12.
SOME USEFUL FORMULAS and tables
Geometric series, S = a + ax + ax2 + ax3 + ... + axn−1
(1.1)
Sum of a geometric series with n terms, Sn = (1.2)
Geometric series with infinite terms, S∞ = with x < 1, (1.3)
Future value of money, FV = PV (1 + r)n
(2.1)
Present value of money, PV = (2.2)
Present value of cash flows C, at a discount rate of r, for n periods:
S = + + + ... n terms = = (2.5)
Present value of a perpetuity S= = (2.6)
Bond value, B= + (3.1)
Value of a perpetual bond, B=
(3.2)
Value of a zero-coupon bond, B= (3.3)
Current yield of a bond, y=
(3.4)
Yield to maturity of a bond, Y≈ (3.5)
Gordon's growth model, common stock, P0 = (3.6)
Preferred stock, P0 =
(3.7)
Return on a stock investment R= +g (3.8)
Net present value, NPV = − I0 + (4.1)
After-tax cash flow, C = E(1 − t) + tD
(4.3)
Expected value of X, E(X) = PiXi = X (5.1)
Variance of X, var(X) = Pi(Xi − X)2 (5.2)
Standard deviation of X, (X) = (5.3)
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Covariance between X and Y, cov(X,Y) = Pi(Xi − X)(Yi − Y) (5.4)
Correlation coefficient between X and Y, r(X,Y) = (5.5)
Covariance between X and Y, cov(X,Y) = r(X,Y)σ(X)σ(Y)
(5.6)
Property of correlation coefficient, −1 < r(X,Y) < 1
(5.7)
For a two-security portfolio, w1 + w2 = 1
(5.9)
Expected return, E(Rp) = w1E(R1) + w2E(R2)
(5.8)
Sigma of portfolio, σ(Rp) = (5.10)
σ(Rp) = (5.11)
Return on a stock, Rj = (6.1)
Return on the market, Rm = + d1 (6.2)
Beta of a stock, βj = (6.3)
Beta of a portfolio, βp = w1β1 + w2β2 + w3β3 + ... = wiβi (6.4)
Capital Asset Pricing Model, E(Rj) = r + βj [E(Rm) − r]
(6.5)
Cost of equity, ke = kd + risk premium
(7.1)
ke = + g (7.2)
ke = r + βj [E(Rm) − r] (7.3)
ke = historical return on the stock (7.4)
Cost of preferred stock, kp = (7.5)
Weighted average cost of capital, WACC = (1− t) kd + ke (7.6)
Total value of a firm, V=B+S
(8.1)
Earnings per share, EPS = (8.2)
Price-earnings ratio, (8.3)
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Dividend yield, (8.4)
Dividend payout ratio, (8.5)
Bond financing, EPS = (8.6)
Stock financing, EPS = (8.7)
Critical EBIT, E* = I + r(NP + F)
(8.9)
Current EPS: EPS = (8.10)
Tax shield, tax shield = tB
(9.1)
Value of a leveraged firm, VL = VU + tB − b
(9.2)
Change in the value of a firm, ΔVL = tΔB − Δb
(9.3)
Present Value Interest Factor of an Annuity (PVIFA)
1 0.9901 0.9804 0.9709 0.9615 0.9524 0.9434 0.9346 0.9259 0.9174 0.9091
2 1.9704 1.9416 1.9135 1.8861 1.8594 1.8334 1.8080 1.7833 1.7591 1.7355
3 2.9410 2.8839 2.8286 2.7751 2.7232 2.6730 2.6243 2.5771 2.5313 2.4869
4 3.9020 3.8077 3.7171 3.6299 3.5459 3.4651 3.3872 3.3121 3.2397 3.1699
5 4.8534 4.7134 4.5797 4.4518 4.3295 4.2124 4.1002 3.9927 3.8897 3.7908
6 5.7955 5.6014 5.4172 5.2421 5.0757 4.9173 4.7665 4.6229 4.4859 4.3553
7 6.7282 6.4720 6.2303 6.0021 5.7864 5.5824 5.3893 5.2064 5.0330 4.8684
8 7.6517 7.3255 7.0197 6.7327 6.4632 6.2098 5.9713 5.7466 5.5348 5.3349
9 8.5660 8.1622 7.7861 7.4353 7.1078 6.8017 6.5152 6.2469 5.9952 5.7590
10 9.4713 8.9826 8.5302 8.1109 7.7217 7.3601 7.0236 6.7101 6.4177 6.1446
11 10.3676 9.7868 9.2526 8.7605 8.3064 7.8869 7.4987 7.1390 6.8052 6.4951
12 11.2551 10.5753 9.9540 9.3851 8.8632 8.3838 7.9427 7.5361 7.1607 6.8137
13 12.1337 11.3483 10.6350 9.9856 9.3936 8.8527 8.3577 7.9038 7.4869 7.1034
14 13.0037 12.1062 11.2961 10.5631 9.8986 9.2950 8.7455 8.2442 7.7862 7.3667
15 13.8650 12.8492 11.9379 11.1184 10.3796 9.7122 9.1079 8.5595 8.0607 7.6061
16 14.7179 13.5777 12.5611 11.6523 10.8378 10.1059 9.4467 8.8514 8.3126 7.8237
17 15.5622 14.2918 13.1661 12.1657 11.2741 10.4773 9.7632 9.1216 8.5436 8.0216
18 16.3983 14.9920 13.7535 12.6593 11.6896 10.8276 10.0591 9.3719 8.7556 8.2014
19 17.2260 15.6784 14.3238 13.1339 12.0853 11.1581 10.3356 9.6036 8.9501 8.3649
20 18.0455 16.3514 14.8775 13.5903 12.4622 11.4699 10.5940 9.8181 9.1285 8.5136
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1 0.9009 0.8929 0.8850 0.8772 0.8696 0.8621 0.8547 0.8475 0.8403 0.8333
2 1.7125 1.6901 1.6681 1.6467 1.6257 1.6052 1.5852 1.5656 1.5465 1.5278
3 2.4437 2.4018 2.3612 2.3216 2.2832 2.2459 2.2096 2.1743 2.1399 2.1065
4 3.1024 3.0373 2.9745 2.9137 2.8550 2.7982 2.7432 2.6901 2.6386 2.5887
5 3.6959 3.6048 3.5172 3.4331 3.3522 3.2743 3.1993 3.1272 3.0576 2.9906
6 4.2305 4.1114 3.9975 3.8887 3.7845 3.6847 3.5892 3.4976 3.4098 3.3255
7 4.7122 4.5638 4.4226 4.2883 4.1604 4.0386 3.9224 3.8115 3.7057 3.6046
8 5.1461 4.9676 4.7988 4.6389 4.4873 4.3436 4.2072 4.0776 3.9544 3.8372
9 5.5370 5.3282 5.1317 4.9464 4.7716 4.6065 4.4506 4.3030 4.1633 4.0310
10 5.8892 5.6502 5.4262 5.2161 5.0188 4.8332 4.6586 4.4941 4.3389 4.1925
11 6.2065 5.9377 5.6869 5.4527 5.2337 5.0286 4.8364 4.6560 4.4865 4.3271
12 6.4924 6.1944 5.9176 5.6603 5.4206 5.1971 4.9884 4.7932 4.6105 4.4392
13 6.7499 6.4235 6.1218 5.8424 5.5831 5.3423 5.1183 4.9095 4.7147 4.5327
14 6.9819 6.6282 6.3025 6.0021 5.7245 5.4675 5.2293 5.0081 4.8023 4.6106
15 7.1909 6.8109 6.4624 6.1422 5.8474 5.5755 5.3242 5.0916 4.8759 4.6755
16 7.3792 6.9740 6.6039 6.2651 5.9542 5.6685 5.4053 5.1624 4.9377 4.7296
17 7.5488 7.1196 6.7291 6.3729 6.0472 5.7487 5.4746 5.2223 4.9897 4.7746
18 7.7016 7.2497 6.8399 6.4674 6.1280 5.8178 5.5339 5.2732 5.0333 4.8122
19 7.8393 7.3658 6.9380 6.5504 6.1982 5.8775 5.5845 5.3162 5.0700 4.8435
20 7.9633 7.4694 7.0248 6.6231 6.2593 5.9288 5.6278 5.3527 5.1009 4.8696
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