
de Oro in 2012, and most recently, Tropical
Depression Chedeng making a beeline for
Davao region in March 2019, with the state
weather bureau dubbing it a “rare tropical
cyclone track.” (Macapagat, F. 2019, PIA)
This has also led to notably increased rainfall
in the region, where average rainfall for the
whole year is 1,673.3 mm to 1,941.8mm
based on climatological data of Davao
City. (Regional Profile,
[Link])
[Link]
It isn’t just the rainfall becoming an increasing phenomenon in the region:
temperatures are also soaring.
In April - May 2019, Davao City experienced a “scorching” 35.4˚C, which resulted in
a heat index of 43 ˚C. Defined by the Oxford dictionary, heat index is the “level of discomfort
the average person is thought to experience as a result of the combined effects of the
temperature and humidity of the air.” It was recorded as the hottest temperature ever for the
summer season, where before temperatures only averaged 32 to 34 degrees Celsius in the city.
(Tejano, I. 2019, Manila Bulletin)
The alternating unpredictable extreme heat and rainfall has brought much havoc to the
region’s agriculture, aquaculture, and residential industries; where combined with poor urban
planning, destructive farming practices, and other man-made risks; increases the likelihood of
communities lacking preparation for large-scale disasters.
 Lesson Four Thematic Areas of the
Philippine Disaster Management System
4
Objectives:
§ Learners will have further understanding of the areas wherein the
Philippine DRRM operates and how these responsibilities are cascaded
to cities;
§ Study and understand how the actors involved in these four thematic
areas work cohesively to ensure preparation, mitigation, response, and
rehabilitation; and
§ The flow of operations in preparing for disasters.

Introduction
Any program executed well is a product of proper planning, preparation, and
information dissemination to all the people and organizations involved, and DRRM is no
different.
When we are able to lay out our plans in a manner that is clear, concise, and can be
understood by all types of people involved, then we are already halfway to preparing for the
battle; so to speak. In terms of DRRM, this means a greater number of lives saved, and
communities will have a higher likelihood of returning to normal once a storm has literally
passed.
Act Now, Save Tomorrow

Activity

In the space
provided, draw
in the best way
that you can an
example of what
you think is an
ideal
community that
is proactive in
applying the 4
Thematic Areas
of DRRM in
their
community.
Your drawing will be graded accordingly. See rubrics:

Excellent Good Basic Requirement Little or no effort

5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts

The drawing is The drawing is eye- The drawing is Drawing is

exceptionally eye- catching in terms of reasonably eye- distractingly messy
Craftsmanship catching in terms of neatness. The catching, although or lacks quality in an
neatness. The picture is not very the picture is a bit effort
picture is well design messy. messy
and not messy.

The drawing is The drawing is The drawing shows a The drawing does
exceptionally creative and little creativity and not show any
Creativity creative and unique uniquely effort in amount of creativity.
in showing a deep demonstrated; understanding the
understanding of the acceptable at times picture.
picture. in showing an
understanding of the
picture.

The drawing is The drawing shows The drawing shows The drawing does
exceptionally some originality and small originality. not show any
Originality original and unique distinctiveness. amount of
in design. originality.

All words in the 2-3 words are 4-5 words are There are more than
drawing are correct. mistakes in the mistakes in the 6 words that are
Spelling drawing. drawing. mistakes in the
drawing.

Analysis 1. In your study so far of DRRM as an NSTP student, why do you think
it is important that we utilize the 4 Thematic Areas of DRRM in our
pursuit of a culture of preparedness against disasters or emergencies?

Abstraction
Four Thematic Areas of the Philippine Disaster Management System
As provided in the country’s National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan, there are four thematic areas which are equally
important. The absence or weak implementation of one area may affect
the bringing back or maintenance of equilibrium in communities affect by calamities. This
DRRM framework in the country is aligned to Hyogo Plan (2005-2015) where it seeks to build
resilience of communities by making Disaster Risk Reduction a national and local priority. The
country’s DRRM concept accepts the idea “ Bounce, Back, Better”. It is given that hazard
events may occur at any time at any rate, but tries to lessen the effect by
improving the community’s ability to absorb the impact with minimum damage or
destruction given the improve capacities of the people.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Prevention
Direct avoidance of the negative
impact of hazards and disasters. Its
concept is rooted in the intention to
completely avoid potential disasters
Source: [Link]
through actions taken even before an [Link]

event occurs; examples of which include

constructing seawalls at coastal areas, creating earthquake-tolerant buildings, etc.

One of the actions for disaster prevention is the implementation of policy on “No Build
Zones.” It is legalized by the government to prevent the occurrence of disasters (OCD, 2019).

Mitigation
It lessening or limiting the adverse
impacts of hazards, and their related disasters.
Mitigation measures require engineering
techniques and hazard-resistant construction,
as well as improved environmental policies
and public awareness. Source:
[Link]
[Link]
Kinds of Mitigation

Ø Structural/Engineered Measures
Examples of structural construction of dams, tsunami / sea wall, floodgates and
channel, installation of tsunami sensors and deep-ocean Assessment and
Reporting System (DARTS), a common tool used in tsunami warning (OCD,
2019)

Ø Non Structural/Non Engineered Measures

 Examples of non-structural endeavors are community-based mapping,
mangrove reforestation, waste management and establishment of early warning
systems (OCD, 2019).

Disaster Preparedness
It is the knowledge and capacities
developed by governments, professionals, and
other organizations to anticipate and effectively
respond to, and recover from incoming or
occurring disasters. These are required by law
Source:
to be supported by formal institutional, legal, [Link]
[Link]
and budgetary capacities.

Disaster Response
It is where emergency services and public assistance are provided during or
immediately after a disaster so that lives may be saved, health impacts reduced, public safety
is ensured, and the most basic subsistence needs of the people most affected are met. It is also
called “disaster relief” as it is focused on immediate and short-term needs.

[Link]
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
This principle means that learning from the lessons from past disasters. The premise
lies on the thought that we do not want to suffer the same devastation again. Hence, in our
rehabilitation and recovery efforts, we must not only go back to normal situation but we should
also strengthen our DRRM capacities to avoid suffering from the same disaster situation again.
(OCD, 2019).

[Link]

Each thematic area goal leads to the country’s overall DRRM vision, as
illustrated here:
 Lesson Role of the Youth in Disaster Preparedness
and Management, and Basic Disaster
5 Preparedness and Response Training

Objectives:
§ Value the importance of having knowledge in basic, life-saving first aid
skills;
§ Participate in, and further strengthen the ‘culture of preparedness’ in
their homes and communities;
§ Realize the immense importance of the participation of youth in
emergency response.

Introduction
In a country that is incredibly prone to natural disasters, and as well as those borne from
human activity, it is extremely important that all sectors of society are equipped with the most
basic knowledge of what to do in emergency cases; especially the youth.
Empowering the youth with information, basic emergency response training, and even
simulated application, enables them to experience the very real possibility of disasters and
respond accordingly. This in turn creates a generation of informed and trained individuals who
can then pass it on to the future youth to come.

Activity

Interview:
Generational Experiences
Interview some of
your older relatives or
guardians about their
experiences with natural or
man-made disasters or
emergencies. Were they as
informed about the varied
ways to respond to
emergency situations as you
are now?
Analysis 1. Based on the responses of your interviewees, how valuable do you
think basic knowledge on emergency response is? Will you consider
practicing it on a regular basis even in the absence of emergency?

Abstraction
The youth are regarded as vital stewards in creating a culture of
preparedness, such that it is integrated in R.A. 10121 that disaster risk
reduction and management is mandated as a part of secondary and tertiary
education curricula.
It is highlighted in Section 14 of R.A. 10121 that Regional and Local Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Councils and Offices should encourage the cultivation of a culture of
preparedness among the youth, specifically through education and their participation in
organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas.

Basic First Aid

First aid
It is defined as the initial assistance or treatment
given to a person who is injured or suddenly becomes ill.
The person who provides this help may be a first aider, a
first responder, paramedic, or EMT. (First Aid Manual,
2014. American College of Emergency Physicians)
The primary objective of First Aid is to preserve [Link]
-transparency-and-translucency-first-aid-
life. The initial application of life-saving measures can kits-clip-art-certified-first-responder-
vector-graphics-png/aNVEn8fh

“often bring relief from crippling pain and prevent medical conditions from deteriorating while
more advanced care is on its way.” (Australia Wide First Aid, The Meaning and Importance of
First Aid)
 First Aider
This is a person who takes primary action while also making sure to take care of
everyone in an emergency situation and to keep everyone involved safe, and to cause no further
harm while doing so. (Australia Wide First Aid, The Meaning and Importance of First Aid)

Why is First Aid important?

It is vital for oneself and their
community to have knowledge on First Aid. It
allows you to assist injured persons in the
event of an accident or emergency situation
until professional help arrives. First Aid
professionals say that these skills can be
applied in the home, the workplace, or in [Link]

public locations; and the more that there are

First Aid certified people in a community, then the safer that community becomes. (First Aid
Accident and Emergency, Why Is First Aid Important?)

Characteristics of a Good First Aider

The Philippine National Red Cross provides the following definitions of a Good First Aider:

1. Gentle – Should not cause or inflict pain as much as

possible.
2. Resourceful – Makes do with materials available at the
moment.
3. Observant – Should notice all signs. Aware of what may
happen.
4. Tactful – Handling the victim with the utmost care and in
a calm manner.
5. Emphatic – Should be comforting.
6. Respectable – Maintains an attitude that is both caring
and professional.

[Link]

Consent
There are ethical considerations when it comes to rescue, as well. The International
Federation of the Red Cross states that “the responder must obtain permission from the
victim, or their parent or guardian,” (Australian Red Cross, 2020) and advises as well on the
following:
A conscious person needing first aid has the right to either refuse or accept care.
If the person is conscious, their consent must be obtained before commencing any first
aid.
If the person is a minor, obtain consent from their parent or guardian if one is present.
If they refuse, opt to just stay nearby and call emergency personnel who can better deal with
the emergency.
If the person needing aid is either unconscious or cannot formally give consent, then it
is assumed under law they have given consent and first aid can be administered.

Emergency
According to Republic Act 10121 Section 3-R, an emergency is an unforeseen or
sudden occurrence, especially danger, that demands immediate action.
The American College of Emergency Physicians advise that in any emergency, it is
vital that there is a clear plan of action to follow. This enables prioritization of demands that
may be placed on you, and help you decide on your best action.

§ Assessing the situation - Evaluating the scene accurately is one of the most
important factors in the management of an incident. Identify any safety risks and
assess the resources available.
§ Making an area safe - The conditions that give rise to an incident may still present
a danger and must be eliminated if possible. Move the casualty to safety. When
approaching a casualty, make sure you protect yourself: wear high- visibility
clothing, gloves, and head protection if you have them.
§ Giving Emergency help - Once an area has been made safe, use the primary survey
to quickly carry out an initial assessment of the casualty to establish treatment
priorities. Start life-saving first aid as soon as possible. Ask bystanders to call for
the emergency services.
§ Assisting the emergency services - Hand over any notes you have made to the
emergency services when they arrive. Answer any questions they may have and
follow any instructions.
Source: American College of Emergency Physicians, First Aid
Bleeding
As provided by the St. John’s Ambulance Organization of the United Kingdom, if
bleeding caused by external factors resulting in an open wound isn’t controlled quickly, your
patient may “lose a lot of blood, become unresponsive, and possibly develop shock. Shock does
not mean emotional shock; it is a life-threatening condition, often caused by loss of blood. Your
priority is to stop the bleeding.” (St. John’s Ambulance, 2020)
What are burns and scalds?
Burns on the skin can be caused by “dry heat” such as contact with fire, an extremely
hot surface, or prolonged, unprotected extreme exposure to the sun. A scald meanwhile can be
caused by contact with “wet heat”, like steam or a hot drink. Professional emergency
responders advised that the longer the burning occurs; the injury becomes more severe. “Your
priority is to cool the burn as quickly as possible.” (St. John Ambulance, 2020)
Signs and symptoms
§ red skin and swelling
§ pain in the area of the burn
§ blistering may start to appear.

Sourced from St. John Ambulance, [Link].

Nosebleed
A nosebleed is blood flowing from the nose due to internal damage, or external force.
St. John’s Ambulance Organization notes that it is typically caused when “tiny blood vessels
inside the nostrils are ruptured.” Causes of nosebleeds include forced trauma on the nose,
sneezing, picking or blowing the nose too hard, high blood pressure, and anti-clotting
medication; they add.

Source: [Link]
sit-down-and-dont-tilt-your-head-back/

Basic Life Support

According to the American Red Cross, Basic Life Support or BLS, “generally refers to
the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals
provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or an obstructed
airway.” BLS requires know-how in “cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using automated
external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.”
(American Red Cross, Basic Life Support)

Heart Attack, Cardiac Arrest, and Stroke

A Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest are often
thought to be similar, but they are not the same.
A HEART ATTACK is a “CIRCULATION”
problem, as it is the result of blockage of the flow of
blood to the heart. (American Heart Association, 2020)
Blockages in the artery prevents the body’s oxygen-
rich blood from reaching a section of the heart; and if
the blocked artery is not quickly reopened, then the part
of the heart which the artery nourishes starts to die.
The American Heart Association further adds
Source:
[Link]
ncy/cardiac-arrest
that symptoms of a heart attack “may be immediate

and may include intense discomfort in the chest or other areas of the upper body, shortness of
breath, cold sweats, and/or nausea/vomiting.” Commonly though, the symptoms begin slowly
and can continue on for hours or even up to weeks at a time before an attack occurs.
“Unlike with cardiac arrest, the heart usually does not stop beating during a heart attack.
The longer the person goes without treatment, the greater the damage.” (American Heart
Association, 2020)
The American Heart Association adds there are noted differences in symptoms of a
heart attack between men and women; which can include “shortness of breath, nausea or
vomiting, and back/jaw pain.”

What to Do
Call your local emergency number even if you are not sure if it’s a heart attack, as
every minute counts!
“It’s best to call your local emergency number to get to the emergency room right away.
Emergency medical services (EMS) staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour
sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. EMS staff are also trained to revive
someone whose heart has stopped. Patients with chest pain who arrive by ambulance usually
receive faster treatment at the hospital, too.” (American Heart Association, 2020)
The American Heart Association goes on to
define CARDIAC ARREST as the malfunctioning of the
heart and it unexpectedly stops beating as a result.
Cardiac arrest is an “ELECTRICAL” problem, often
triggered by electrical malfunctions in the heart that can
then cause an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). As the
pumping action is disturbed, the heart might be not be
able to pump blood to the brain and other organs.
Seconds after cardiac arrest, a person could be
Source:
gasping for air, or not breathing, and then becomes [Link]
rgency/cardiac-arrest
unresponsive. Death occurs within mere minutes if
treatment is not administered.

What to Do
Cardiac arrest can be reversible if treatment is administered in time:
Ø First, call your local emergency number and start Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) right away.
Ø Then, if an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, use it as soon as
possible.
Ø If two people are available to help, one should begin CPR immediately while the
other calls your local emergency number and finds an AED.
Source: American Heart Association

St. John Ambulance Organization in the UK

defines stroke as the starvation of oxygen to the
brain due to the disruption of the supply of blood.
Stroke Symptoms
Assess the symptoms of stroke by learning
the following: BEFAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm,
Speech, Time) warning signs, and “you might save a
life from stroke.” (St. John Ambulance, 2020)
Source: [Link]
 Source: (April 29, 2019) [Link]
stroke/

What is CPR?
It stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR combines the movement of chest
compressions and rescue breaths to “give a person the best chance of survival following a
cardiac arrest.” (St. John Ambulance, 2020)
However, in this time of COVID-19 outbreak, it is advised to not perform rescue breaths
on an unresponsive victim. Call 911 if someone is unresponsive and not breathing normally so
that emergency oxygen-providing equipment can be used instead.
What is Choking?
“When someone is choking, their airway is partly or completely blocked, meaning they
may be unable to breathe properly. They might be able to clear it by coughing, but if they can't
you will need to help them straight away.” (St. John Ambulance, 2020)

St. John Ambulance provides the following signs and symptoms of choking:
Signs and Symptoms
§ difficulty breathing, speaking or coughing
§ a red puffy face
§ signs of distress, and they may point to their throat or grasp their neck.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
As per the World Health Organization (2020) COVID-19 is an “infectious disease
caused by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which is a respiratory pathogen.” The WHO details
that it learned of this new virus first from cases in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China on Dec.
31, 2019.

The following sections (1 – 7) are taken from the World Health Organization’s
information on the coronavirus disease:
Sec. 1 Symptoms of COVID-19

Most Other symptoms that Symptoms of Other less common

common are less common severe symptoms
symptoms and may affect COVID-19
of COVID-19 some patients disease

Fever Loss of taste or smell Shortness of Irritability

breath
Nasal congestion Confusion

Conjunctivitis (also Loss of appetite Reduced

known as red eyes) consciousness
(sometimes
Dry Cough Sore Throat
associated with
seizures)
Headache Confusion Anxiety

Muscle or Joint Pain Depression

Fatigue Different Types of Persistent pain Sleep disorders

Skin Rash or pressure in
the chest
Nausea or Vomiting More severe and rare
neurological
Diarrhea High
complications such
temperature
Chills or Dizziness as strokes, brain
(above 38 °C)
inflammation,
delirium and nerve
damage

While COVID-19 affects people of all ages, it poses a greater risk to the extremely young and
old, pregnant women, and those whose immune systems are already compromised (those with
existing diseases, or those who had operations, etc.) Medical experts advise that those who
experience fever, coughing with a difficulty in breathing or chest pain/ pressure, and loss of
speech /movement; should immediate medical care.

Sec. 2 Those Most at Risk of Severe Illness from COVID-19

Those aged 60 and over, and those with existing health problems like high blood pressure,
illnesses in the heart and lungs, diabetes, obesity, or cancer; are at a higher risk of developing
serious complications from COVID-19.
However, anyone regardless of age or health condition can get seriously ill from COVID-19
and die.

Sec. 3 How can we protect others and ourselves if we don’t know who is infected?
Stay safe by taking these simple precautions:
Ø Physical Distancing - Maintain at least a meter distance from others to lessen
the possibility of infection when others cough, sneeze, or speak. When indoors,
it is important to have even greater distance from others. The further away
people are from each other, the better.
Ø Normalize wearing a mask while being around other people.
Ø Use an alcohol-based hand rub or sanitizer after handling various objects if soap
and water are not readily available. If it is, always wash your hands thoroughly.
Ø Sneeze into your bent elbow when you sneeze, and cover your mouth with tissue
or cloth when coughing.
Ø Avoid touching the orifices of your face: the eyes, nose and mouth.
Ø Clean and disinfect surfaces frequently especially those which are regularly
touched, such as door handles, faucets and phone screens.
Ø Keeping rooms well ventilated.
Ø Avoiding crowded or indoor settings
Ø Avoid shaking hands; greet people with a wave, a nod, or even bow instead.
Ø Monitor your LGUs and workplace for localized health guidelines.

Sec. 4 Quarantine and Isolation

While both are methods of preventing the spread of disease, the terms are not
synonymous.
QUARANTINE is the restriction of activities, or the separation of people who are not sick, but
may have had exposure to COVID-19. Quarantine is done either at a designated facility, or at
home for 14 days.
ISOLATION meanwhile is the separation of those who are ill and showing symptoms of
COVID-19, or who have tested positive.

Sec. 5 Incubation Period of COVID-19

It can take an average of 5-6 days from the time one is exposed to COVID-19 for
symptoms to begin showing; and can last for 1 – 14 days. It is one of the primary reasons why
medical experts advise that people who have been exposed to the virus have to stay apart from
people for 14 days in order to prevent the spread of the virus, especially if testing is not readily
available.

Sec. 7 Can Antibiotics prevent or treat COVID-19?

Antibiotics are not to be used against viruses, as they only work on bacterial infections.
Since COVID-19 is caused by a virus, antibiotics will not work. These types of medication
should not be used as a means to prevent or treat COVID-19.
However, doctors might use antibiotics to either prevent or treat the bacterial infections which
can be a secondary complication of COVID-19 in very ill patients. Antibiotics are to be used
only as directed by a doctor.

Water Search and Rescue

Flooding is among the most common disaster that we experience, that’s why it is
important to know the basics of water search and rescue, according to the Office of Civil
Defense.
The OCD lists the following tips in aiding a drowning person:
§ REACH. If the drowning person is conscious but they are within reach, reach out or
extend an object to the person in trouble. You may reach the person with pole, paddle,
tree branch or whatever materials available. When reaching for a drowning person:

1) Lay level on the ground so as not to get pulled in

2) Reach as far out as possible
3) Yell to get their attention
 Source: ADPC Manual on
Community Search and
Rescue,
[Link]
/IKM/ONLINE%20DOCUMEN
TS/downloads/2009/Commu
nitySearchandRescue_eng.pd
f?fbclid=IwAR23p6YkhANsn7
ZqaMDJpHLp5OpbE4KIvi-
eSR-
eAxESMIu7024TkMF64yE

§ THROW and TOW. Another option is to have the drowning person reach for a
floatation device that is held by a rope by rescuers on both sides of the river shore or
flooded street. When doing this method, try the following:

1) Chose a strategic spot to set up to throw bag.

2) Get and keep eye contact with the subject.
3) Aim for the subject’s head or slightly up river.
4) Make a strong underhand throw when the subject is in the target zone.
5) Carefully bring the subject to an “eddy” or the best landing spot you can
find.
6) Be ready to make a second throw.

Source: ADPC Manual on

Community Search and
Rescue
[Link]
7/IKM/ONLINE%20DOCUM
ENTS/downloads/2009/Co
mmunitySearchandRescue
_eng.pdf?fbclid=IwAR23p6
YkhANsn7ZqaMDJpHLp5Op
bE4KIvi-eSR-
eAxESMIu7024TkMF64yE

Remember: REACH, THROW and TOW, but (only) GO with training and equipment
(OCD, 2019).
Earthquake
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) of DOST
defines an earthquake as “a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden
movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.”
Earthquakes originate from the “tectonic plate boundary,” adds PHIVOLCS- DOST.
The “focus point” inside the earth where an earthquake starts is referred to as the
HYPOCENTER, while the EPICENTER is the location on the surface of the earth directly
above the focus. (PHIVOLCS-DOST, 2018)
As per PHIVOLCS, there are two ways to measure the strength of an earthquake:

1. Magnitude – measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude
is determined from measurements on seismographs.
2. Intensity - measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain
location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and the
natural environment. (Lumen, Geology)

Types of Earthquake
The PHIVOLCS-DOST cites the following definitions of the types of earthquakes we
experience:
§ Tectonic Earthquakes - Produced by sudden movement along faults and plate
boundaries.
§ Volcanic Earthquakes - Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes.

Earthquakes: Before, During, and After

As provided by the Disaster Preparedness Guidebook of Project DINA (Disaster Information
for Nationwide Awareness) of the NDRRMC and OCD:
Sourced from Disaster Preparedness Guidebook, Project DINA (Disaster Information for Nationwide Awareness) NDRRMC and OCD
Tsunami
A Tsunami is defined as “a series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea
earthquakes and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters.” (PHIVOLCS- DOST, 2018) It
can be mistakenly called tidal waves, and sometimes mistaken for storm surges. PHIVOLCS-
DOST adds that tsunamis might happen when “the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong
enough to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it.”
But a rather unknown fact is that aside from underwater earthquakes, a tsunami can also
be produced by other natural phenomena which can include:

§ underwater landslides (ex. Palu, Indonesia 28, September 2018)

§ volcanic eruptions (ex. Krakatau – 27, August 1883 and 22 December 2018) and
§ very rarely by large meteorite impacts in the ocean.

Tsunami Threat in the Philippines

The Philippines is frequently visited by tsunamis. It was recorded on 17 August 1976,
that a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in Moro Gulf produced a tsunami that was up to 9-meters high
which caused devastation in the southwest coast of Mindanao, and left more than 3,000 people
dead, and a thousand people missing. A tsunami on November 15, 1994 caused by the Mindoro
Earthquake also generated tsunamis that left 49 casualties.

Natural Signs of an Approaching Tsunami

• A felt earthquake
• Unusual sea level change
• Rumbling sound of approaching waves

Tsunami Safety and Preparedness

The PHIVOLCS –DOST advises the following:
§ During the retreat of sea level, interesting sights are often revealed (stranded fishes on
dry land, sandbars and coral flats may be exposed) which may tempt people to flock to
the shoreline thereby increasing the number of people at risk.
§ If a strong earthquake is felt and unusual sea conditions like rapid lowering of sea
level are observed, immediately move towards high grounds.
§ Never go down the beach to watch for a tsunami. When you see the wave, you are too
close to escape it.
§ Stay out of danger areas until “all clear” is issued by competent authority. A tsunami
is not a single wave but a series of waves.
Source: PHIVOLCS-DOST
Sourced from Disaster Preparedness Guidebook, Project DINA (Disaster Information for Nationwide Awareness) NDRRMC and OCD
Landslide
The NDDRMC- OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook of Project DINA defines a
landslide as “the movement of soil, rocks, mud or debris down a slope.” A landslide can be
caused by continuous heavy rains (rain-induced landslides) or shaking due to earthquake
(earthquake-induced landslides).
Left: Rain-induced debris
flow, Brgy. Mayana, Barili,
Cebu, December 2014 – TS
Seniang

Right: Earthquake-induced
rockslide, Brgy. Conalum,
Argao, Cebu, October
2013 – M 7.2 Bohol
Earthquake

Source: [Link]

Landslide Preparedness
The Philippines is prone to a variety of natural hazards, i.e. typhoon and earthquakes,
making the occurrence of landslides inevitable. Safety experts promote that awareness and
preparedness are the most effective prevention and mitigation measures against the threat of a
landslide in communities.

The PHIVOLCS-DOST advices the following landslide preparedness methods:

§ Hazard mapping (Landslide Susceptibility Map)
§ Public information (Landslide Warning Signs)
§ Engineering intervention measures or slope protection measures (Gabion walls,
Drainage, or Erosion control)
§ Early warning systems (monitoring systems designed to predict events that precede
landslides in order to issue a hazard warning. It mitigates risk by reducing the
consequences.)
The following is also advised by the NDRRMC-OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook on
the actions to take during a landslide:

Stay in a Safe Area and Be Alert

§ When inside a house or building and evacuation is not possible, stay inside and get
under a sturdy table.
§ When outside, avoid affected areas and go to a safer place.
§ When landslide cannot be avoided, protect your head.
§ When driving, do not cross bridges and damaged roads.
Sourced from Disaster Preparedness Guidebook, Project DINA (Disaster Information for Nationwide Awareness) NDRRMC and OCD
Fire
The Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Council under the Department of
Labor and Employment in their manual for industries defines fire as “a chemical reaction
between a flammable or combustible material and oxygen.” It is also known as “rapid
oxidation” with the evolution of light and heat.
Fires that are unmonitored or uncontrolled poses danger not only to human life but also
to people’s investments, properties, and livelihood. Basic knowledge on fire prevention and on
what to do in case of fire is very important. (NDRRMC-OCD, 2011)

Fire Prevention
The NDRRMC- OCD lists the following fire prevention tips from the Disaster Preparedness
Guidebook:
§ Ensure that fire alarms and sprinklers work.
§ Practice your evacuation plan and participate in fire drills.
§ Turn off LPG tanks when not in use.
§ Hire an electrician to check on your electrical wirings at least once a year.
§ Unplug appliances and gadgets after using or charging.
§ DO NOT leave lighted candles and cigarettes unattended.
§ Teach children on fire safety.
§ Learn how to use a fire extinguisher.
Remember PASS:
Pull the pin,
Aim the nozzle at the base of fire
Squeeze the lever
Sweep from side to side.
Fire Extinguisher
The city’s Central 911 defines it as a “portable Source: Fire safety, Central 911 Fire and OSHC)
device that discharges a jet of water, foam, gas, or other materials to extinguish a fire.”
In case of Fire, the NDRRMC-OCD Disaster Preparedness Guidebook lists the following
tips:
§ Stay calm and evacuate immediately.
§ Sound the fire alarm and call 911 for assistance.
§ If you’re in a building, use the stairs and do not use elevators.
§ Before opening doors, check handle first. If hot, DO NOT OPEN as the room may
already be on fire.
§ If there is smoke, get down low and cover your mouth and nose with damp cloth.
§ If your clothes catch fire, STOP running, DROP to the floor, and ROLL to put out
the flames.
§ If trapped, stay in the room and signal for help using bright colored cloth at the
window or make noise.
§ After the fire, do not return inside your house or building unless authorities deemed it
safe.
 §
Have yourself checked for injuries.

Sourced from Disaster Preparedness Guidebook, Project DINA (Disaster Information for Nationwide Awareness) NDRRMC and OCD