ANSI MH16.

1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)

Specific atio
tionn fo r th
theeD
De
esig
sign,
n, T
Testing
esting and

Utilizatio
Utilizationno
off Indu
Industr
strial
ial Ste
Stee
el Storage
tor age Ra
Racks
cks
Abst
Ab strac
rac t :

The standard applies to industrial pallet racks, movable shelf racks, and stacker
racks made of cold-formed or hot-rolled steel structural members. It does not
apply to other types of racks, such as drive-in or drive-through racks, cantilever
racks, portable racks, etc. or to racks made of material other than steel.

An Industry Group
Group of MHI
8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201
Charlotte, NC 28217-3992
standards@[Link]

© 2019 by MHI
All rights reserved.
reserved.

V12a
Ameri
Am eri can Nati on al St
Stand
and ard

Approval of an American National

National Standard requires verification by
by ANSI that the requirements
for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards
developer.

Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the th e ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been
been reached by directly and materially affect
affected
ed interests. Substantial
agreement means much more than a simple ma majority,
jority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus
requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward
their resolution.

The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing,
marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes or procedures not conforming to the
standards.

The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will wil l in no
circumstances give an interpretation
interpretation of any American Nat
National
ional Standard. Moreover, no person
shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the
name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations
interpretations should be
addressed to the sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time.
The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken
periodically to reaffirm, revise or withdraw thi
this
s standard. Purchasers of American National
National
Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling
cal ling or writing the American
National Standards Institute.

Published by

Rack Manufacturers Institute

An Ind us tr y Gr ou p o
off MHI
8720 Red
Red Oak B lvd ., Suite 201, Charlo tte, NC, 282
28217-3992
17-3992
Telepho ne: (704) 676-11
676-1190
90
[Link]/rmi
standards@[Link]

© 2019 by M aterial Handling Industry

All rights reserved.
reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without
prior written permission of the publisher, RMI.

Printed in the United States of America.

V12a
 ANSI MH16.1:2012(R
MH1 6.1:2012(R2019)
2019)

Am eri can Nati on al St and ard

Specifi cation f or the De

Specifi Design,
sign, Te
Testing
sting and
Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Ra
Rack
ck Manufactur
Manufactur ers Insti tute (RM
(RMI)
I)
An Industry Group of MHI

Ap pr ov ed Sep tem ber 12, 2019

American National Standards Institute,
Institute, Inc.

V12a
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Disclaimer
FOREWORD. This Standard, approved by ANSI on January 13, 2012 and reaffirmed by ANSI on
2019, was developed under Material Handling Industry’s (MHI) ANSI approved
September 12, 2019,
procedures, and represents suggested design practices and operational requirements for
Industrial Steel Storage Racks. It was developed by the Rack Manufacturers
Manufacturers Institute (RMI)
(RMI),, and
is intended to provide useful information and guidance for owners, users, designers, purchasers
and/or specifiers of material handling equipment or systems. It is advisory only and should only
be regarded as a simple tool that its intended audience may or may not choose to follow, adopt,
modify, or reject. The following information does not constitute a comprehensive safety program,
cannot guard against pitfalls in operating, selecting and purchasing such a system, and should
not be relied upon as such. Such a program should be developed, and an independent adviser
should be consulted in doing so.

VOLUNTARY. The use of this document is completely voluntary. Its existence does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether it has approved this Standard or not, from following
follo wing procedures
and assuming responsibilities not conforming to this Standard.

DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY. MHI, RMI and their members assume no responsibility and
disclaim all liability of any kind, however arising, as a result of acceptance or use or alleged use
of this Standard. Anyone using this Standard specifically understands and agrees that MHI, RMI,
their members, officers, agents, and employees shall not be liable under any legal theory of any
kind for any action or failure to act with respect to the design, erection, installation, manufacture,
and preparation for sale, sale, characteristics, features, or delivery of anything covered by this
Standard or any other activity covered by this Standard. Any use of this information must be
determined by the user to be in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local laws and
regulations.

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY. MHI, RMI and their members make NO WARRANTIES WARRANTIES of any
kind, express
express or implied, in connection with the inform ation in this b rochure and
SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND OF
FITNESS
FITNES S FOR PA RTICULAR PURPOSE.

INDEMNIFICATION. By referring to or otherwise employing this Standard, its user agrees to

defend, protect, indemnify, and hold MHI, RMI, their members, officers, agents, and e employees
mployees
harmless from and against all claims, losses, expenses, damages,
damages , and liabilities, direct,
incidental, or consequential, arising from acceptance or use or alleged use of this Standard,
including loss of profits and reasonable attorneys' fees which may arise out of the acceptance or
use or alleged use of this document. The intent of this provision is to absolve and protect MHI,
RMI, their members, officers, agents, and employees from any and all loss relating in any way to
this document, including those resulting from the user's own negligence.
n egligence.

FOR Questions Contact:

Material Handling Industry, 8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201, Charlotte, NC 28217-3992;
standards@[Link].

V12a ii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Foreword [This foreword is not part of American National Standard MH16.1:2012(R2019)]

RACK MANUFACTURERS INSTITUTE

INSTITUTE
The Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI) is an independent incorporated trade association
affiliated with the Material Handling Industry.
Industry. The membership of RMI is made
made up of
companies which produce the preponderance of industrial steel storage racks and Welded
Wire Rack Decking used in the USA.
RMI maintains a public website at [Link]/RMI that has information about storage
racks and the RMI members including ordering information for literature and a section for
frequently asked questions. All inquiries concerning the Specification should be directed in
writing to the RMI Engineering Committee, 8720 Red Oak Boulevard, Suite 201, Charlotte,
NC 28217.

MATERIAL HANDLING INDUSTRY

The Material Handling Industry (MHI) provides RMI with certain services and, in connection
with this Specification, arranges
arranges for its production and distribution. Neither the Material
Handling Industry nor its officers, directors, or employees have any other participation in the
development and preparation of the information contained in the Specification.

SPECIFICATION - HISTORY
In the interest of improved uniformity of rack performance and enhanced public safety, the
RMI published in 1964 its first “Minimum Engineering Standards for Indust rial Storage
Racks”,, and now publishes this Specification. It was developed and promulgated by tthe
Racks” he RMI
with the sole intent of offering information to the parties engaged in the engineering,
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, installation, inspection, permitting or use of such
racks.
Since 1964, mechanized storage systems have grown very rapidly both in size and height
with new and modified types of racks having been developed. To reflect this rapid
development and to assure adequate safety and performance of modern rack structures, the
RMI decided early in 1971 to replace its original standards by a more detailed and
comprehensive specification. Professors George Winter and Teoman Pekoz of Cornell
University were retained to assist the Rack Standard Development Project Committee in
producing such a document. The members of the Material Handling Institut
Institute,
e, Inc. were the
sponsors.
In 1972, the “Interim Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel
Storage Racks” was adopted by the Rack Manufacturers Institute at their annual fall meeting.
The specification was then submitted to the American National Standards Institute for their
review and acceptance. In 1974, the Interim Specification with minor changes was accepted
as American National Standard ANSI MH 16.1-1974.
The Rack Manufacturers Institute together with its sponsors from the Material Handling
Institute, Inc., retained Professors Winter and Pekoz to continue testing rack components
plus perform full scale
scale tests on typical storage rack str
structures.
uctures. A number of the test
test results
have been analyzed, and it was considered necessary to rewrite the 1972 Interim
Specification to include the knowledge gained from the analysis of those testtests.
s. The 1972
Interim Specification was rewritten by the Rack Standards Subcommittee with the assistance
of Professors Winter
Winter and Pekoz. Design parameters relating to drive-in and drive-through
racks have been removed from the Specification until drive-in and drive-through rack test
results could be analyzed more thoroughly; perhaps more testing would be required.
Movable-shelf racks were added to the Specification.
V12a iii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

As a result of additional testing and analytical research, the RMI revised the 1972
Specification. The ANSI MH 16.1-1974 was withdrawn in deference to the 1979
Specification. More additions
additions and revisions prompted the RMI to publish the 1985
1985
Specification.
Subsequent testing and research by Dr. Pekoz was the basis of the changes resulting in the
1990 Specification.
From 1990 to 1997, due to continuing changes, specifically as they relate to seismic analysis
and other model building code issues, the Specification Advisory Committee, the Seismology
Committee and the RMI Engineering Committee working again with Dr. Pekoz and several
highly regarded members of the code community and various other members of similar
groups throughout the world, conducted extensive testing
testing and parametric analysis. Findings
resulted in the 1997 Specification.
In addition to the state-of-the-art benefit from the ongoing testing and analysis, the 1997
Specification was expanded to include complete treatment of seismic design considerations
so that the Specification could be more easily incorporated by reference into various model
building and design codes.
In 1999, the Membership of RMI acted to create a Voluntary Certification Program known as
the R-MARK. The R-Mark is a license earned by a manufacturer following a rigorous rreview
eview
by independent professional engineers of tests and load capacity calculations performed by
the manufacturer consistent with the RMI/ANSI Specification.
Continued testing
testing and parametric studies resulted in the 2002 Specification. In 2004 the
2002 RMI Specification and Commentary were adopted as American National Standard
ANSI MH 16.1-2004.
16.1-2004.
The 2008 RMI Specification (ANSI MH 16.1-2008) incorporated the results from the FEMA
460 document, which was published in Se September,
ptember, 2005. In addition, the symbol and
nomenclature tables were added. The seismic section was updated going from the old A a
and Av values to the current Ss and S1 values utilized by the
the USGS. A section on Connection
Connection
Rotational Capacity was
was added. The Column Base Plate sect section
ion was updated. A section on
shims was added. A section on Pick Modules and Rack Supported Platforms Platforms was added.
The section on Automated and Manual Storage and Retrieval Systems was taken out of the
appendix and incorporated into the Specification. A section for C Cyclic
yclic Testing of Beam-to-
Beam-to-
Column Connections was added.

SPECIFICATION - 2012 EDITION

The use of this Specification is permissive, not mandatory. Voluntary use is within the control
and discretion of the user and is not intended to, and does not in any way limit the ingenuity,
responsibility or prerogative of individual manufacturers to design or produce industrial steel
storage racks that dodo not comply with this Spe
Specification.
cification. The RMI has no legal authority to
require or enforce compliance with the Specification. This advisory Specification provides
technical guidelines to the user for hi
his
s specific application. Following the Specification does
not assure compliance with applicable federal, state, or local regulations and codes. This
Specification is not binding on any person and does not have the effect of law.
The RMI and the Material Handling Industry do not take any position regarding any patent
rights or copyrights which could be asserted with regard to this Specification, and does not
undertake to insure anyone using this Specification against liability, nor assume any such
liability. Users of this Specification are expressly advised
advised that determination of the validity of
any such copyrights, patent rights, and risk of infringement of such rights is entirely their own
responsibility.

V12a iv
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

In the interest of safety, all users of storage racks are advised to regularly inspect and
properly maintain the structural integrity of their storage rack systems by assuring proper
operational, housekeeping and maintenance procedures.
Users of the Specification must rely on competent advice to specify, test and/or design the
storage rack system for their particular application.
application. This Specification is offered as a
guideline. If a user refers to, or otherwise employs, all or any part
part of the Specification, the
user is agreeing to follow the terms of indemnity, warranty disclaimer, and disclaimer of

liability.
REAFFIRMATION - 2019 EDITION
This American National
National Standard was reaffirmed by ANSI on September 12, 2019. During
the reaffirmation process, RMI references a new source of the variables SS and S1 in Section
[Link]. The 2012 version of this Specification included a link to a United States Geological
Survey (USGS) website
website that is no longer maintained. The 2019 version includes a reference
to [Link] where this data can be obtained.
The 2019 edition also refers to the 2019 reaffirmation and that Material Handling Industry of
America and Material Handling
Handling Industry now go by the
the acronym MHI.
No additional changes were made to the 2019 edition.

V12a v
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYMBOLS.............
..........................
..........................
..........................
.........................
..........................
...........................
..........................
......................x
.........x
NOMENCLATURE..................
................................
............................
............................
............................
...........................
...........................x
..............xv
v

1. GENERAL ...................................................
.............................................................................
...................................................
......................... 1
1.1 SCOPE ...................................................
.............................................................................
...................................................
.........................1
1.2 MATERIALS ........................
..................................................
...................................................
..............................................
..................... 1
1.3 APPLICABLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ........................
..................................................
..................................
........ 1
1.4 INTEGRITY OF RACK INSTALLATIONS ................................................
............................................................
............ 1
1.4.1 Owner Maintenance
Maintenance .................................................
..........................................................................
......................... 1
1.4.2 Plaque .................................................
..........................................................................
..............................................
..................... 2
1.4.3 Conformance
Conformance ................................................
.........................................................................
.....................................
............ 2
1.4.4 Load Application and Rack Configuration Drawings ......................... 2
1.4.5 Multiple Configurations
Configurations .............................................
......................................................................
......................... 2
1.4.6 Movable-Shelf
Movable-Shelf Rack Stability.................................................
.............................................................
............ 3
1.4.7 Column Base Plates and Anchors.................................................
.....................................................
.... 3
1.4.8 Small Installations
Installations ................................................
..........................................................................
.............................
... 3
1.4.9 Rack Damage ..................................................
...........................................................................
.................................
........ 3
1.4.10 Racks Connected
Connected to the Building Structure .......................................
....................................... 3
1.4.11 Out-of-plu
Out-of-plumb
mb and Out-of-straight
Out-of-straight Limits ............................................
............................................ 3

2. LOADING
LOA DING ................................................
..........................................................................
....................................................
.............................
... 4
2.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR THE ASD DESIGN METHOD .........................
.................................
........ 4

2.2 LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS FOR THE LRFD DESIGN METHOD ........... 5
2.3 VERTICAL IMPACT LOADS .........................
...................................................
...................................................
.........................5
2.4 HORIZONTAL FORCES ......................
................................................
...................................................
.................................
........ 5
2.5 WIND LOADS ......................
................................................
...................................................
..............................................
..................... 6
2.6 EARTHQUAKE LOADS .......................
.................................................
...................................................
.................................
........ 6
2.6.1 General ...............................................
........................................................................
..............................................
.....................6
2.6.2 Minimum Seismic Forces ..........................................................
..................................................................
........ 7
2.6.3 Calculation
Calculation of Seismic Response
Response Coefficient
Coefficient ....................................
.................................... 9
2.6.4 Connection
Connection Rotational
Rotational Capacity ................................................
......................................................
...... 20

2.6.5 Seismic Displacement

Displacement ..........................................
....................................................................
............................ 20
V12a vi
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

2.6.6 Seismic Separation

Separation ..................................................
.........................................................................
....................... 21
2.6.7 Vertical Distribution
Distribution of Seismic Forces ............................................
............................................ 21
2.6.8 Horizontall Shear Distribution
Horizonta Distribution.................................................
...........................................................
.......... 22
2.6.9 Overturning
Overturning ..................................................
...........................................................................
...................................
.......... 22
2.6.10 Concurre
Concurrent
nt Forces..........................
Forces....................................................
.................................................
.......................22

3. DESIGN PROCEDURES
PROCEDURES ..................................................
............................................................................
............................ 23

4. DESIGN OF STEEL ELEMENTS AND MEMBERS.....................................

..................................... 23
4.1 COLD-FORMED STEEL MEMBERS ...............................................
..............................................................
............... 23
4.1.1 Properties of Sections ....................
..............................................
.................................................
....................... 23
4.1.2 Flexural Members...........................
Members.....................................................
.................................................
....................... 23
4.1.3 Concentrically
Concentrically Loaded Compression
Compression Members ...............................
............................... 23
4.2 HOT-ROLLED STEEL COLUMNS ..................................................
.................................................................
............... 24

5. BEAM
BEA M DESIGN ................................................
.........................................................................
............................................
................... 24
5.1 CALCULATIONS ................................................
.........................................................................
........................................
............... 24
5.2 CROSS SECTION .........................
..................................................
...................................................
....................................
.......... 24
5.3 DEFLECTIONS .........................
..................................................
..................................................
........................................
............... 24
5.4 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS .........................
...................................................
....................................
.......... 25
5.4.1 General ...............................................
........................................................................
............................................
...................25
5.4.2 Beam Locking Device..........................
Device...................................................
............................................
................... 25
5.4.3 Movable-Shelf
Movable-Shelf Racks ...................................................
......................................................................
................... 25
5.5 PALLET SUPPORTS ......................
................................................
...................................................
...................................
.......... 25
ELDED IRE ACK ECKING
5.6 W -W R D .........................
..................................................
........................................
............... 25
6. UPRIGHT FRAME DESIGN..................................................
.........................................................................
....................... 25
6.1 DEFINITION ........................
..................................................
...................................................
............................................
................... 25
6.2 GENERAL......................
................................................
....................................................
.................................................
....................... 25
6.2.1 Upright frames and multi-tiered
multi-tiered portal frames ................................. 25
6.2.2 Connections
Connections .................................................
..........................................................................
...................................
.......... 26
6.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTHS .......................
.................................................
...................................................
...............................
...... 26
6.3.1 Flexural Buckling in the Direction Perpendicular to the Upright
Frames…………………………………………………………………………….. 26

6.3.2 Flexural Buckling in the Plane of the Upright Frame ....................... 26

V12a vii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

6.3.3 Torsional Buckling ................................................

..........................................................................
............................ 27
6.3.4 Diagonals and Horizontals
Horizontals ...............................................
..............................................................
............... 27
27
6.4 STABILITY OF TRUSSED-BRACED UPRIGHT FRAMES ....................................
.................................... 28

7. COLUMN BASE
BA SE DESIGN .................................................
...........................................................................
............................ 29

7.1 COLUMN BASE PLATES .........................

...................................................
....................................................
............................ 29
7.1.1 Bearing on concrete
concrete ...................................................................
........................................................................
..... 29
7.1.2 Base plate design.................................................
...........................................................................
............................ 29
7.1.3 Maximum Considered Earthquake Base Rotation ........................... 30
7.1.4 Shims ..................................................
...........................................................................
............................................
................... 31
7.2 SLAB AND SUBGRADE EVALUATION ........................
..................................................
....................................
.......... 31
7.3 ANCHOR BOLTS ...............................................
........................................................................
........................................
............... 31
7.3.1 Anchor Bolt
Bolt Design.....................
Design...............................................
....................................................
............................ 31
7.3.2 Periodic Inspection of Anchor Bolt Installation
Installation ................................ 31

8. SPECIAL RACK DESIGN PROVISIONS..................................

PROVISIONS.....................................................
................... 32
8.1 OVERTURNING ........................
.................................................
..................................................
........................................
............... 32
8.2 CONNECTIONS TO BUILDINGS ........................
.................................................
............................................
...................32
8.3 INTERACTION WITH BUILDINGS .......................
................................................
............................................
................... 32
8.4 PICK MODULES AND RACK SUPPORTED PLATFORMS................................... 33
8.4.1 Posting of Design Loads ..................................................
.................................................................
............... 33
8.4.2 Design Requirements
Requirements ...............................................
......................................................................
....................... 33
8.4.3 Rack Supported Platform and Pick Module Walkways .................... 33
8.4.4 Stairways..................................................................
.........................................................................................
....................... 35
8.4.5 Product Fall Protection
Protection .....................................................
....................................................................
............... 35
8.5 AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS (STACKER RACKS) ........... 36
8.5.1 Tolerances
Tolerances (1.4.11) ......................................
...............................................................
...................................
.......... 36
8.5.2 Vertical Impact Loads (2.3) ...................................................
.............................................................
.......... 36
8.5.3 Horizontall Loads (2.4) ..........................................
Horizonta ....................................................................
............................ 36
8.5.4 Wind (2.5) and Snow Loads (2.1)..................................................
....................................................
.. 36
36
8.5.5 Deflections
Deflections (5.3) ...........................................
.....................................................................
...................................
......... 36
8.5.6 Rack Compatibility
Compatibility with the Equipment
Equipment ...........................................
........................................... 36

9. TEST METHODS .............................................

......................................................................
............................................
................... 36
V12a viii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

9.1 GENERAL......................
................................................
....................................................
.................................................
....................... 36
9.1.1 Testing Apparatus
Apparatus and Fixtures ............................................
......................................................
.......... 37
9.1.2 Instrumentation
Instrumentation ................................................
.........................................................................
...............................
...... 37
9.1.3 Reduction
Reduction and Presentation
Presentation of Test Data........................................
........................................ 37
9.1.4 Evaluation of Tests for Determining
Det ermining Structural
Stru ctural Performance
Perfor mance ...........
........ ... 38
9.2 STUB COLUMN TESTS FOR COLD-FORMED AND HOT-ROLLED COLUMNS ...... 38
38
9.2.1 Test Specimen and Procedure
Procedure ..................................................
........................................................
...... 38
9.2.2 Evaluation
Evaluation of Test Results................................................
...............................................................
............... 38
9.3 PALLET BEAM TESTS .......................
.................................................
...................................................
...............................
...... 39
9.3.1 Simply Supported
Supported Pallet Beam Tests ..............................................
.............................................. 39
9.3.2 Pallet Beam in Upright Frames Assembly Test ...............................
............................... 40
9.4 PALLET BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTION TESTS......................
.........................................
................... 41
9.4.1 The Cantilever
Cantilever Test ..........................................
....................................................................
...............................
..... 41
9.4.2 The Portal Test.................................................
..........................................................................
...............................
...... 42
9.5 UPRIGHT FRAME TEST .........................
...................................................
....................................................
............................ 42
9.5.1 Horizontal Load in the Direction Perpendicular to the Plane of the
Upright Frame ..................................................
...........................................................................
............................................
................... 43
9.5.2 Horizontal Load in the Direction Parallel to the Plane of Upright
Frame……………………………………………………………………………… 44

9.6 CYCLIC TESTING OF BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS ............... 44

9.6.1 General ...............................................
........................................................................
............................................
...................44
9.6.2 Definitions ...............................................
........................................................................
........................................
...............45
9.6.3 Test Subassemblage
Subassemblage Requirements
Requirements ...............................................
............................................... 45
9.6.4 Essential Test Variables
Variables ...........................................
..................................................................
....................... 45
9.6.5 Testing Procedure
Procedure ............................................
......................................................................
...............................
..... 46
9.6.6 Loading History-General
History-General Requirements
Requirements ..........................................
.......................................... 46
9.6.7 Instrumentation
Instrumentation ................................................
.........................................................................
...............................
...... 46
9.6.8 Material Testing Requirements
Requirements .................................................
.......................................................
...... 47
9.6.9 Test Reporting
Reporting Requirements
Requirements ...................................................
.........................................................
...... 47
9.6.10 Acceptan
Acceptance
ce Criteria
Criteria ..................................................
.........................................................................
....................... 47
9.6.11 Evaluatio
Evaluation
n of Test Results................................................
...............................................................
............... 47

10. REFERENCES
REFERENCES TO THE TEXT ...............................................................
.................................................................
.. 48

V12a ix
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

SYMBOLS

SYMBOL DEFINITION FIRST

APPEARS IN
SECTION
A Sum of the minimum net area (A net min.) of the 6.4
columns of the upright frame
Ab Cross-sectional area of a horizontal brace 6.4
Ad Cross-sectional area of a diagonal brace 6.4
Ae Effective area at the stress F n [Link]
A net min Minimum cross-sectional area obtained by passing 9.2.2
a plane through the column normal to the axis of the
column
Cd Deflection amplification factor 2.6.4
Cs Seismic response coefficient 2.6.2
Cw Torsional warping constant [Link]
D Dead load 2.1
E Earthquake (seismic) Load 2.1
E Modulus of elasticity of steel 6.4
F Joint spring constant C5.2
F1 Lateral force at the first shelf level 2.6.7
Fa Site coefficient defined in Table [Link] (2). [Link]
Fc Critical buckling stress 4.1.2
Fi Portion of base shear induced at level i 2.6.8
Fn Nominal buckling stress [Link]
F’p Maximum allowable bearing stress 7.2.1
Fv Site coefficient defined in Table [Link] (3). [Link]
Fx Lateral force at any level 2.6.7
Fy Yield point used for design 9.2.2
H Total lateral force above shelf elevation being C2.6.3
evaluated
H Horizontal load per beam C9.4.2.3
I Impact loading on a shelf 2.1
I Minimum net moment of inertia of the columns 6.4
about the gravity axis of the upright frame
perpendicular to the plane of the upright frame

Ib The beam moment of inertia C5.2

V12a x
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Ibr Moment of inertia of the horizontal brace about its 6.4

own axis perpendicular to the plane of the upright
frame
Ic Minimum net moment of inertia of one column about 6.4
its own major axis perpendicular to the plane of the
upright frame

Ip System importance factor 2.6.2

Ix Column moment of inertia about the x-axis C2.6.3
K Effective length factor [Link]
Kb Base rotational stiffness 7.1.3
Kt Effective length factor for torsional buckling [Link]
Kx Effective length factor for story buckling in the C2.6.4
down-aisle direction
L Live load other than the pallets or products stored 2.1
on the racks
L Column span length C2.6.3

L Span of the beam C5.2

L Clear span between shelf beams C5.5
L Distance between the centroid of the two columns C9.4.2.3
parallel with the shelf beam
Lb Actual span of the pallet beams C6.3.1.1
L c1 Distance from the floor to the first beam level C6.3.1.1
L c2 Distance from the first beam level to the second C6.3.1.1
beam level
Lr Roof live load 2.1
L short and L long Distance between column brace points [Link]

L x, L y and L t Unbraced lengths for column design, for bending 6.3

about x- and y-axes and for torsion
Mb Base moment 7.1.3
Me Beam end moment C5.2
N Effective length of the base plate in the down-aisle [Link]
direction
Nb Number of base plate connections C2.6.4
Nc Number of beam-to-column connections C2.6.4
P Maximum load from pallets or products stored on 2.1
the racks

PAver age Maximum total

beam levels weight
in any rowofdivided
productbyexpected on all
the number of 2.6.2

V12a xi
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

beam levels in that row

PMaximum Maximum weight of product that will be placed on 2.6.2
any one beam level in a row
Prf Product load reduction factor (PAverage / PMaximum) 2.6.2
Papp Portion of pallet or product load that is used to 2.1
compute the seismic base shear
Pcr Critical elastic buckling load 6.4
Pn Nominal axial strength 4.2
Q Capacity reduction factor for compressive members 9.2.2
R Load from rain including ponding 2.1
R Seismic response modification factor 2.6.3
R.F. Reduction Factor C9.4.2.3
S Snow load 2.1
SD1 Design spectral response acceleration parameter 2.6.3
for 1second period, (2/3) SM1

SDS Design spectral response acceleration parameter 2.6.3

for a 0.2 second (short) period, (2/3) SMS
SM1 Maximum considered earthquake spectral response [Link]
accelerations for 1second period
SMS Maximum considered earthquake spectral response [Link]
accelerations for a 0.2 second (short) period
Sc Elastic section modulus of the net section for the 4.1.2
extreme compression fiber times 1-0.5(1-Q)(Fc/Fy)Q
Se Elastic section modulus of the net section for the 4.1.2
extreme compression fiber times (0.5+Q/2)
Ss Mapped spectral accelerations for a 0.2 second [Link]

(short) period as determined by the USGS

S1 Mapped spectral accelerations for a 1-second [Link]
period as determined by the USGS
T Fundamental period of the rack structure in each 2.6.3
direction under consideration
V Seismic base shear 2.6.2
Vx Seismic design shear at any level 2.6.8
W Wind load 2.1
W Total load on each beam C5.2

W Unit Load divided by the number of pallet supports C5.5

under load

V12a xii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Wi Loads on each level of the structure that are used to C2.6.3

compute the period, D + (0.67xP) + (0.25xL)

Wpi The weight on the rack that amplifies the drift C2.6.4

Ws Loads on the structure that are used to compute the 2.6.2

horizontal base shear, D + (0.67xPrfxP) + (0.25xL)

a Vertical distance between the horizontal brace axes 6.4

b Horizontal distance between neutral axes of the 6.4
columns
b Width of the column (parallel to the flexure axis) C6.3.1.1
d Depth of the bottom of the pallet C5.5
d Depth of the column (perpendicular to the flexure C6.3.1.1
axis)
ec Center of gravity of the load closest to the pallet C5.5
support
f 'c Minimum 28-day compression strength of the 7.1.1
concrete floor
g Acceleration due to gravity C2.6.3
h Distance from the floor to the top of the beam C9.4.2.3
h i or h x Height from the base to level i or x 2.6.7
h total Height of the top shelf level 2.6.4
k Upright frame stability coefficient based on location 6.4
of the center of load
kb Rotational stiffness of each base plate connection C2.6.4
k be Beam end rotational stiffness C2.6.4
kc Rotation stiffness of each beam-to-column C2.6.4
connection
k ce Bottom column end rotational stiffness C2.6.4
l Total height of the upright frame 6.4
w i or w x Portion of the total gravity load of the rack, located 2.6.7
or assigned to the bottom shelf level, level i or x
Seismic Product Load Coefficient 2.1
Sway deflection corresponding to a lateral load of C9.4.2.3
2H

Δi Total lateral displacement at level, i C2.6.3

Δi,1 Primary deflection just below the level being C2.6.3
evaluated

V12a xiii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Δp Primary story drift C2.6.3

Δs Seismic displacement at height of the top shelf 2.6.4
θD Rotational seismic demand of the beam-to-column 2.6.4
connection
θMax Maximum rotation sustained by the beam-to-column 2.6.4

connection over at least 2 cycles during testing

 Angle between horizontal and diagonal braces 6.4

c Resistance factor for concentrically loaded 7.1.1

compression member

Pp Design bearing load 7.1.1

Ω Factor of safety for ASD C2.1

 Second-order load amplification factor used in the 2.6.4

column check
s Second-order amplification factor calculated using 2.6.4
Wpi as the vert
vertic
ical
al load
load..
δx Minimum rack separation distance from building 2.6.6
components
ex, ey, and t Compressive stresses calculated per AISI C4.1.2
ρ redundancy factor for earthquake loading 2.1

V12a xiv
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

NOMENCLATURE

Note: Terms designated with † are common with AISI-AISC terms

that are coordinated between the standards developers.
Auto
Au tomat
mated
ed Storag
Sto rage
e and Retriev
Retr ieval
al System
Sys tems
s - A rack structure in which loading and
unloading of the racks is accomplished by a stacker crane, or similar vehicle, without
the aid of an on-board operator.
Allo
Al lo wable
wab le Stren
St rengt
gthh † - Nominal strength divided by the safety factor.
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)† - Method of proportioning structural components
such that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the
component under the action of the ASD load combinations.
Allo
Al lo wable
wab le Stress
Str ess.. - Allowable strength divided by the
th e appropriate section property, such
as section modulus or cross-sectional area.
Appl
Ap plic
ic able Cod e† - Code (enforced by the local building department) under which the
abl e Code
structure is designed.
L oad Combination† - Load combination in the applicable building code intended for
ASD Load
allowable strength design (allowable stress design).
Beam – Typically, a horizontal structural member that has the primary function of resisting
bending moments.
Beam Locking Device - A pin, bolt, or other mechanism that resists disengagement of
the beam connector from the column.
Braced Frame† - An essentially vertical truss system that provides resistance to lateral
forces and provides stability for the structural system.
Bracing Towers - A bracing system consisting
consisting of two
two vertical
vertical plane bracings
bracings parallel
parallel
to main aisle and
and joined at each load elevation with plan bracing. One of the
vertical braces is located at the front column vertical plane and the second at
the rear column vertical plane.
Buckling - Limit state of sudden change in the geometry of a structure or any of its
elements under a critical loading condition.
Buckling Strength - Nominal strength for buckling or instability limit states.
Cantilever Rack - A rack structure comprised primarily of vertical columns, extended
bases, horizontal arms projecting from the face of the columns, and down-aisle
bracing between columns. There can be shelf beams between
between arms depending on
the product being stored.
stored. Cantilever columns may be free-standing or overhead tied.
Cantilever Test - A test designed and conducted to determine the connection moment-
resisting capacity and the
the rotational rigidity, F, of a beam-to-column connection. The
test set-up employs one column segment and one beam segment connected to one
another with a beam-to-column connector, with a load applied downwardly in the
plane of the frame at the cantilever end of the beam segment.

Case-Flow
beamsRack - A case-flow
support specialized pallet
lanes or rack structure
case-flow shelfinassemblies
which either the
are horizontalbyshelf
supported the
V12a xv
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

upright frames. The case-flow lanes or shelves are are installed at a slight pitch
permitting multiple-depth case or box storage with loading from one service aisle and
unloading or picking from another service aisle.
Cladding - Exterior covering of structure.
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Member † - Shape manufactured by press-braking
blanks sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming cold- or
hot-rolled coils or sheets; both forming operations being performed at ambient room
temperature; that is, without manifest addition of heat, such as would be required for
hot forming.
Column - Structural member that has the primary function of resisting
r esisting axial force.
Concrete Crushing - Limit state of compressive failure in concrete having reached the
ultimate strain.
Concurrent Forces - Two or more forces acting in conjunction with one another at a
single location.
Connection † - Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces
between two or more members.
Cross-Aisle – One of the two principal directions of the storage rack, corresponding to the
direction perpendicular to the principal handling equipment aisle.
aisle. This is also
referred to as the transverse direction.
dire ction.
Cyclic Tests - A test d esigned and conducted to determine the connection’s earthquake
designed
loading moment-resisting and inelastic rotational capacity and its rotational stiffness,
along with energy-dissipation properties, of beam-to-column connections when those
connections are subjected to cyclic loading conditions. The test set-up employs one
column segment and two beam segments connected to one another, using two
beam-to-column connectors, as a double cantilever. Two parallel loads are applied,
applied,
in opposing reversing cyclic fashion, in the plane of the frame at the ends of, and
normal to, the cantilevered beam elements.
Design Load † - Applied load determined in accordance with either LRFD load
combinations or ASD load combinations, whichever is applicable.

Design Strength† - Resistance factor multiplied by the nominal strength, Φ Rn.

Design
Design Stress - Design strength divided by the appropriate section property, such as
section modulus or cross-sectional area.
Diagonal Bracing - Inclined structural member carrying primarily axial force in a braced
frame.
Distortional Buckling - A mode of buckling involving change in cross-sectional shape,
excluding local buckling.
Double-Stacking - When a shelf is loaded with loads stacked one on top of another in a
pallet position.
Down-Aisle – One of the two principal directions of the storage rack, corresponding to the
direction of the principal handling equipment aisle.
aisle. This is also
also referred to as the
longitudinal direction.

V12a xvi
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Drive-In Rack - A rack structure comprised primarily of vertical upright frames, horizontal
support arms, and horizontal load rails typically used for one-wide by multiple-depth
storage. This structure includes an 'anchor
'anchor section' with horizontal beams supporting
the load rails. Loading and unloading within a bay must be done from the same
aisle. A two-way drive-in rack is a special
special case where back-to-back rows of drive-in
racks are combined into a single entity with a common rear post.

Drive-Through
horizontal Rack
support- A rack and
arms, structure comprised
horizontal primarily
load rails of vertical
typically used forupright frames,
one-wide by
multiple-depth storage. This structure lacks the 'anchor section' found in drive-in
racks; therefore, loading and unloading from can be accomplished from both ends of
a bay.
Effective Length - Length of an otherwise identical column with the same strength when
analyzed with pinned-end conditions.
Effective Length Factor - Ratio between the effective length and the unbraced length of
the member.
Effective Section
Section Modulus - Section modulus reduced to account for buckling of slender
compression elements.
Effective Width - Reduced width of a plate or slab with an assumed uniform stress
distribution which produces the same effect on the behavior of a structural member
as the actual plate or slab width with its non-uniform
non-u niform stress distribution.
Factored L oad† - Product of a load factor and the nominal load.
Flexural Buckling - Buckling mode in which a compression member deflects laterally
without twist or change in cross-sectional shape.
Flexural-Torsional Buckling † - Buckling mode in which a compression member bends
and twists simultaneously without change in cross-sectional shape.
Force - Resultant of distribution of stress over a prescribed area.
Frame – See Upright Frame
Guardrails - Members that are installed on an elevated rack supported platform or

pick module
occupants walkway
of the whose
structure. purpose
Guardrails is to ofprovide
consist fall an
a top rail, protection for the
intermediate rail
and posts.
Gravity Load - Load such as that produced by product, dead and live loads, acting in the
downward direction.
Handrail – Smooth, continuous railing that runs up a stairway assembly to provide added
balance and safety for the occupants as they walk up or down the stairway
assembly.
Kick-Plate (Toeboard) – A vertical plate (angle or barrier) that is installed at the edge of an
elevated floor that is intended to prevent loose items from sliding off the edge of the
floor.
Load Factor † - Factor that accounts for deviations of the nominal load from the actual
load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and
for the probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously.
V12a xvii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)† - Method of proportioning structural

components such that the design strength equals or exceeds the required strength of
the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations.
Local Buckling - Limit state of buckling of a compression element within a cross-section.
LRFD Load Combination † - Load combination in the applicable building code intended
for strength design (load and resistance factor design).
Movable-Shelf Rack - A rack structure comprised primarily of vertical upright frames and
horizontal shelf beams and typically used for one-deep pallet or hand-stack storage.
Typically, the locations of a couple of shelf levels are 'fixed' with the location of the
in-fill shelves being flexible.
Net Area - Gross area reduced to account for removed material.
Nominal Strength † - Strength of a structure or component (without the resistance factor
or safety factor applied) to resist load effects, as determined in accordance with this
Specification.
Out-Of-Plumb Ratio - Maximum horizontal distance (inches or mm) from the centerline of
the column at the floor to a plumb line that extends downward from the centerline of
the column at the top shelf elevation divided by the vertical distance (feet or m) from

the floor to the top shelf elevation.

Out-Of-Straight Ratio – Maximum horizontal distance (inches or mm) from the centerline
at any point on the column to a plumb line from any other point on the column
divided by the vertical distance (feet
(fe et or m) between the two points.
Overturning Moment - An applied force that causes a structure to turn over.
Pallet Beam - The front and back shelf members that bear the weight of the load and
transfer the load to the upright frames.
Pallet-Flow Rack - A specialized pallet rack structure in which the horizontal shelf beams
support pallet-flow lanes. The pallet-flow lanes are typically installed on a slight pitc
pitch
h
permitting multiple-depth pallet storage with loading from one service aisle and
unloading from another service aisle.
Pallet-Load Support Member - Any load bearing member with the long axis on the
horizontal plane and intended for use as support of unit loads in direct contact. (pallet
and shelf supports and beams, not bracing).
Pallet Rack - A rack structure comprised primarily of
o f vertical upright frames and horizontal
shelf beams and typically used for one and two-deep pallet storage.
llet Support – A member that extends between the shelf beams at a given level
Pallet
Pa
underneath the stored load that aids in the support of that load.
Pick Modules - A rack structure comprised primarily of vertical frames and horizontal
beams, typically having one or more platform levels of selective, case-flow, or pallet-
flow bays feeding into a central pick aisle(s) [work platform(s)] supported by the rack
structure.
Plan and Back Bracing - A bracing system including bracing parallel to the main
aisle of the rack located at the back of the rack row and horizontal bracing
from the aisle column to the rear braced points.
V12a xviii
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Plaque – Signage permanently and prominently displayed depicting the permissible loading
of the rack.
Portable Rack (Stacking Frames) - An assembly, typically with four corner columns, that
permits stacking of one assembly on top of another without applying any additional
load to the product being stored on each assembly.
Portal Test - A test designed and conducted to determine the connection moment-resisting
capacity and the rotational rigidity, F, of a beam-to-column connection. The test set-
up employs two column segments and one beam segment connected to one another
using two beam-to-column connectors forming a portal frame, with the load applied
laterally in the plane of, and to the corner of, the portal frame in the direction parallel
to the beam segment.
Product Load - The weight of the item(s) placed on the rack.
Push-Back Rack - A specialized pallet rack structure in which the horizontal shelf beams
support push-back lanes comprised of ttracks
racks and carts.
carts. The push-back lanes are
are
installed on a slight pitch permitting
permitting multiple-depth pallet storage. Loading and
unloading are done from the same service aisle by pushing the pallets back.
Rack-Supported
Rack-Supported Platform
Platform s - A decked working surface supported by the
the rack structure.
Rack-Supported
Rack-Supported Structure - A rack structure similar to other rack structures; however,
h owever,
this structure also includes wall girts and roof purlins or equivalent components used
to support wall and roof cladding. This structure is is designed to withstand wind and
snow or rain loads in addition to the normal storage rack loads.
Redundancy
Re Factor – Factor that accounts for the potential of structural distress when
dundancy Factor
the system has lost the carrying capacity of one
o ne seismic load carrying element.
Resistance Factor † - Factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the nominal
strength from the actual strength and for the manner and consequences of failure.
Category – Classification of structures based on the nature of their use.
Risk Category
Safety Factor † - Factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the
nominal strength, deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, uncertainties in
the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the manner and
consequences of failure.
The nominal load divided by the safety factor results in the allowable load for an
Allowable Strength Design.
Safety
Safety Floorin g - A surface that is provided
provided in areas where
where order picking
picking personnel
may need to step off the normal walking area or pick module walkway to
dislodge loads that may not have properly flowed to their correct position.
Seismic Design Category – A classification assigned to a structure based on its Risk
Category and the severity of the design earthquake ground motion at the site.
Seismic
Seismic Response
Response Modifi cation Coefficient - Factor that reduces seismic load effects
to strength level.
Sidesway Buckling - Buckling mode where there is translation of the top of the column
with respect to the bottom of the column. This mode is also also referred to as story
buckling and is a buckling mode for the unbraced direction of a pallet rack row.

V12a xix
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Simple Lip – Single plate elements used to stiffen a compression flange.

Site Class
Class Definition - A classification assigned to a location based on the types of soils
present.
Stability - Condition reached in the loading of a structural component, frame or structure in
which a slight disturbance in the loads or geometry does not produce large
displacements.
Stacking
Stacking Rack
Rack – See Portable rack
Stacker Rack - A rack structure similar to one of the other rack structures that is serviced
by an automated storage and retrieval machine.
Stiffness - Resistance to deformation of a member or structure, measured by the ratio of
the applied force (or moment) to the corresponding displacement (or rotation).
Stress - Force per unit area caused by axial force, moment, shear, or torsion.
Structural System - An assemblage of load-carrying
load -carrying components that are joined together
to provide interaction or interdependence.
Stub-Column
Stub-C Test – Concentric compression testing of members, not affected by
olumn Test b y column
buckling, used to determine the column effectiveness.

Torsional Buckling - Buckling mode in which a compression member twists about its
shear center axis.
Torsional-Flexural Buckling.
Buckling . - Buckling mode in which compression members bend
and twist simultaneously without change in cross sectional shape.
Trussed-Braced Upright Frame – Upright frames having two columns similar to the
chords of a truss and diagonal and horizontal bracing attached to and located
between the columns. The diagonals and horizontals become the web members ofof
the truss. (It is referred to
to as a vertical
vertical truss.)
Unbraced
Unbraced L ength - Distance between braced points of a member, measured between the
centers of gravity of the bracing members.
Unit-Load - The total weight expected to be positioned in the rack consisting of the product
load and pallet weight.
Upright Frame – A structural
structural assembly
assembly that transfers the vertical and horizontal
horizontal
loads to the floor. It is usually made up of two columns and bracing members
between the columns. The beams of the rack are attached to the columns
columns of
the frames and transfer the loads to the columns.
Vertical
Vertical Impact Load - Additional downward force added to the beams produced during
loading of the rack.
Welded-Wire
Welded-Wire Rack
Rack Deck
Deck – A decking system
system used on pallet rack shelves. Wire decking
is fabricated from welded-wire mesh and generally has reinforcements in the form of
channels or support wires. Its purpose is to provide additional support for stored
material, as well as, becoming a safety net for unstable loads.
Yield Point † - First stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress as defined by ASTM.

V12a xx
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

ld Strength† - Stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the
Yield
Yie
proportionality of stress to strain as defined by ASTM.

V12a xxi
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN, TESTING AND

UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL STEEL STORAGE RACKS

1. GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE
This Specification and companion Commentary (hereinafter referred to as the
Specification) applies to industrial steel storage racks, movable-shelf racks, rack-
supported systems and automated storage and retrieval systems (stacker racks)
made of cold-formed or hot-rolled steel structural members.
members. Such rack types types also
include push-back rack, pallet-flow rack, case-flow rack, pick modules, and rack-
supported platforms. This Specification is intended to be applied to the design of the
storage rack portion of any rack structure that acts as support for the exterior walls
and roof, except as noted. It does not apply to other types of racks
racks,, such as drive-in
or drive-through racks, cantilever racks, portable racks, or to racks made of material
other than steel.

1.2 MATERIALS
This Specification assumes the use of steel of structural quality as defined by the
specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that are
listed in the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) North American Specification for
Str uctural Members [1]1, and the American Institute
the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural
of Steel Construction (AISC) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings [2].
Steels not listed in the above specifications are not excluded provided they (a)
conform to the chemical and mechanical requirements of either reference [1] or [2] or
other published specifications, which establish their properties and structural
suitability and (b) are subjected either by the producer or the purchaser to analyses,
tests, and other controls in the manner prescribed by either reference [1] or [2] as
applicable.

1.3 APPLICAB
APPL ICABLE
LE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
Except as modified or supplemented in this Specification, the AISI [1] shall be used
for the design of cold-formed members and the AISC [2] shall be used for the design
of hot-rolled members. These specifications shall be us used
ed to determine the available
strength and stiffness of industrial steel storage racks.

1.4 INTEGRITY
INTEGRITY OF RACK
RA CK INSTALLA
INSTAL LATIONS
TIONS

1.4.1
1.4.1 Owner Maintenance
Maint enance
The owner shall maintain the structural integrity of the installed rack system by
assuring proper operational, housekeeping, and maintenance procedures
including, but not limited to, the following:

1
Numbers in brackets refer to corresponding numbers in Section 10, References to the
Text.
V12a 1
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

(1) Prohibit any overloading of any pallet positions and of the overall rack
system.
(2) Regularly inspect for damage. If damage is found, immediately isolate the
affected area. Have a storage rack rack design professional evaluate
evaluate the damage,
and unload, replace or repair if directed by the professional, any damaged
columns, beams, or other structural components to restore the system to at
least its original design capacity.
(3) Require all pallets to be maintained in good, safe,
safe, operating condition.
(4) Ensure that pallets are properly placed onto pallet load support members in
a properly stacked and stable position.
(5) Require that all goods stored on each pallet be properly stacked
stacked and stable.
(6) Prohibit double-stacking of any pallet position, including the top-most
position, unless the rack system is specifically designed for such loading.
(7) Ensure that the racks are not modified or rearranged in a manner not within
the original design configurations per 1.4.4 or as might invalidate the plaque
information per 1.4.2.

1.4.2 Plaque
The owner is responsible for displaying in one or more conspicuous locations a
permanent plaque(s). Each plaque shall have an area of not less than 50 square
inches. Plaques shall show in clear, legible print (a) the maximum permissible
unit load and/or maximum uniformly distributed load per level, (b) the average
unit load (PAverage, see Section 2.6.2) if applicable and (c) maximum total load per
bay. The unit load is usually a single pallet
pallet or container and its contents that is
mechanically transported. Storage levels having having multiple stacking of unit loads
shall be so identified. It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that the rack
system is not altered in a manner that the plaque information is invalidated.

1.4.3 Conformance
All rack installations produced in conformity with this Specification shall be so
identified by a plaque having the same characteristics as specified in Section

1.4.2. The same plaque may be used to show

show permissible unit loads.
1.
1.4.
4.4
4 Load Applic ation and Rack
Rack Configuration Drawings
Drawings
Load application and rack configuration drawings shall be furnished with each
rack installation. A copy should be retained by the owner for future
future reference.

1.
1.4.
4.5
5 Multiple Configuration s
If a pallet rack or stacker rack system is designed for more than one shelf
configuration or profile, the drawings (Section 1.4.4) are to include either (a) all
the permissible configurations or (b) limitations as to the maximum number of
shelves, the maximum distance between shelves and the maximum distance
from the floor to the bottom shelf. This information is best furnished in table form
on the drawings. A notice is to be included
included in conspicuous text on the drawings
stating that deviations from the limitations must be evaluated by a storage rack
design professional or the deviation may impair the safety of the rack installation.

V12a 2
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

If a change is approved, it shall be added as a permissible configuration on the

drawings.

1.4.6
1.4.6 Movable-Shelf Ra
Rack
ck Stability
Stabili ty
The stability of movable-shelf racks is not to depend on the presence, absence or
location of the movable shelves. Those components which do provide stability,
such as the permanently bolted or welded top shelves and the longitudinal and
transverse diagonal bracing, are to be clearly indicated on the rack drawings
(Section 1.4.4). For specific movable-shelf
movable-shelf rack installations in
in which the overall
rack height is a controlling element, a conspicuous warning is to be placed in the
owner’s utilization instruction manual stating any restrictions to shelf placement
or shelf removal. Such restrictions are to be permanently posted in locations
clearly visible to forklift operators.

1.4.7
1.4.7 Column Base Plates and Anchor
Anc hor s
The bottom of all columns shall be furnished with column base plates, as
specified in Section 7.1. All rack columns shall be anchored to the floor with
anchor bolts, which shall be designed in accordance with Section 7.3, to resist all
applicable forces as described in Section 2.1 or Section 2.2.

1.4.8
1.4.8 Small Install ations
ation s
For installations not exceeding 12 feet (3.65 m) in height to the top shelf,
covering a floor area less than 3,000 square feet (278.7 m 2) (not including
aisles), having a unit load not exceeding 2,500 pounds (1134 kg), and having no
multiple stacking on the top shelf, the provisions given in Sections 1.4.4 and
1.4.5 may be waived.

1.4.9
1.4.9 Rack Damage
Preventing damage to rack is beyond the scope of this Specification. See the
Commentary for a broader discussion of this topic.
Upon any visible damage, the pertinent portions of the rack shall be immediately
isolated by the user until the damaged portion is evaluated by a storage rack
design professional. Before allowing the rack to be placed back into serv
service
ice the
design professional must certify that the rack system and/or the repaired
components have been restored to at least their original design capacity.

1.
1.4.
4.10
10 Racks
Racks Connected
Connected to the Build ing Struct
Struct ure
If the racks are connected to the building structure, then the location and
magnitude of the maximum possible horizontal and vertical forces (per Sections
2.1 and 2.2 of this Specification), that are imposed by the rack to the building, are
to be given to the owner of the building for his review.

1.
1.4.
4.11
11 Out-of-plumb
Out-of-plumb and
and Out-of-straight
Out-of-straight Limi ts

1.4.1
1.4.11.
1.1
1 Out-of-plu mb Lim it
The maximum top-to-bottom out-of-plumb ratio for a loaded rack column is

1/240 (for example 1/2 inches per 10 feet (12.5 mm per 3 m) of height).

V12a 3
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Columns whose out-of-plumb ratio exceeds this limit should be unloaded and re-
plumbed. Any damaged parts must be repaired or replaced.

1.4.1
1.4.11.
1.2
2 Out-of-str aight Lim it
The maximum out-of-straight ratio for a loaded rack column is 1/240 (0.05
inches per foot or 1/2 inches per 10 feet (12.5 mm per 3 m) of height). Columns
whose out-of-straight ratio exceeds this limit should be unloaded and re-
plumbed. Any damaged parts must be repaired or replaced.
2. Loading
Rack structures shall be designed using the provisions for Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD)
(LRFD) or the provisi
provisions
ons for Allowable Strength Design
Design (ASD). Both
methods are equally acceptable, although they may not produce identical designs.

2.1 LOAD
LOA D COMBINATIONS
COMBINA TIONS FOR THE ASD
A SD DESIGN METHOD
When the ASD design method is used, all load combinations shall be as stated in the
ASCE 7 [4] as modified below for racks.
For all rack members Critical Limit State
1. D + P Dead Load

2.
3. D
D++P P++ (L
L r or S or R) Gravity Load
Snow/Rain Load
4. D + 0.75(P + L + (Lr or S or R)) Gravity + Snow/Rain Load
5. (1 + 0.105SDS)D + 0.75[(1.4 + 0.14S DS)βP + L + (Lr or S or R) + 0.7 ρE]
Gravity + Seismic
6. (1 + 0.14SDS)D +(0.85 + 0.14SDS)βP + 0.7ρE Gravity + Seismic
7. D + 0.75(P + L + (Lr or S or R) + 0.6W) Gravity + Wind
8. 0.6D + 0.6Papp + 0.6W Wind Uplift
9. (0.6 - 0.14SDS)D + (0.6 – 0.14SDS)βPapp+0.7ρE Seismic Uplift
For load support beams and their connections only:
10. D + L+ 0.5(S or R) + 0.88P + I Shelf + Impact
where:
D= Dead load
L= Live load other
(Example: floor than thefrom
loading pallets or supported
rack products stored on the racks.
platforms)
Lr = Roof live load as determined in accordance with ASCE 7 [4]
Section 4.9
S= Snow load as determined in accordance with ASCE 7 [4] Chapter
7
R= Rain load as determined in accordance with ASCE 7 [4] Chapter 8
W= Wind load
E= Earthquake load
I= Impact loading on a shelf (Section 2.3)
P= Maximum load from pallets or products stored on the racks.
Papp = for seismic uplift, the portion
portion of pallet or product load that is used
to compute the seismic base shear.
for uplift due to wind, only pallet loads that must be present to
develop the lateral wind forces shall be considered in P app. Papp

V12a 4
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

will be zero for an unloaded rack that supports exterior cladding.

See Commentary.
ρ= Redundancy factor for earthquake loading as specified in Section
[Link]
β= Seismic Product Load Coefficient:
0.7 except for uplift combinations where β = 1.0.

2.2 LOAD
LOA D FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS FOR THE LRFD DESIGN
METHOD
When the LRFD design method is used, all load factors and combinations shall be as
stated in the ASCE 7 [4] except as modified below for racks:
For all rack members: Critical Limit State
1. 1.4D + 1.2P Dead Load
2. 1.2D + 1.4P + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) Gravity Load
3. 1.2D + 0.85P + (0.5L or 0.5W) + 1.6(Lr or S or R) Snow/Rain
4. 1.2D + 0.85P + 0.5L + 1.0W + 0.5(Lr or S or R) Wind load
5. (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + (1.2 + 0.2S DS)βP + 0.5L + ρE + 0.2S Seismic Load
6. 0.9D + 0.9Papp + 1.0W Wind Uplift
7. (0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + (0.9 -0.2SDS)βPapp + ρE Seismic Uplift
For load support beams and their connections only:
8. 1.2D + 1.6L+ 0.5(S or R) + 1.4P + 1.4I Product/Live/Impact
All load symbols;β , D, L, P, Lr, S, R, W, E and I are as defined in Section 2.1.
Note: For load case 6 (wind uplift), only the pallet loads that must be present to
develop the lateral wind forces shall be considered in P app. Papp will be
zero for an unloaded rack that supports exterior cladding.
All resistance factors are to be as stated in the AISI [1] or AISC [2].

2.3 VERTICAL IMPACT LOADS

L OADS
Load-supporting beams and arms and connector components used to attach them to
the columns are to be designed for an additional vertical impact load equal to 25 per
cent of one unit load. This impact load is to be placed in the most unfavorable
position when determining maximum
maximum load on each
each component. For beams or arms
whose design capacity is determined by testing (Section 9.3), due allowance must be
made for the additional impact load. This impact lload
oad need not be applied
applied when
checking beam deflections (Sections 5.3 and 9.3) or designing upright frames,
columns, and other vertical components.

2.4 HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL FORCES

2.4.1 Beam-to-column connections, frame bracing members, and frame bracing to

column connections are to be designed for the horizontal forces in this section.
The amount of horizontal force that a rack must resist varies with the
application. The beam-to-column connections and frame bracing members and

frame bracing connections must be designed for the most critical of:
1. Earthquake Loads (Section 2.6)
V12a 5
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

2. Wind Loads (Section 2.5)

3. For Allowable Strength Design -1.5%D plus 1.5%P at all connections

based on maximum loading.

For Load and Resistance Factor Design - 1.5% factored D plus 1.5%
factored P based on the maximum loading.

These horizontal forces include the effect of out-of-plumbness (Section

1.4.11). These forces are to be applied separately, not
not simultaneously, in
each of the two principal directions of the rack.
The horizontal forces are to be applied simultaneously with the full vertical
live load, product load and dead load. Bending loads at the beam-to-
column connection shall be checked against the permissible moments (both
positive and negative) determined from the Cantilever Test (Section 9.4.1),
the Portal Test (Section 9.4.2), and/or the
th e cyclic load tests (Section 9.6).
2.4.2. Stacker racks or racks fully or partially supporting moving equipment shall
meet the requirements of Sections [Link], [Link] and 2.6.
[Link]. The moving equipment manufacturer is responsible for supplying
to the rack manufacturer the magnitude, location, and direction of all
loads (static and dynamic) transmitted from the moving equipment to
the rack structure.
[Link]. Forces described in Section [Link] need not be applied
concurrently with the loads described in Sections 2.5 and 2.6.

2.5 WIND LOADS

L OADS
Wind forces shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7 [4].
Racks directly exposed to the wind shall be designed for the wind loads acting both
on the rack structure and the loaded pallets. For stability, consideration is to be
given to loading conditions which produce large wind forces combined with small
stabilizing gravity forces.
Forces from Section 2.4.1 caused by out-of-plumb installation shall be assumed to
act concurrently with any wind forces. Forces from seismic (Section 2.6) or moving
equipment (Section 2.4.2) need not be
b e assumed to act concurrently with wind forces.

2.6 EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAK E LOADS
L OADS

2.6.1 General
Where customer specifications require or local building codes dictate that
provisions be made for earthquake effects and associated lateral forces,
customers, or their representatives, shall bring such requirements to the attention
of the rack manufacturer.
manufacturer. For each such ins installation,
tallation, the storage rack shall be
designed, manufactured and installed in accordance with such provisions.
Storage racks that are more than 8 feet (2.44 m) in height to the top loaded shelf,
and are not connected to buildings or other structures, shall be designed to resist

seismic forces in compliance with this section.

V12a 6
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Adequate clearance shall be maintained between the storage rack and the
building or other structures to avoid
a void damaging contact during an earthquake ((See
See
Section 2.6.6).
Unless used to store hazardous material, storage racks are to be deemed Risk
Category II structures.

2.6.2
2.6.2 Minim um Seismic Forces
The storage rack shall be designed for the total minimum lateral force as
determined using the following considerations or, alternatively, the seismic
design evaluation may be performed using a displacement-based method.
At-Grad
At -Grade
e Elevati
Elev ation
on : Storage rack installed at or below grade elevation shall
be designed, fabricated, and installed in accordance with the following
requirements:
The seismic design forces shall not be less than that required by the following
equation for the determination of seismic base shear:
V = C sIp Ws

where:

Cs = the seismic response coefficient determined in Section 2.6.3.

Ip = system importance factor:
Ip = 1.5 if the system is an essential facility;
Ip = 1.5 if the system contains material that would be significantly
hazardous if released;
Ip = 1.0 for all
a ll other structures;
For storage rack in areas open to the public, (e.g., in warehouse
retail stores), Ip = 1.5. If a displacement-based evaluation of the
rack structure is performed in either of the two principal directions of
the rack, Ip may be taken as 1.0 in that direction.
Ws = (0.67xP RF
) + D + 0.25xL
xP

where:
PRF = Product Load Reduction Factor

Seismic Force PRF

Direction

Cross-Aisle 1.0

Down-Aisle PAverage
PMaximum

PAverage For warehouse retail stores, open to the

general public, PAverage shall be taken as
PMaximum.

V12a 7
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

For all other types of warehousing P Average is the

maximum total weight of product expected on
all the beam levels in any row divided by the
number of beam levels in that row.
PMaximum Maximum weight of product that will be placed
on any one beam level in that row.

Abov
Ab ove-Grad
grade e-Grade
shall beedesigned,
Elevati
Elev ation
on:: Storageand
fabricated
racks installed at elevations above
installed in accordance with the
following requirements:
Storage racks shall meet the force and displacement requirements
required of nonbuilding structures supported by other structures, including
the force and displacement effects caused by amplifications of upper-
story motions. In no case shall
shall the value of V be taken as less than the
value of FP determined in accordance with Section 13.3.1 of ASCE/SEI 7
[4] where RP is taken equal to R and a P is taken equal to 2.5.
As above, Ws = (0.67xP RF
xP ) + D + 0.25xL
2.6.2
[Link]
.1 Redun
Redundancy
dancy Facto
Facto r

The Redundancy Factor, ρ, shall be taken as:

For Seismic Design Categories A, B, & C, ρ = 1.0
For Seismic Design Categories
Categories D, E, & F :
for the down-aisle seismic analysis:
ρ = 1.3 for all situations except:
ρ = 1.0
for an unbraced rack row with a minimum of two bays
connected.
for a braced rack row, braced by bracing towers –
minimum of two bracing towers per row are utilized.

for a rack row braced by plan and back bracing sections –

minimum of three vertical bracing systems per row are
utilized.
for the cross-aisle seismic analysis:
ρ = 1.3 for the cross-aisle
cross -aisle seismic analysis when there is
only a single seismic force resisting frame where removal of
one brace or connection results in more than a 33%
reduction in seismic resistance.
ρ = 1.0 when two or more seismic force resisting frames
adequately tied together, where removal of one brace or
connection does not result in more than a 33% reduction in

seismic resistance.

V12a 8
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

2.6.3
2.6.3 Calcu
Calcu latio n of Seism
Seism ic Respo
Respo nse Coeffici ent
When the fundamental period of the rack structure is computed, the seismic
response coefficient, Cs, shall be determined in accordance with the following
equation:

S D1
Cs =

TR
where:
SD1 = Design earthquake spectral response acceleration at a 1 second
period as described in Section [Link].
R = Response modification factor:
factor: R = 4.0 in the braced direction and R
= 6.0 in the unbraced direction. Higher values may be used if
substantiated by tests.
T= Fundamental period of the rack structure
structure in each direction under
consideration established using the structural properties and
deformation characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly
substantiated analysis. For the unbraced direction
direction (moment frame),
frame),
the period shall be determined using a connection stiffness, F, not
less than the value from Section 9.4.2 or Section 9.6.
Alternatively, the seismic response coefficient need not be greater than the
following:

S DS
Cs =

R
where:
R is as defined above
SDS = Design earthquake spectral response acceleration at short period,
as described in Section [Link].
The seismic response coefficient, CS, shall not be taken as less than 0.044SDS.
In locations for which the 1-second spectral response, S1, is equal to or greater
than 0.6g, the value of the seismic response coefficient, C s shall not be taken as
less than:

0.5S1
Cs =

V12a 9
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

2.6.3
[Link]
.1 Desig
Desig n Spectral Respon
Respon se Acceleration
Acc eleration Parameters
Parameters
Five-percent damped design spectral response acceleration at short periods,
SDS, and at a 1-second period, S D1, shall be determined from the following
equations:
SDS = (2/3) SMS
SD1 = (2/3) SM1
where:
SMS = The maximum considered earthquake spectral response
accelerations for short period as determined in Section [Link].
SM1 = The maximum considered earthquake spectral response
accelerations for 1-second period as determined in Section [Link].

2.6.3
[Link]
.2 Site Coefficients
Coeffic ients and Adj ust ed Maximum Consid ered Earth
Earth quake
Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
The maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration for short
periods, SMS, and at 1-second periods, SM1, adjusted for site class effects, shall
be determined from the following equations:
SMS = FaSS
SM1 = FvS1
where:
Fa = Site coefficient defined in Table [Link] (2). If site
site class is unknown,
use site class D.
Fv = Site coefficient defined in Table [Link] (3). If site
site class is unknown,
use site class D.
Ss = The mapped spectral ac
accelerations
celerations for 0.2 second (short) period.
S1 = The mapped spectral accelerations
accelerations for a 1-second period.
SS and S1 are obtained from Figures 1 through 6 below or from Chapter
21 of ASCE
ASCE 7-10. A software program and maps may also be
accessed to determine the values at [Link] based
on zip code or latitude and
and longitude of the site. Where zip codes
codes
are used to determine spectral accelerations, the maximum value of
any location within the zip code shall be used.

V12a 10
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Figure 2.6.3-1 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake G Ground

round Motion
for Conterminous United States of 0.2 sec Spectral Response
Acceleration (5% of Critical
Critical Damping), Site Class B

V12a 11
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Figure 1 (Continued)

V12a 12
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Figure 2.6
2.6.3
.3-2
-2 Risk-Targeted
Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motio n
for Conterminous United States of 1.0 sec sec Spectral Response
Ac cel erat io n (5%
(5 % of Cri ti cal Damp in g), Sit e Class
Cl ass B

V12a 13
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Figure 2 (Continued)

V12a 14
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Figure 2.6.3-3 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion

for Alaska of 0.2 sec Spectral Response
Acceleration (5% of Critical
Critical Damping), Site Class B

Figure 2.6.3-4 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion

for Alaska of 1.0 sec Spectral
Sp ectral Response
Acceleration (5% of Critical
Critical Damping), Site Class B

V12a 15
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

2.6.3-5 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion

Figur e 2.6.3-5
for Hawaii, Site Class B

V12a 16
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Figure 2.6.3-6 Risk-Targeted Earthquake Ground Motion for Puerto Rico, Culebra,
Vieques, St Thomas, St John, St Croix, Guam and Tutuilla, Site Class B

V12a 17
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

TABLE [Link] (1)

DEFINITIONS
SITE CLASS DEFINITIONS

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m 2, 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa.
kPa. N/A = Not
applicable

TABLE [Link] (2)

VALUES OF SITE COEFFICIENT Fa AS A FUNCTION OF SITE CLASS AND
MAPPED SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION AT SHORT PERIODS
(Ss)a
SITE MAPPED SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION AT SHORT PERIODS
CLASS Ss≤ 0.25 Ss= 0.50 Ss= 0.75 Ss= 1.00 Ss ≥ 1.25
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
F Note b Note b Note b Note b Note b
a. Use stra
straight-line
ight-line interpolat
interpolation
ion for intermediate values of mapped spectral short period, Ss.
spectral response acceleration at short
b. Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response
response analysis shall be performed to determine
appropriate values.

V12a 18
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

TABLE [Link] (3)

VALUES OF SITE COEFFICIENT FV AS A FUNCTION OF SITE CLASS AND
MAPPED SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION AT 1-SECOND
1 -SECOND PERIOD
a
(S1)
SITE MAPPED SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION AT SHORT PERIODS
CLASS S1 ≤ 0.1 S1 = 0.2 S1 = 0.3 S1 = 0.4 S1 ≥ 0.5
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
F Note b Note b Note b Note b Note b
a. Use stra
straight-line
ight-line interpolat
interpolation
ion for intermediate values of mapped spectral
spectral response acceleration at 1-second period,
S1.
b. Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response
response analysis shall be performed to determine
appropriate values.

2.6.3
[Link]
.3 Seism
Seism ic Desig
Desig n Categor
Categoryy
Structures shall be assigned a Seismic Design Category based upon the
controlling SDS or S D1 value as calculated
calculated in Section [Link].
[Link]. See Tables [Link]
(1) or [Link]. (2), respectively.

TABLE [Link] (1)

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BA SED ON SHORT PERIOD RESPONSE

ACCELERATION
ACCELERA TION PARAMETER
Risk Category
Value of SDS I or II III IV
SDS < 0.167 A A A
0.167 ≤ SDS < 0.33 B B C
0.33 ≤ SDS < 0.50 C C D
0.50 ≤ SDS D D D

TABLE [Link] (2)

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BA SED ON 1-S PERIOD RESPONSE

ACCELERATION
ACCELERA TION PARAMETER
Risk Category
Value of SD1 I or II III IV
SD1 < 0.067 A A A
0.067 ≤ SD1 < 0.133 B B C
0.133 ≤ SD1 < 0.20 C C D

0.20 ≤ SD1 D D D

V12a 19
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Structures classified as Risk Category I, II or III that are located where the
mapped spectral response acceleration parameter at 1-s period, S 1 is greater
than or equal to 0.75 shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category E.
Structures classified as Risk Category IV that are located where the mapped
spectral response acceleration parameter at 1-s period, S 1, is greater than or
equal to 0.75 shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category F.

All other structures shall be assigned to a Seismic Design Category based on

their Risk Category and the design spectral response acceleration coefficients,
SDS and SD1 determined in accordance with Section [Link].

2.6.4
2.6.4 Connecti on Rotation al Capa
Capacit
cit y
ӨMax is the maximum rotation sustained by the beam-to-column connection over
at least two cycles during testing . The rotational capacity, ӨMax, of the beam-to-
column connection shall be demonstrated by testing per Section 9.6 to be greater
than the rotational demand, ӨD.
.

(
Cd 1+α s Δ s )
ΘD =
h total

where:
Cd is the deflection amplification factor (See Section 2.6.6)
htotal is the height of the top loaded shelf level
αs is the first iteration of the second order amplification term calculated
using a properly substantiated analysis such as provided in
Section 2.6.4 of the Commentary.
Commentary. Wpi from Section 2.6.4 of
the Commentary shall be used to determine the gravity
amplification term.
Δs is the seismic displacement at the height of the top loaded shelf level.
The seismic displacement used for Δs should be 1.5 times the
computed displacement if the seismic displacement was
computed using the ASD design method.

Alternately, for racks

Alternately, racks assigned
assigned to Seismic
Seismic Design Category
Category A, B, or C, the
rotational connection capacity check need not be made if the seismic
response coefficient is taken as:
S DS
Cs =

2.6.5
2.6.5 Seism
Seism ic Displacement
Displ acement
The displacement at the top shelf level resulting from the seismic load is Δs . The
displacement shall be determined using the same structural system stiffness as
used to determine the period for the base shear calculation in Section 2.6.3 and
using the base shear from Section 2.6.2, including the I p factor.
V12a 20
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

The displacement should be calculated using LRFD-level

LRFD-level seismic forces.
forces. Refer
to the commentary for discussion.

2.6.6
2.6.6 Seism
Seism ic Separation
Separation
Seismic separation need not be checked in Seismic Design Categories A, B, or
C.

If an analysis
structure and is performed,
the the minimum
building structure, separation
which includesdistance between
any attached the rack
permanent
components or elements, shall be equal to the total deflection, δ x, determined as
follows:
δx = (Cd *δxe)/IP
where:
Cd = deflection amplification factor
Direction Cd
Braced direction 3.5
Unbraced 5.5
direction

δxe = storage rack deflection calculated by

b y an elastic analysis
IP = Importance Factor

In lieu of an analysis, rack structures shall be separated from the building

structure and any attached permanent components or elements by a distance not
less than:

Direction Separation
Braced direction 0.02 htotal
Unbraced 0.05 htotal
direction

where:
htotal is the height of the top shelf level

2.
2.6.
6.7
7 Vertic
Vertic al Distribut ion of Seismi
Seismi c Forces
The lateral force, Fx, at any level shall be determined from the following
equations:
If the centerline of the first shelf level is 12 inches (305 mm) above the floor or
less:
F1 = C s I p w1 For the first shelf level

and

V12a 21
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

(V − F )w h 1 x x
Fx = n
For levels above the first level
 wi hi
i=2

If the centerline of the first shelf level is greater than 12 inches (305 mm) above
the floor:

x
Fx = Vw
n
hx For all levels
w h i i
i =1

where:
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base of the rack
wi or wx = the portion of
of the total gravity load on the racks, including live
live
load, dead load and product load, times the product load
reduction factor, (Section 2.6.2) that are located or assigned to
the designated shelf level, level i or x
hi or hx = the height from the base to level i or x

2.6.8
2.6.8 Horizont al Shear Distri but ion
The seismic design shear at any level, V x, shall be determined from the following
equation:
n

Vx = F i
i= x

where Fi = the portion of the seismic base shear, V, induced at level i.

The seismic design shear, Vx, shall be distributed to the various vertical
elements of the seismic force resisting system at the level(s) under
consideration based on the relative
r elative lateral stiffnesses of those elements.

2.6.9 Overturning

Safety
followingagainst overturning
conditions moment
of Product Load, P:shall be designed on the basis of the
1. Weight of rack plus every storage level loaded to 67 percent of its
rated load capacity
2. Weight of the rack plus the highest storage level only loaded to 100
percent of its rated capacity
The design shall consider the actual height of the center of mass of each storage
load component.

2.6.1
2.6.10
0 Concur rent Forces
Forces described in Sections 2.4.1 and 2.5 need not be assumed to act
concurrently with seismic forces.

V12a 22
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

3. DESIGN PROCEDURES
All computations for safe loads, stresses, deflections, and the like shall be
b e made in
accordance with conventional methods of structural design as specified in the AISI
[1] for cold-formed steel components and structural systems and the AISC [2] for hot-
rolled steel components and structural systems, except as modified or supplemented
by this specification.
specification. In cases where
where adequate methods of design calculations
calculations are

not available,or
specification designs
Sectionshall
F ofbe
thebased on test results obtained in accordance with this
AISI [1].
No slenderness limitations shall be imposed on tension members that are not
required to resist compression forces under the various load combinations specified
in Section 2.1 or 2.2.

4. DESIGN OF ST
STEEL
EEL EL
ELEMENT
EMENTS
S AND MEMBERS
The effect of perforations on the load-carrying capacity of compression members is
accounted for by the modification of some of the definitions of the AISI [1] and the
AISC [2] as described below.
below.

4.1 COLD-FORMED STEEL MEMBERS

4.1.1
4.1.1 Properti es of Se
Secti
cti ons
Exceptions to the provisions of the AISI [1] for computing the section properties
are given below in Sections 4.1.2
4.1.2 and 4.1.3. Except as noted, all cross-sectional
properties shall be based on full unreduced and unperforated sections
considering round corners.

4.1.2
4.1.2 Flexural Members
Q
Se = Elastic section modulus of the net section times ( 0.5 + ) for the extreme
2
compression fiber.
Sc = Elastic section modulus of the net section for the extreme compression fiber
times.
Q

(
1− 1−Q )  Fc 
2
 Fy 
The value of Q shall be determined according
according to Section 9.2.2.
9.2.2. Section
properties j, ro, and Cw shall be permitted to be computed assu
assuming
ming sharp
corners.
Inelastic reserve capacity provisions of the AISI [1] Section C3.1.1 (b) shall not
be considered for perforated members.

4.1.3
4.1.3 Concentric
Concentr ically
ally Loaded Compressio
Compr ession
n Members

[Link]
[Link] Effecti
Effec tive
ve Ar
Area
ea
Ae = Effective area at the stress Fn determined according to Section 4.1 when
applicable. Where Section 4.1
4.1 is no
nott applicable, Ae shall be calculated as:

V12a 23
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

  Fn  
Q

A e = 1 − (1 − Q)   Anet min


  Fy  


where the Q factor shall be determined by the procedure specified in Section 9.2
and Anet min is defined in Section 9.2.
Lx, L y, and Lt are the unbraced lengths defined in Section 6.3 for bending about
x- and y-axes and twisting.
twisting. The torsional
torsional warping
warping constant, CW, may be
calculated based on sharp corners.

4.
4.1.
1.3.
3.2
2 Distortio nal Buckl ing
Open sections, except for those with unstiffened elements or only simple lip edge
stiffeners, shall be checked for the effects of distortional buckling by testing or
rational analysis.

4.2 HOT-ROLLED STEEL COL UMNS

All hot-rolled steel columns shall be designed according to Section E, of the
AISC [2], except as noted
noted below.

The nominal compressive strength Pn shall be calculated as follows:

Pn =Ae Fc

Ae is defined in Section [Link] The value of Q shall be determined by testing in

accordance with Section 9.2.2.

5. BEAM Design
5.1 CALCULATIONS
CAL CULATIONS
The bending moments, reactions, shear forces, and deflections shall be determined
by considering the beams as simply-supported, or by rational analysis for beams
having partial end-fixity. Where the shape of the beam cross-section and end-
connection details permit, permissible loads for pallet-carrying beams shall be

determined
AISC [2]. by conventional methods of calculation according to the AISI [1] or the

5.2 CROSS SECTION

Where the configuration of the cross-section precludes calculation of allowable loads
and deflections, the determination shall be made by tests in accordance with Section
9.

5.3 DEFLECTIONS
At working load (excluding impact), the deflections shall not exceed 1/180 of the
span measured with respect to the ends of the beam.

V12a 24
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

5.4 BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

CONNECTIONS

5.4.1 General
Adequate strength (and where required, adequate rotational stiffness and
rotational capacity) of connections to withstand the calculated resultant forces,
moments and, where required, displacement demands, shall be established by
test or, where possible, by calculation. Test procedures for various connections
are specified in Section 9.

5.4.2
5.4.2 Beam Loc king
kin g Devic
Devicee
Except for movable-shelf racks, beams subject to machine loading shall have
connection locking devices (or bolts) capable of resisting an upward force of
1,000 pounds (453.6 kg) per connection without failure or disengagement.

5.4.3
5.4.3 Movable-Shelf
Movab le-Shelf Racks
For movable-shelf racks, the top shelf and other fixed shelves are to include
support connections capable of resisting an upward force of 1,000 pounds (453.6
kg) per connection without failure or disengagement.
The movable shelves are generally constructed of a set of front and rear

longitudinal
movable beamsare
shelves connected rigidly to in
to be connected each
each other
such by transve
a way transverse
so as rse members.
to prevent The
forward
displacement when lifting out the front beam
b eam of the shelf.

5.5 PALLET
PAL LET SUPPORTS
SUPPORTS
Pallet support members extending between the shelf beams at a given level shall be
designed for the worst loading condition considering the dimensions of the storage
rack, the dimensions and configuration of the bottom of the pallet and the anticipated
pallet placement. The warehouse operator must make the rack system designer
aware of the expected configuration, condition, and construction of the pallets to be
used.

5.6 WELDED-WIRE RACK DECKING

Where Welded-Wire Rack Decking is utilized to support the load,
load , it shall be designed
in accordance with ANSI MH26.2 [6].

6. UPRIGHT FRAME DESIG

DESIGN
N
6.1 DEFINITION
The upright frame consists of columns and bracing members.

6.2 GENERAL
GENERAL

6.
6.2.
2.1
1 Upright frames and mult i-tiered portal frames
Upright frames and multi-tiered portal frames shall be designed for the critical
combinations of vertical and horizontal loads for their most unfavorable positions
as specified in Section 2.
2. All moments and forces induced in the columns by the

V12a 25
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

beams shall be considered.

considered. In lieu of the calculation, frame
frame capacity may be
established by tests according to Section 9.5.
9 .5.

6.2.2 Connections
Connections that cannot be readily analyzed shall be capable of withstanding the
moments and forces in proper combinations as shown by test.

6.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

L ENGTHS
Effective lengths for columns are those specified in Sections 6.3.1 through 6.3.4, or
as determined by rational analysis or tests.
Guidance for using an effective length method is given in the following subsections.
It is not intended to preclude the use of other design methods. Other rational
methods, as specified by AISC [2] and AISI [1] may be used. One column stability
design method should be used consistently throughout the analysis of one structure.

6.
6.3.
3.1
1 Flexural
Flexural Buckling in the Direction Perpendicul
Perpendicul ar to the Upright
Frames
Lx is the distance from the centerline of one beam to the centerline of the next
beam or the distance from the floor to the centerline of the first beam.

6.3.1
[Link]
.1 Racks
Racks Not Braced Agains t Sidesway
For the portion of the column between the bottom beam and the floor, as well as
between consecutive beam levels, the effective length factor K shall be taken as
1.7, or as otherwise determined by an analysis properly accounting for the
stiffness of members, the semi-rigid nature of the beam-to-column connections
and the partial fixity of the base, allowing for average load reduction, as
applicable.
If a K of 1.7 is used without analysis, then no reduction of this value shall be
made.

6.3.1
[Link]
.2 Racks
Racks Braced Against
Again st Sidesway
The effective length factor for pallet racks, stacker racks, and movable-shelf

racks
plane is K =that
and 1, provided thathave
such racks all such racks
either haveand
a rigid diagonal
fixed bracing
top shelfin or
thediagonal
vertical
bracing in the horizontal plane of the top fixed shelf. Increased column capacity
capacity
may be achieved by placing an additional rigid and fixed shelf (or shelves) or
bracing in the horizontal plane. The unsupported length is defined as the
distance from floor to fixed top shelf or bracing; or, in the case of additional rigid
fixed shelf (or shelves) or fixed shelf with diagonal bracing in its horizontal plane,
the unsupported length is the distance between fixed shelves or braced shelves.
The effective length factor is K = 1. If there is no bracing in the vertical plane of
the rack, the K values are the same as for racks per Section [Link], Racks Not
Braced Against Sidesway.

6.3.2
6.3.2 Flexural Buc kli ng in the Plane of the Uprigh t Frame
[Link] Ly is defined as the distance along the neutral axis of the column between the
intersection of the neutral axis of the column with the neutral axis of either two
adjacent diagonals or a diagonal and a horizontal.
V12a 26
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

[Link] For upright frames having diagonal braces or a combination of diagonal and
horizontal braces that intersect the columns, the effective length factor, K, for
the portion of the column between braced points shall be taken as 1.0, provided
that the maximum value of the ratio of Lshort to Llong does not exceed 0.15.
Lshort or Llong is defined as the distance between the intersection of the neutral
axis of the column with the neutral axis of either two adjacent diagonals or a
diagonal and a horizontal.
In an upright frame with diagonals and horizontals, L short and Llong refer to the
minimum and maximum distances between two adjacent segments between two
adjacent horizontals. In an upright frame with only diagonal Lshort and Llong refer
to two adjacent segments. All distances are measured along the neutral axis of
the column.
[Link] For upright frames having diagonal braces that intersect the horizontal braces,
the effective length factor K for the portion of the column between braced points
shall be taken as 1.0 providing the ratio of L short to Llong does not exceed 0.12.
Lshort is defined as the shortest distance between the intersection of the neutral
axis of one of the two diagonal braces with the neutral axis of the horizontal
brace, or the shortest distance between the intersections of one diagonal
brace with the neutral axis of the horizontal brace with the neutral axis of the
column.
Llong is defined as the length of the horizontal brace measured between the
neutral axes of the columns.
All measurements are along the neutral axis of
of the horizontal brace.
[Link] For the upright frames having bracing patterns not included above, the effective
length factor K of the column shall be determined by rational analysis or by
upright frame testing.

6.
6.3.
3.3
3 Torsional Buckli ng
[Link] Lt is the length of the member unsupported against twisting.
[Link] The effective length factor, Kt, for torsional buckling shall be taken as 0.8
provided that the connection details between the columns and the braces are
such that the twisting
twisting of the column iis
s prevented at the brace points. If the
connection details do not prevent twist, Kt can be larger and shall be determined
by rational analysis or testing.

6.3.4 Diagonals
Diagonals and Horizontals
For compression diagonals and horizontal members of trussed upright frames,
the effective length is the full unsupported length of the member.
The analysis and design of the upright frame joints (or connections) shall include
a consideration of the transfer of the member forces into and through those joints
along with their connections and the deformation of the member legs, lips, and
stiffening elements that make up the cross section of the various members
coming into each joint.

V12a 27
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

6.4 STABILITY
STAB ILITY OF TRUSSED-BRACED
TRUSSED-BRACED UPRIGHT FRAMES
To prevent trussed-braced upright frames from becoming unstable and buckling in
their own plane, the columns of such upright frames shall be designed using the
appropriate provisions of the AISI [1] or the AISC [2] for a value KL/r or Kl/r,
respectively, equal to:

2
 EA
Pcr

where for Pcr the following apply:

1. For upright frames braced with diagonals and horizontals:
 2 EI 1
Pcr =
k l
2 2
 2
I  1 b 
1+ 2 2
 + 
k l A d
sin  cos 2  aA b 

2. For upright frames braced with

with diagonals only:

2
 EI 1
Pcr = 2 2
k l 2I 1
1+ 2 2 2
k l Ad s
siin cos 

3. For upright frames braced with ho

horizontals
rizontals only, and with full
fully
y rigid
connections:

 2 EI 1
Pcr =
 2 I  ab 
2 2 2
k l a
1+ 2 2   + 
k l  12 I br 24 I c 

where:
a Vertical distance between the horizontal brace axis.
A Sum of the minimum net area (Anet min.) of the columns of the upright
frame.
Ab Cross-sectional area of a horizontal brace.
Ad Cross-sectional area of a diagonal brace.
b Horizontal distance between neutral axes of the columns.
E The modulus of elasticity of steel.
I Minimum net moment of inertia of the columns about the gravity axis
of the upright frame perpendicular to the plane of the upright frame
Ibr Moment of inertia of the horizontal brace about its own axis
perpendicular to the plane of the upright frame.
Ic Minimum net moment of inertia of one column about its own major
axis perpendicular to the plane of the upright frame.
V12a 28
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

k =1.1 if the center of gravity of the loads along the upright frame is
below midheight.
=1.6 if the center of gravity is below the upper third-point of the
height.
=2.0 if the center of gravity is above the upper third-point of the
height.

l Total height of the upright frame.

 Angle between horizontal and diagonal braces.

7. COLUMN BASE Design

7.1 COLUMN BA SE PLATES
PLA TES

7.1.1
7.1.1 Bearing on concrete
con crete
Provision shall be made to transfer column forces and moments into the floor.
These forces and moments shall be consistent in magnitude and direction with
the rack analysis.
analysis. Unless otherwise specified, the maximum allowable bearing
stress F’p (ASD) or design bearing load Pp (LRFD) on the bottom of the plate
shall be determined as follows:
for ASD:
F'p = 0.7f ' c

for LRFD:

Pp = . f c' A Ef
17 Effe
fec
c ttiv
ive
e Bas
Bas e B
Be
e ari
arin
ng Are
Area

 = 0.60
where f’c = the minimum 28-day compression strength of the concrete floor
which, unless otherwise brought to the attention of the rack manufacturer, shall
be assumed to be 3,000 psi (2.1 x 10 6 kg/m2).

7.1.2
7.1.2 Base plate design
desig n
Once the required bearing area has been determined based on the allowable
bearing stress, F’p, the minimum thickness of the base plate is determined by
rational analysis or by appropriate test using a test load 1.5 times the ASD
design load or the factored
factored LRFD load. Upon request, information shall be given
to the owner or the owner’s agent on the location, size, and pressures under the
column base plates for each type of upright frame in the installation.
When rational analysis is used to determine base plate thickness, the base plate
shall be designed for the following loading conditions, where applicable.

7.1.2
[Link]
.1 Downward vertical
verti cal for ce
The effective area of the base plate is defined as the minimum area needed to
satisfy the concrete bearing requirements or the minimum bearing area required
by the concrete
concrete slab designer. This area maymay be the area bounded by the the
perimeter of the rack column, the full area of the base plate, or some area in
between these two values.
values. The resulting area is defined as the effec
effective
tive base
V12a 29
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

plate area. The base plate thickness shall be calculated

calculated assuming that
that the
bearing pressure is uniformly distributed over the effective base plate area and
the plate shall be analyzed as a rigid member.

7.1.2
[Link]
.2 Uplift/tensi
Uplif t/tension
on for ce
When the base plate configuration uses a single anchor bolt and a net uplift
force exists, the minimum base plate thickness shall be determined based on a
design bending moment in the plate equal to the uplift force times 1/2 the
distance from the centerline of the anchor to the nearest edge of the rack
column. When the base plate
plate configuration consists of two anc
anchor
hor bolts located
on either side of the column and a net uplift force exists, the minimum base
plate thickness shall be determined based on a design bending moment in the
plate equal to the uplift force on one anchor times 1/2 the distance from the
centerline of the anchor to the nearest edge of the rack column.

7.
7.1.
1.2.
2.3
3 Axial load plus bending (down-aisle
(down-aisle seismic or wind)
When downward axial loads and bending moments due to lateral loads exist,
the base plate thickness and anchor forces shall be determined as follows:
When e = M/P <= N/6, where N = effective length of the base plate in the down-
aisle direction, no uplift of the base
base plate will occur. Therefore, no tension force
will be present in the anchors and the anchors shall be designed for the
maximum calculated shear force. The base plate thickness shall be determined
per Section [Link].
When e > N/6, where N = effective length of the base plate in the down-aisle
direction, then a tension
tension force may occur in the anchor(s).
anchor(s). The tension force
can be calculated directly once the compressive stress block underneath the
plate has been established. In order to calculate the anchor tension, the
designer must assume either the peak
p eak magnitude of the stress distribution or the
length of the stress block. Once the concrete stress block distribution
distribution and
magnitude has been established, the anchor tension can be calculated directly
through the equations of equilibrium. The base plate thickness
thickness shall
shall be
determined per Section [Link].

7.1.3
7.1.3 Maxim
Maxim um Consid ered Earth
Earth quake Base Rotation
Where base bending moments are assumed in the design the base shall have a
rotational capacity, Өb, of not less than

(
Cd 1+αS Mb )
Θb = Kb
Where:
Cd is the deflection amplification factor per Section 2.6.6.
αs is the first iteration of the second order amplification
amplification term computed
using Wpi from Section 2.6.4 of the Commentary.
Mb is the base moment from analysis.
analysis. The moment used for Mb should
be 1.5 times the computed base moment if the base moment was
computed using the ASD design method.

V12a 30
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Kb is the base rotational stiffness used in the structural analysis that

determined Mb.
If the rotational capacity of the base is exceeded, the structural components must
be modified until the base rotational demand equation above is satisfied.

7.1.4 Shims
Shims may be used under the base plate to maintain the plumbness and/or
levelness of the storage rack. The shims shall be made of a material
material that meets
or exceeds the design bearing strength (LRFD) or allowable bearing strength
(ASD) of the floor. The shim sizesize and location under the base plate shall be
equal to or greater than the required base plate size and location.
In no case shall the total thickness of a shim stack under a base plate exceed six
times the diameter of the largest anchor bolt used in that base.
Shims stacks having a total thickness greater than two and less than or equal to
six times the anchor bolt diameter under bases with only one anchor bolt shall be
interlocked or welded together in a fashion that is capable of transferring all the
shear forces at the base.

Shims stacks having a total thickness of less than or equal to two times the
anchor bolt diameter need not be interlocked or welded together.
Bending in the anchor associated with shims or grout under the base plate shall
be taken into account in the design of anchor bolts.

7.2 SLAB AND SUBGRADE EVALUATION

The owner is responsible for retaining a qualified engineer to evaluate the slab and
the subgrade to make sure they will adequately support all storage rack loads. It is
the responsibility of the rack supplier to provide the column loading and base detail
information that is needed for the evaluation.

7.3 ANCHOR BOLTS

B OLTS

7.3.1
7.3.1 Anchor
Anc hor Bolt
Bol t Desig
Desig n
The anchor bolt design shall be in accordance with the provisions of ACI
318 Appendix D. The redundancy factor in the load combinations in
Section 2.1 and 2.2 shall be 1.0.

7.
7.3.
3.2
2 Periodi
Periodi c Inspection of Anchor Bolt Installation
When periodic inspection of the anchor bolt installation is required, the owner, or
the owner’s designated representative, shall retain a qualified inspector to
conduct the inspection.
inspection. Only the anchors in the main force-resisting
force-resisting system
need to be inspected. See the commentary for a broader discussion of this topic.

V12a 31
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

8. SPECIAL RACK DESIGN P

PROVISIONS
ROVISIONS
8.1 OVERTURNING
Overturning is to be considered for the most unfavorable combination of vertical and
horizontal loads. Stabilizing forces provided by the
the anchor bolt are not considered in
checking overturning, unless the anchors and floor are specifically designed and

installed to meet these uplift forces (Sections

( Sections 2.5 and 2.6).
Unless all columns are so anchored, the ratio of the restoring moment to overturning
moment shall not be less than 1.5.
The height-to-depth ratio of a storage rack shall not exceed 6 to 1 measured to the
top loaded shelf level, unless the rack is anchored or braced externally to resist all
forces. The height is measured from the floor to the top loaded shelf level and the
the
depth from face to face of the upright column.
Storage rack, which is loaded and unloaded by powered handling equipment, that
exceeds the 6 to 1 ratio defined above, shall also be designed to resist a 350 pound
(159 kg) side force applied to any single frame at the top loaded shelf level in a
direction perpendicular to the aisle. For LRFD design method, the load factor
applied to this force shall
shall be 1.6. This force is to be applied to an empty frame and
divided into as many frames as are interconnected in the direction of the force.
Anchors and base plates will be designed to resist uplift forces from this force when
applied to an empty frame.
frame. Frame columns need not be designed for the additional
axial load from this force.
Unless it can be shown to be unnecessary because of such factors as soil, slab and
frame stiffness, single rows of rack exceeding a height-to-depth ratio of 8 to 1 must
be tied externally to the building or cross-aisle to another rack. Stabilizing a single
rack with a height-to-depth ratio over 8 to 1 with anchoring alone is not
recommended, unless designed and certified by an engineer.
The 350 pound (159 kg) side force in this section need not be applied concurrently
with the horizontal forces of Sections 2.4, 2.5 or 2.6.

8.2 CONNECTIONS
CONNECTIONS TO BUILDINGS
BUIL DINGS

Connections of racks to buildings,

reactions or displacements if any, shall
of the buildings frombe designedthe
damaging and installed
racks or thetoreactions
prevent
or displacements of the racks from damaging the building (see also Section 1.4.10).

8.3 INTERACTION WITH BUILDINGS

BUIL DINGS
Storage rack located at levels above the ground level (as described in Section 2.6.2),
rack buildings, or racks which depend upon attachments to buildings or other
structures at other than floor level for their lateral stability, shall be designed to resist
seismic forces that consider the responses of the building and storage rack to
seismic ground motion and their interaction so as not to cause damage to one
another.

V12a 32
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

8.4 PICK MODULES A ND RACK SUPPORTED

SUPPORTED PLATFORMS
PLA TFORMS
Pick modules and rack supported platforms that are used by authorized or trained
personnel, and are not open to the general public, shall be designed in accordance
with this section.

8.4.1
8.4.1 Posting
Posti ng of Design Loads

The design loads for the floor areas of the rack supported platforms and pick
module walkways shall be shown on the rack configuration and load application
drawings. These design
design loads shall also
also be displayed in one or more
conspicuous locations within the structure, such as at the top of the access
stairway.

8.4.2
8.4.2 Desig
Desig n Requirements
Rack supported platforms and pick module walkways shall be designed for the
maximum concentrated loads and the maximum uniformly distributed loads that
are to be imposed
imposed on the rack platform floor. The owner or owner’s
rack supported platform
agent shall advise the designer of the rack supported platform or pick module of
all loads that are expected on the structure for its present or future use.
The design load for the foot traffic on pick module walkways shall be at least 60
2
psf (293 kg/m ) live load superimposed over the entire area of the foot traffic
walkway. Where applicable the pick module floor shall also also be designed for
conveyor leg loading, pallet staging, shelving, mobile-handling equipment or any
other items that could cause additional loadload on the pick module walkway. In
some cases, conditions may require a higher design load. The user should
advise the designer of
of all such conditions.
conditions. The pick module walkway shall also
be designed for other items, such as lights or sprinkler pipes, that may be hung
from the pick module walkway floor or
o r floor supports.
If the project specifications dictate that a pick module walkway live load greater
than or equal to 100 psf (488 kg/m 2) is required and there are two or more
elevated floor levels, the live load may be reduced by 20 percent for the design of
the column framing system which includes the support columns, the frame
bracing, the frame bracing
bracing connections and the base plates. This reduction does
not apply to the beams that support the floor or their connections.
The maximum live load deflection for beams that support rack supported
platforms shall not be greater than L
L/240.
/240. The total load
load deflection shall not be
more than L/180.
The clear width of a pick module walkway shall be at least 30 inches (760 mm).

8.4.3
8.4.3 Rack
Rack Suppor ted Platform
Platfor m and Pick Module
Modul e Walk
Walkways
ways
Guardrails - Members that are installed on an elevated rack supported platform
or pick module walkway whose purpose is to provide fall protection for the
occupants of the structure.
structure. Guardrails consist of a top rail, an intermediate
intermediate rail
and posts.
Safety Flooring – A surface that is provided in areas where order picking
personnel may need to step off the normal walking area or pick module walkway
to dislodge loads that may not have properly flowed to their correct discharging
positions.
V12a 33
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Kick-plate – Kick-plates are vertical plates that extend upward at the edge of a
floor surface to prevent loose items from sliding off the edge of the floor.

8.4.3
[Link]
.1 Guardrail Requi
Requi rements
The horizontal top rail of the guardrail shall be 42 inches (1067 mm) above the
walking surface. Guardrails shall have a top rail and intermediate
intermediate members
such that a 21 inch (533 mm) sphere cannot pass through below the top rail
level. The ends of the rails shall
shall not extend beyond the post, except where
extending the rails will not create a hazard. Where there is a discontinuity of the
guardrail that exceeds 6 inches (152 mm), such as between vertical members or
between stairs and a vertical member, filler guardrail is required to provide fall
protection for this space.
space. The top and intermediate guaguard
rd rails or any other part
of the guardrail assembly must be designed to resist the following loads applied
separately (not simultaneously):
1. Concentrated live load of 200 pounds (91 kg) applied at any location
along the top rail assembly in any direction.
2. Distributed live lload
oad of 20 plf (40 kg/m) applied in any direction along
the length of any member that is part of the assembly.
Guardrails are not required to be in place where they would interfere with
product being loaded into or removed from the pick
pick module system. Guardrail
must be provided to close any other openings through which an order picker
may fall. Where guardrails are omitted for pallet drops, safety ga
gates,
tes, removable
guardrail sections or removable chains must be used for fall protection. These
devices must meet the same strength and configuration requirements as the
permanently installed guardrail.

8.4.3
[Link]
.2 Safety
Safety Flooring
Floor ing Requi
Requirements
rements
Safety flooring shall be designed for a 300 pound (136 kg) concentrated load (to
support the picker) and a distributed live load of 60 psf (293 kg/m 2) acting
separately. The pickers shall not walk out onto the safety flooring without
observing the correct safety procedures that are required for the pick module
use. The pickers shall stay at least 4 feet away
away from the open end of the safety
flooring.

8.4.3
[Link]
.3 Kic k-plate Requi
Requirements
rements
Kick-plates shall extend at least 4 inches (102 mm) above the floor surface.
Kick-plates are not required at picking locations but are required at pallet drop
locations. The user shall specify to the designer any additional areas where
kick-plate may be needed for safety due to the configuration of the pick module.

8.4.3
[Link]
.4 Special Conditio
Condi tio ns
Floor openings under the conveyor path that are used for the discharge of trash
need not have guardrail or kick plates as this would interfere with the efficient
discharge of trash.
Where conveyor inclines rise through an opening in the floor, guardrail is
generally required on all sides, except the side where use of such guardrail
would interfere with the conveyor or product.

V12a 34
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Toe-plates are not required where rack frame bracing or other structural
components such as shelf decking or safety flooring are next to the edge of the
floor.
Guardrails are not required at locations where other structural members such as
rack frame horizontal members are provided that meet the strength and
configuration requirements of the guardrail.

8.4.4 Stairways
Fixed stairways shall be provided for access to elevated rack supported
platforms or pick modules by authorized or trained personnel. Fixed stairways
shall be designed and constructed to carry a load of 100 psf (488 kg/m2) but shall
not be of less strength than to carry a concentrated live load of 300 pounds (136
kg) at any point along the stairway. (Other requirements may need to be
considered.)
Fixed stairways shall have a minimum tread width of 30 inches (762 mm). A
vertical clearance of 7 feet (2.1 m) shall be maintained between the stairway and
any overhead obstruction measured from the leading edge of the tread.
Stairways shall be installed at angles to the horizontal of between 30 and 50
degrees. The sum of the rise and the run of a single step should be
approximately 17.5 inches (445 mm) with the minimum rise of 6.5 inches (165
mm) and a maximum rise of 9.5 inches (241 mm).
Rise height and tread length shall be uniform throughout any flight of stairs
including any foundation structure used as one or more of the treads of the stairs.
Open risers are allowed.
Stairway landings shall be no less than the width of the stairway and a minimum
of 30 inches (762 mm) in in length measured in the direction of travel. Intermediate
landings are required if vertical rise exceeds 12 feet (3.66 m).
Handrails shall be provided on both sides of all stairways.
stairways. If the total rise of the
stairway is less than 44 inches (1118 mm) stair handrails are not required.
Stair Handrail – Smooth, continuous railing that runs up a stair rise assembly to
provide added balance and safety for the occupants as they walk up or down the

stair rise assembly.

Stair handrail shall be 30 inches (762 mm) to 34 inches (864 mm) in height when
measured from the top of each tread at the face of the tread. Stair handrail
brackets or posts supports shall be spaced at no more than 8 feet (2.44 m)
centers and the rail shall be mounted so a clearance of at least 3 inches (76 mm)
exists horizontally between the rail and any obstruction.
obstruction. Stair handrails shall be
designed for the same forces as guardrails.
Stair handrail extensions are not required in pick module or rack supported
platform stair assemblies.

8.4.5
8.4.5 Produc t Fall Protection
Protect ion
The owner should specify to the designer any locations where operations may
require horizontal or vertical safety
safety barriers. These barriers shall prevent product
product
from falling into those areas.

V12a 35
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

8.5 AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS (STACKER
RACKS)
Stacker racks may be “Load Arm and Rail Type” or “Beam Column Type” and can be
used in “Rack Supported Systems”.
Shown in parenthesis in the heading are the numbers corresponding to parts of this
Specification.

8.5.1 Tolerances (1.4.11)

Installation and design tolerances shall be supplied by the user of the installation
based on the requirements of the equipment manufacturer.

8.5.2
8.5.2 Verti
Verti cal Impact Loads (2.3)
The moving equipment manufacturer is responsible for supplying to the rack
manufacturer information on maximum vertical static and dynamic loads for the
design of racks; the rack structures shall be designed for these lloads.
oads.

8.5.3
8.5.3 Horizont al Loads (2.4)
Horizontal loads specified in Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 of the Specification shall be
used in the design of racks.

8.5.4 Wind (2.5) and Snow Loads (2.1)

Wind (including uplift) and snow loads shall be considered in the design of rack
during erection and use. In determining the total force on a rack structure,
structure, forces
in all members of the structure shall be accounted for with proper consideration
of shielding effects, the shape effect, and other applicable forces.
The forces specified in Sections 2.4.1, 2.4.2 and 2.6 do not act concurrently with
wind loads.

8.5.5 Deflections (5.3)

Deflections shall not exceed the limits set by the requirements of the equipment
operation.

8.
8.5.
5.6
6 Rack
Rack Compatibilit y with the Equipment
Horizontal and vertical deflections shall be calculated and reviewed with the
crane equipment supplier for compatibility.
Rack design shall be compatible with the equipment. The basic considerations
shall include the height of the first shelf, clearance from the top shelf to the cross-
aisle tie, shuttle window height, and
a nd sprinkler system.

9. TEST METHODS
9.1 GENERAL
GENERAL
Material properties as determined in accordance with the applicable ASTM A370 test
procedures and Section F3 of the AISI Specification
Specification apply. For this purpose, tensile

coupons
at regionsare taken,
of low after the
bending completion
moment of testing,
and shear force. from flat portions of the specimen

V12a 36
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

If the effect of cold-working is being accounted for by test, the test specimens must
be formed by the same procedure as is used or contemplated in the prototype. This
is essential because different manufacturing methods produce different amounts of
cold working (e.g., cold working of a specimen by press-braking is less than that in a
cold-roll-formed prototype).
Test specimens are to be fully described prior to testing and any dents or defects

shall be noted
sectional and theofcondition
dimensions ceach
ondition of welds,
specimen areif to
any,
any
be, inspected
measuredand
priordescribed. Allseveral
to testing at cross-
points along the length and photographs of specimens should be taken prior to,
during, and after testing whenever it seems advisable. (The purpose of these tests iis s
for design and not for purchase acceptance-tests.)

9.1.1
9.1.1 Testi
Testi ng Apparatus
App aratus and Fixtures
Fixtu res
These tests should be carried out in a testing machine or by means of hydraulic
jacks in a test frame or by application of properly measured weights. The testing
machine or load-measuring apparatus must meet the requirements prescribed in
the ASTM Methods E4, Verification of Testing Machines.
The weights of load distribution beams and other fixtures are to be measured and
included in evaluating the test data.

9.1.2 Instrumentation
Dial gages or other deflection measuring devices are required at appropriate
points to obtain proper alignment and to measure load-deflection behavior
accurately. The deflections should be measured and reported to an accuracy of
0.03 inches (0.76 mm).
Strain gages may be used if behavior characteristics other than ultimate loads
and load-deflection
load-deflection relations are desired. In general, for coupon tests,
extensometers are used.
For members subject to twisting, such as channel and Z sections, the twist angle
shall be measured by proper means.

9.1.3
9.1.3 Reduc
Reductio
tio n and Presentation of Test Data
Data
For each test, the report is to include:
1. A sketch of the specimen
specimen with all dimensions.
2. A sketch of the test set-up with
with all dimensions, including locations and kinds
of gages, loading and support arrangements and an identification of the
loading apparatus (testing machine, jacks, etc.) with information on the
range used and the smallest increment readable for that range.
3. The results of the coupon tension tests
tests should be presented in the form of a
table of elongations vs. loads or, alternatively, strains vs. stresses. Yield
stress and ultimate strength shall be determined by any of the accepted
ASTM methods. (It is desirable to include stress-strain curves in the data
presentation.)
4. For presentation of the results of the test, all load, deflection, and other
recorded data shall be properly reduced to actual values by correcting,

V12a 37
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

where appropriate, for initial readings, weights of loading apparatus (e.g.,

loading beams), etc.
These reduced measurements shall be presented in tables showing load vs. the
particular measured
measured quantity (deflection, strain, etc.).
etc.). In the same tables,
observations of special events (flange buckling, connection failure, etc.) shall be
noted at the particular load at which they occurred.

Graphic presentation of load-deformation curves is advisable at least for the mid-

span deflections depending upon observations made during the tests and on
inspection of tabulated data, graphic presentation of selected or all other load-
deformation data is desirable, but optional as dictated by judgment.

9.
9.1.
1.4
4 Evaluation
Evaluation of Te
Tests
sts for Determinin
Determinin g Structural Perform
Perform ance
Tests are to be evaluated in accordance with Section F1 of the AISI [1].

9.2 STUB COLUMN TESTS FOR COLD-FORMED AND HOT-ROLLED

HOT-ROLL ED
COLUMNS

9.2.1
9.2.1 Test
Test Specimen and Procedur e
The Q values of perforated compression members for use in Section 4 are
determined by stub column tests as described in Part VIII of the AISI Cold-
Formed Steel Design Manual [4]. [4]. The ends of the
the stub column must be milled
flat (preferably to a tolerance of 0.001 inch [0.025 mm]) and perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the column. The axial load is to be applied by flatflat plates
bearing (not welded or otherwise connected) against the milled ends. For the
purposes of determining Q, only the ultimate strength of the stub column needs
to be determined.

9.2.2
9.2.2 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
Q is calculated as follows:

ultimate compresive strength

strength of stub column by test
Q =

Fy A net min

where:
Fy = actual yield stress of the column material, if no cold work effects are to
be considered; or the weighted average yield to point F y, calculated in
accordance with Appendix A 5.2.2 of the AISI [1], if cold work effects
are to be considered.
Anet min = minimum cross-sectional area obtained by passing a plane through the
column normal to the axis of the column. In no case shall Q be greater
than 1.
Where a series of sections with identical cross-sectional dimensions and identical

hole
tests dimensions and only
need be made locations is produced
for the in athe
largest and variety of thickness,
smallest stub(tcolumn
thicknesses max and

V12a 38
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

tmin). Q values for intermediate thicknesses shall then be determined by

interpolation according to the following formulas:

(Q max Q min )( t t min )

− −
Q = Q min +
( t max t min )
−

where Q is the value for the intermediate thickness t, and Q max and Qmin are the
values obtained by test for the largest and smallest thicknesses, respectively.
This interpolation is permissible only if the yield stresses of the two specimens do
not differ by more than 25 percent and if the yield points of the intermediate
thicknesses fall between or below those of the test specimens.

9.3 PALLET
PALL ET BEAM TESTS
TESTS

9.3.1
9.3.1 Simpl y Suppor ted Pallet
Pallet Beam Tests
These tests are acceptable only for beams that are not subject to significant
torsional stresses or distortions.
The simply supported pallet beam test is to be made only if the flexural behavior
parameters such as the yield moment, ultimate moment and the effective flexural
rigidity (EI) are to be determined.
determined. For the latter parameter, tests are to be
conducted on two identical specimens unless a third test is required as specified
in Section [Link]. If lateral restraints are
are required, the beams are to be tested in
pairs as they would be used in completed assemblies.

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
The test set-up consists of a beam test specimen simply supported at each end
(not connected to columns). The test load is applied
applied to a load distribution beam
which in turn imposes a load at two points on the beam which in turn imposes a
load at two points on the beam specimen. Each load point on the beam test test
specimen is set at a distance of S/C from the support; where S is the span and C
is a numerical value between
between 2.5 and 3. Plates can be used to prevent local
failure at supports or at load points.

[Link]
[Link] Test Procedur
Proc edur e
After alignment, a small initial load of about 5% of the expected ultimate test load
shall be applied to the test assembly to ensure firm contact between the
specimen and all loading and support components.
components. At this load,
load, initial readings
are to be taken
taken from all gages. Loads shall thenthen be applied in increments no
larger than about one-fifth
one-fifth of the expected
expected design load. Readings are taken for
all load increments. (It is good to plot load verses mid-span
mid-span deflection readings
at each load increment
increment during testing.) Noticeable deviation from
from straightness of
such a plot will indicate incipient inelastic behavior or local buckling or crippling.
When such is the case, load increments are reduced to no more than half the
initial increments.
increments. (It is
is good practice, though not required, to measure
permanent set for loads within the interval of 25% of the expected design load
by reducing, within this interval, the ratio of the applied load to the initial load
after the increment. Appropriate gage readings are to be taken at this reduced
load to determine permanent set.)
V12a 39
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

When deflection increments for given load increments increase rapidly, this
indicates the approach of ultimate
ultimate failure load. If sudden failure is possible by
the nature of the specimen, and if such sudden failure could damage the gages,
they should be removed. On the other other hand, if a gradual failure is expected,
such as by simply yielding, it is desirable to measure the last center line
deflections right up to and past the maximum or ultimate load, to obtain some
part of the descending portion of the load deflection curve.
All specific events noticeable by visual inspection, such as local buckling,
crippling, failure of connections, etc., are to be recorded at the loads at which
they occur.

9.3.1
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
The parameters investigated shall be determined by test results by conventional
methods.
The flexural rigidity shall be calculated on the basis of the results of two tests of
identical specimens, provided that the deviation from the average value does not
exceed 10%. If the deviation from the average exceeds 10%, then a third
identical specimen is to be tested. The average of the two lower values obtained
from the tests shall be the result from the series of tests.

9.3.2
9.3.2 Pall
Pallet
et Beam in Uprigh t Frames Assembly
Ass embly Test
Test
This test is intended to simulate the conditions in the actual rack as closely as
possible.

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
The test assembly shall consist of two upright frames not bolted to the floor and
two levels of pallet beams with front-to-back ties when specified.
The upright frame may be as high as desired. However, the bottom level beams
shall be tested and shall be located so there will not be less than 24 inches (610
mm) clear between the test beams and the floor or between the test beams and
the top-level beams.
The end connections shall be those used in the prototype.
The location of the test loads perpendicular to the beams shall simulate actual
loading.
If loads are to be applied by pallets or other devices resting on beams, it is
important that friction between pallet and beams be reduced to the minimum
possible amount by greasing
greasing or other means.
means. (This is suggested because new,
dry pallets on new, dry beams when used in the test could provide considerably
more bracing than pallets and beams worn smooth in use and possibly covered
with a film of oil.)
The minimum instrumentation for such tests consists of devices for measuring
the deflections of both beams at mid-span relative to the ends of the beams.
One way of doing this is to attach a scale graduated to 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) at
mid-span of each beam and to stretch a tight string (usually a string with a
rubber band at one end) or wire attached to each end of the beam. Another way

V12a 40
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

is to use dial gages at mid-span and at each end of the beams

beams.. Transits may
also be used to read scales located at mid-span and at the end of the beams.
Additional instrumentation, such as strain gages or additional dial gages at the
ends of the beam,
beam, is needed only if special problems are to be considered. For
highly unsymmetrical beams, e.g., deep channels or C-sections, it may be
advisable to measure rotation under load. This is most easily done by rigidly

attaching a protractor
vertical string weightedofatsufficient
the end size
and to the beam
acting at or close
as a plumb close to mid-span.
is then A
read against
the protractor at every load increment.

[Link]
[Link] Test Procedur
Proc edur e
The test procedures specified in Section [Link] of this report shall be u
used.
sed.

9.3.2
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
The design load shall be the smallest of the following:
1. Strength determined according to the applicable provisions of the AISI [1]
Section F and its subsections.
2. Two-thirds of the load at which harmful or objectionable distortions are
observed in the connections
connections or elsewhere. These distortions include
rotations of such magnitude as to render the beam unserviceable.
3. The load (not including impact) at which maximum vertical deflections
attain 1/180 of the span, measured with respect to the ends of th
thee beams.

9.3.2
[Link]
.4 Number of Tests
Tests Requi
Required
red
The number of tests for determining design loads shall be as specified in
Section F of the AISI [1].

[Link]
[Link] Deflect ion
io n Test
Once the design load has been determined as specified in Sections 9.3.1
through [Link], an additional test shall be made using a new set of specimens.
An initial load equal to the design load shall be applied, reduced to zero and the
deflection read; this deflection reading shall be the zero reference reading. A
load equal to 1.5 times the design load shall then be applied and the deflection
read. The load shall then be held constant for one-quarter of an hour and the
deflection read again. This deflection reading shall not exceed the previous
reading by more than 5 percent. The load shall then be reduced to zero and the
residual or permanent deflection
deflection read. The net residual deflection of the beam
shall not exceed 15 percent of the final deflection measured at 1.5 times the
design load. If these limitations
limitations are not met, the design load shall be reduced
accordingly or the source of residual deflections determined and remedied, and
the test repeated with new specimens.

9.4 PALLET
PAL LET BEAM-TO-COLUMN
BEA M-TO-COLUMN CONNECTION
CONNECTION TESTS

9.4.1
9.4.1 The Cantil ever Test

This test is for determining the connection

conn ection moment capacity.

V12a 41
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
The test setup shall consist of a pallet beam at least 26 inches (660 mm) in
length connected to the center of a column at least 30 inches (76
(7600 mm) in length.
Both ends of the column
column shall be rigidly connected to rigid supports. The load
shall be applied to the pallet beam at 24 inches (610 mm) from the face of the
column. At this load application point, a dial gage shall be mounted to measure
deflections.

[Link]
[Link] Test Procedur
Proc edur e
The test procedure specified in Section [Link] shall be used.

9.4.1
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
The design moment shall be determined in a manner similar to that specified in
provisions 1 and 2 of Section [Link].

9.4.2
9.4.2 The Port al Test
This test is be used to obtain a joint spring constant needed for a semi-rigid
frame analysis.

[Link]
9.4.2.1The Test Setup
test setup shall consist of two upright frames supported on four half-round
bars, one under the base of each column, two beams the top of which is installed
at a distance of 24 inches (61 cm) from the floor, and including front-to-back ties
when specified. The half-round bars shall be located at the centroidal axes of the
columns perpendicular to to the beams. Extra plates may be placed between the
base plates and the half-round bars, if nece
necessary.
ssary. The bases of the columns
shall be held against lateral displacement but not against rotation.

[Link]
[Link] Test Procedur
Proc edur e
After the rack is properly assembled, a load equal to the design load of the
beams shall be placed on the beams, simulating
simulating usual loading. A horizontal
force equal to the horizontal design load corresponding to the vertical load on the
assembly shall be applied to the assembly, equally distributed between the two
columns on one side, at the level of the top of the beams, and in the direction of
the beams. Deflection due to the horizontal loading shall be measured at the
level of the top of the beams.
The procedure shall be repeated at a load twice the design load.

9.4.2
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
The spring constant is to be determined by rational analysis.

9.5 UPRIGHT FRAME

FRA ME TEST
The frame tests specified in this section are intended to simulate the conditions in the
actual rack as closely as possible. The purpose of the test is is to determine
determine the
upright frame loads for an expected
e xpected column failure that takes place between the floor
and the bottom beam or between the two lower beams in a three beam-level test
setup.

V12a 42
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

The test will account for vertical and horizontal loads as specified in Section 2.4.1 as
well as the effects of semi-rigid connections. This procedure is also applicable to
Sections 2.5 and 2.6
2 .6 with adjustments to take into account modified loads and
increased allowable stresses for Allowable Stress Design.

9.
9.5.
5.1
1 Horizontal Load in the Direction Perpendicular
Perpendicular to the P
Plane
lane of the
Upright Frame
Frame

9.5.1
[Link]
.1 Symmetr ical Loadin g Condit ion

[Link]
[Link].1
.1 Test Setup
The test assembly shall consist of three upright frames not bolted to the floor,
and at least two levels of beams connecting the frames together to make two
bays of pallet rack. When the distance from the floor to the first beam is smaller
than the distance between beams, then three levels of beams shall be used.
The vertical spacing of the beams shall be the same as in the actual application.
The upright frame may be as high as desired; however, its construction
consisting of a column and truss web members shall be of the same cross
section, pattern and spacing as in the actual
actual application. The top beam level
and its column connection may be heavier or reinforced to the degree necessary
to carry the test load
load to the point where the frame fails. The remaining beams
and their connections
connections shall be as in the actual application. This test load
represents the loading from two or more beam levels.
Horizontal loads shall be applied perpendicular to one outside upright frame at
the centerline of the beam connection by means of either hydraulic
h ydraulic cylinder(s) or
by ropes and pulleys with hanging weights attached.
attached. The load at each beam
level shall be applied equally to each column of the upright frame.
To measure horizontal displacements, one scale shall be located at the
centerline of each beam level, and another scale at midheight between the
bottom beam level and the floor. All scales may be placed on one colu
column.
mn.

[Link]
[Link].2
.2 Test Proc edure
edur e
1. Align the rack structure so that it is level and plumb and so that all
components are properly seated.
2. Take initial scale readings.
3. Place a vertical load equal to 1.5 times beam design load on each of the
lower beam levels.
4. Take scale readings for horizontal movement.
movement.
5. Apply a horizontal load to the upright frame at each beam level. The
horizontal load shall be determined per Section 2.4.1.
6. Take scale readings for horizontal movement.
movement.
7. Apply one additional unit of vertical load to the reinforced top level beams
only and take scale readings
read ings for horizontal movement.

8. Apply
only. one
Takeadditional unit of for
scale readings horizontal loadmovement.
horizontal to the reinforced top level
(If hydraulic beams
cylinders

V12a 43
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

are used, be sure the hydraulic cylinder at the bottom beam level is always
applying the proper force to the upright frame.)
9. Repeat steps (7) and (8) until failure
failure occurs in the upright frame.

9.5.1
[Link].
.1.3
3 Evaluation of Test Results
The vertical design load for an upright frame shall be determined according to
the applicable provisions
provisions of the AISI [1] Section
Section F and its subsections.
subsections. The
tested ultimate load must be the last set of test data which has an equal number
of both vertical and horizontal load increments.
increments. The tested ulti
ultimate
mate load should
be the lowest of the three tested conditions, namely symmetrical loading in
Section [Link], unsymmetrical loading in Section [Link], or for the horizontal
load in the direction parallel to the upright frame.

9.
9.5.
5.1.
1.2
2 Unsymmetrical Loading Condition
Test setup and test procedure are the same as Section [Link] for symmetrical
loading condition above, except that no load should be placed on one beam
level in one bay directly adjacent to the expected
expected column failure location. The
direction of the horizontal load should be in the direction of sidesway.

9.5.2
9.5.2 Horizont al Load in the Direction
Directi on Parall
Parallel
el to the Plane of Upri
Upri ght
Frame
[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
The test setup is the same as in Section [Link].1, except that the locations of
horizontal loads and scales shall be changed so that the horizontal loads and
displacements are in the plane of the upright frame.

[Link]
[Link] Test Procedur
Proc edur e
The test procedure is the same as the procedure in Section [Link].2 above,
except in step (5) the distribution of the horizontal load on each beam level on
each upright frame shall be as determined in Section 2.4.1.
In order to compensate for the effect of the longer moment arm of the upper
beam levels in the actual application, the applied test loads shall be modified
such that the effect of the loads in the upper beam levels of the rack are
properly accounted for both in overturning and shear force.

9.5.2
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
See Section [Link].3.

9.6 CYCLIC TESTING OF BEAM-TO-COLUMN

B EAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
CONNECTIONS

9.6.1 General
This protocol provides requirements for qualifying cyclic tests of beam-to-column
moment connections in steel storage rack beam-to-column connectors for
seismic loads. The purpose of of the testing
testing described in this document is to
provide evidence that a beam-to-column connection has the strength, stiffness
and rotational capacity to satisfy the demands that are being imposed upon
them. Alternate testing requirements are permitted when approved by the

V12a 44
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

Engineer of Record and the Authority Having Jurisdiction. It is also the purpose
of this series of tests to determine the moment-rotation characteristics, or
“dynamic spring relationship” of the beam -to-column connections of the various
designs and manufacturers.

9.6.2 Definitions

Definitions of the
characteristics of elements, components,
the physical test set-upvariables, parameters,
will be specified and dimensional
as representative of
this testing protocol.

9.6.3
9.6.3 Test
Test Subassembl age Requi
Requi rements
The Test Subassemblage shall replicate, as closely as is practicable, the
conditions that will
will occur in the Prototype during earthquake loading. The Test
Subassemblage shall include a column element and two cantilever beam
elements with integral attached beam-to-column connectors (See Figure 9.6.3-1).

Figu re 9.6.3-1
9.6.3-1 Test
Test Set Up

9.6.4
9.6.4 Essential Test
Test Variabl
Variables
es
The Test Specimen shall replicate, as closely as is practicable, the pertinent
design, detailing, and construction features, and the material properties of the
Prototype.

9.6.4
[Link]
.1 Sources
Sourc es of Inelastic Rotation
Inelastic rotation shall be developed in the Test Specimen by inelastic action in
the same members and connection elements as anticipated in the prototype, i.e.,
in the beam, in the column, in the panel zone, or within the connection elements.

V12a 45
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

[Link]
[Link] Size of Members
The size of the beams and columns used in the Test Specimen shall be
representative of typical full-size storage rack beams and columns.

9.6.4
[Link]
.3 Connecti on Details
Details
The beam-to-column connectors and the connection details used in the Test
Specimen shall represent the Prototype connection details as closely as
possible.

[Link]
[Link] Material Strengt
Stren gth
h
Each member of the connection element that contributes to the Inelastic Rotation
at yielding will be tested to determine its yield stress and yield strength.

[Link] Welds
Welds on the Test Specimen shall satisfy and be performed in strict conformance
with the requirements of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) as required by
the American Welding Society (AWS).

[Link] Bolts

The boltedconnection
Prototype portions ofas
theclosely
Test Specimen shall replicate the bolted portions of the
as possible.

9.6.5
9.6.5 Testi
Testi ng Procedur e
The testing program should include tests of at least two specimens of each
combination of beam and column
column and connector size.
size. The results of the tests
should be capable of predicting the median value of drift angle capacity for the
performance states of Strength Degradation and Ultimate Drift Angle Capacity.

9.6.6
9.6.6 Loading
Loadi ng History
Histo ry-Ge
-General
neral Requi
Requirements
rements
Prior to the application of any cyclic loading, a constant downward load, P c, of
one kip shall be applied to each beam segment adjacent to each connector on
both sides of the beam-to-column connection simulating the design downward-

acting gravity
connectors into pallet loads receiving
the columns that serve to fully engage the beams and their
them.
The Test Specimen shall be subjected to cyclic loads according to the
requirements prescribed for beam-to-column moment connections in Moment
Frames. Other loading sequences may be used when they they are demonstrated
demonstrated to
be of equivalent or greater sevseverity.
erity. Qualifying tests shall be conducted
conducted by
controlling the Peak Drift Angle imposed on the Test Specimen.
Loading will proceed with the application of equal displacements, D, at each end
of each beam, and the measurement of the forces, PL and PR, corresponding to
each such displacement.

9.6.7 Instrumentation
Sufficient instrumentation shall be provided on the Test Specimen to permit
measurement or calculation of the quantities required to produce meaningful,
reproducible results for this testing protocol.
V12a 46
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

9.6.8
9.6.8 Material
Material Testing Requir
Requir ements

9.6.8
[Link]
.1 Tension Testi
Testi ng Requi
Requirements
rements
Tension testing shall be conducted on samples of steel taken from the material
adjacent to each Test Specimen. Tension-test results
results from certified mill
mill test
reports shall be reported but are not permitted to be used in place of specimen
testing for the purposes of this
th is Section.

9.6.8
[Link]
.2 Metho
Metho ds of Tension Testi
Testi ng
Tension-test results shall be based upon testing that is conducted in accordance
with the appropriate ASTM testing protocols for the particular materials being
used.

9.6.9
9.6.9 Test
Test Repor
Repor tin g Requi
Requirements
rements
For each Test Specimen, a written test report meeting the requirements of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction and the requirements of this Section shall be
prepared. The report shall thoroughly document all key features and results of
the test. Additional drawings, data, photographs, and discussion of the Test
Specimen or test results are permitted to be included in the report.

9.6.1
9.6.10
0 Acceptance
Acc eptance Criteria
Criteri a
The Test Specimen must satisfy the Strength and Rotational Demand
requirements of this protocol for the connection, as applicable. The Test
Specimen must sustain the required rotational demand for at least one complete
loading cycle. The test results will also include the beam-to-column moment-
rotation characteristics and “dynamic spring relationship” for each of the
combinations tested.

9.6.1
9.6.11
1 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
The design moment may be determined in a manner as shown in the
Commentary Section 9.6.1.
9.6.1. Other acceptable methods that lead to comparable
results are permitted.

V12a 47
American National Standard
Standard ANSI MH16.1: 2012(R2019)
2012(R2019)
Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks

10. REFERENCES TO THE TEXT

1. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) (2007), North American Specification
for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members, ANSI S100-07,
Washington, DC:
2. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) (2010), Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 360-10, Chicago, IL
3. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) (2008), Cold-Formed Steel Design
Manual, Washington, DC.
4. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (2010), Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures,
Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10, ASCE, Reston, VA.
5. American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 (2011) Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete, Appendix D, Farmington Hills, MI
6. Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI) Specification for the Design Testing
and Utilization of Welded-Wire Rack Decking,
Decking , ANSI 26.2-2007

V12a 48
 Comm entary to ANSI MH16.1:
MH16.1: 2012(R20
2012(R2019)
19)

Com mentt ary t o A

Commen ANSI
NSI MH1MH16.1
6.1:: 2012(
2012(R20
R2019)
19)
Specific atio
tionn fo
forr tthe
he DDesign,
esign, T Testing
esting and
Utilizatio
Utilizationno
off Indu
Industr
strial
ial Ste
Stee
el Storage
tor age Ra
Racks
cks

An Industry
Industry Grou
Group
p of MHI
8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201
Charlotte, NC 28217-3992
standards@[Link]

© 2019 by Material Handling Industry

All rights reserved
reserved..

1
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

PREFACE TO THE COMMENTARY

Any structural design specification

speci fication is the product of extensive research an
andd development
work combined with accumulated engineering
engineering experience. Rack structures differ in many
respects from more
more familiar types of structures,
structures, such as buildings and bridges. It follows
that the generally recognized principals and methods of design and testing of steel
structures must be, modified and supplemented in those features peculiar to rack
structures. This can be done adequately only by extensive
extensive analytical and experimental
research on rack structures, combined with engineering experience in this field.
It is important to bear in mind that the RMI Specification and the Commentary should not
be used without first obtaining competent engineering advice with respect to suitability for
any given application.
This Commentary to the Specification, like those in the AISC and AISI Specifications
referred to in section 10, attempt to serve two purposes: (1) they give explanations of,
and reasons for, the various provisions of the Specification, and (2) where advisable, they
suggest specific procedures with regard to engineering design, calculation or testing,
which satisfy the particular requirements of the Specification.
It should be emphasized that, while the provisions of the Specification are meant to be
explicit, recommendations and suggestions made in the Commentar
Commentary y are not. In many
cases they represent one way of interpreting the Specification provisions, but do not
preclude other ways of doing so.

Published by

Rack Manufacturers Institute

An Ind us tr y Gro up of MHI
8720 Red
Red Oak Bl vd., Suit e 201, C
Charl
harl ott e, NC, 28217-3992
28217-3992
Telepho ne: (704) 676-119
676-11900 Fax: (704) 676-11
676-1199
99
[Link]/rmi

© 2019 by Rack Manufacturers Institute

All rights reserved.

reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without
prior written permission of the publisher, RMI.

Printed in the United States of America.

i
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 GENERAL ...................................................
.............................................................................
...................................................
.........................1

1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Ap pl ic abl e Desi gn Spec if ic ati on s .................................
............... ...................................
...................................
..................................
................ 1

1.4 Int
Integri
egri ty of Rack In stall st allati
ation
on s .............
......................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..............
..... 2
1.4.1 Owner Maintenance......................................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 Plaqu
Plaque e .................
..................................
..................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
....................................
......................
.... 2
1.4.3 Conformance ................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.4 Load Application and Rack Configuration Drawin Drawings gs ...................
............................
..................
..................
..................
......... 3
1.4.5 Multiple Configurations .................................................................................................... 3
1.4.6 Movable Shelf Rack Stability ........................................................................................... 4
1.4.7 Column Base Plates and Anchors ................................................................................... 4
1.4.8 Small Installations ............................................................................................................ 5
1.4.9 Rack Damage .................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.10 Racks Connected to the Building Structure ......... ..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...........
.. 6
1.4.11 Out-of-plumb and Out-of-straight Limits ...................................................................... 6

2 LOADING
LOA DING................................................
..........................................................................
....................................................
.............................
... 7

2.1 Lo ad Comb in ati

ation
on s For t he ASD desi gn Met ho d .........
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..............
..... 8

2.2 Load facto rs and c omb in ation s f or the L RFD design Method ....
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
......
.. 9

2.3 Verti cal Imp act Lo ads .................

...........................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
............
.. 10

2.4 Hori zont al Forc es ........

.................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
..................
........ 10

2.5 Wind Lo ads .........

..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
......... 12

2.6 Earth qu ake For

Forces
ces ..................
...........................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...............
..... 12
2.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.6.2 Minimum Seismic Forces .............................................................................................. 13
2.6.3 Calculation of Seismic Response Coefficient. ...... ...............
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
............
... 14
2.6.4 Connection Rotational Capacity ......... ..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
............
... 18
2.6.5 Seismic Displacement ................................................................................................... 19
2.6.6 Seismic Separation ........................................................................................................ 20
2.6.7 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces ......... ..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
........... 20
2.6.8 Horizontal Shear Distribution ......................................................................................... 20
2.6.9 Overturning .................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.10 Concurrent Forces ..................................................................................................... 21

3 DESIGN PROCEDURES
PROCEDURES ..................................................
............................................................................
............................ 21

4 DESIGN OF STEEL ELEMENTS AND MEMBERS.....................................

..................................... 22

ii
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

4.1 Cold-For
Col d-For med Steel Memb ers ......................
...............................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 22
4.1.1 Properties of Sections.................................................................................................... 22
4.1.2 Flexural Members .......................................................................................................... 22
4.1.3 Concentrically Loaded Compression Members ........... ..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...............
...... 23

4.2 Hot-Roll
Hot -Roll ed Steel Colu mn s ...................
............................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
............
... 25

5 BEAM
BEA M DESIGN ................................................
.........................................................................
............................................
................... 25
5.1 Calcu lati on s ..................
............................
...................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
................
....... 25

5.2 Cros s Secti on ..................

...........................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...............
...... 25

5.3 Deflec ti on s ........

.................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
........... 26

5.4 Beam-t o-c ol

olum
um n Co nn ectioect io ns ..................
...........................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...............
...... 26
5.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 26
5.4.2 Beam Locking Device .................................................................................................... 26
5.4.3 Movable Shelf Racks ..................................................................................................... 27

5.5 Pallet Supp or ts ..................

...........................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
...........
.. 27

5.6 Welded Wir e Rack Decki ng .........

..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
........... 28

6 UPRIGHT
UPRIGHT FRAME DESIGN..................................................
.........................................................................
.......................29

6.1 Defin it io n .................

..........................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 29

6.2 General ............................................................................................................................. 29

6.3 Eff
Effecti
ecti ve Leng th s. ........
.................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
..................
........ 29
6.3.1 Flexural Buckling in the Direction Perpendicular to the Upright Frames ........ .................
...............
...... 30
6.3.2 Flexural Buckling
B uckling in
i n the Plane of the Upright Frame ... .............
...................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 36
6.3.3 Torsional Buckling ......................................................................................................... 38
6.3.4 Diagonals and Horizontals ............................................................................................. 39

6.4 Stability of Trussed-Braced Upright Frames ................................................................ 40

7 COLUMN BASE
BA SE DESIGN .................................................
...........................................................................
............................ 40

7.1 Colum
Col umn
n Base Plates ..................
...........................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
.............
.... 40
7.1.1 Bearing on Concrete ...................................................................................................... 40
7.1.2 Base Plate Design ......................................................................................................... 41
7.1.3 Maximum Considered
C onsidered Earthquake Base Rotation ................ .........................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 41
7.1.4 Shims ............................................................................................................................. 41

7.2 Slab and Subg rad e ev alu atio n .............

......................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
........... 42

7.3 An ch or Bo lt s ......................................
..................... ..................................
..................................
...................................
....................................
..........................
........ 42
7.3.1 Anchor Bolt Design ..................
...........................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
.............
.... 42

7.3.2 Periodic Inspection of Anchor Bolt Installation ......................

...............................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 42

iii
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

8 SPECIAL RACK DESIGN PROVISIONS..........................

PROVISIONS...................................................
...........................
.. 44

8.1 Overt urni

ur ni ng ..................
...........................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
......... 44

8.2 Conn ecti on s to Bu il di

ding
ng s .......
................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...............
...... 45

8.3 Int
Interact
eract io n wi th Bu il di
ding
ng s .........
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 45

8.4 Pick Modu les and Rack Sup po rt ed Platf or ms ................... ............................
..................
..................
..................
................
....... 45
8.4.1 Posting of Design Loads ................................................................................................ 45
8.4.2 Design Requirements .................................................................................................... 46
8.4.3 Rack-Supported Platform and Pick Module Guards.................. ...........................
..................
..................
..................
......... 46
8.4.4 Stairways ....................................................................................................................... 48
8.4.5 Product Fall Protection .................................................................................................. 48

8.5 Au to mat ed St or age an d Ret ri eval Sys tem s .................

..................................
...................................
................................
.............. 48

9 TEST METHODS
METHODS .................................................
..........................................................................
........................................
............... 48

9.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 48

9.29.2.1Stub Colum
Test n Tests
Specimen andfoProcedure
r Col d-Form ed and Hot -Rolled Col umn s ... .......
........
........
........
........
........
........
......
.. 49
...................................................................................... 49
49
9.2.2 Evaluation of Test Results ............................................................................................. 49

9.3 Pallet Beam Tests ........

.................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
..................
........ 50
9.3.1 Simply-Supported Pallet Beam Tests ........ .................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 51
9.3.2 Pallet Beam in Upright Frames Assembly Tests ................. ..........................
..................
..................
..................
...............
...... 52

9.4 Pallet Beam-t o-Col um

umn n Co nn ecti on Tests ..................
...........................
...................
...................
..................
..................
.............
.... 52
9.4.1 The Cantilever Test ....................................................................................................... 53
9.4.2 The Portal Test .............................................................................................................. 54

9.5 Upri gh t Frame Test ..........................

...................................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
................
....... 56

9.6 CYCLIC TESTING OF BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS ........................................ 57

9.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 57
9.6.2 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 58
9.6.3 Test Subassemblage Requirements ......... ..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
.............
.... 58
9.6.4 Essential Test Variables ................................................................................................ 59
9.6.5 Testing Procedure ......................................................................................................... 61
9.6.6 Loading History .............................................................................................................. 62
9.6.7 Instrumentation .............................................................................................................. 63
9.6.8 Material Testing Requirements.....................
..............................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
..................
........... 63
9.6.9 Test Reporti
Reporting
ng Requir
Requirements
ements .................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
................. 64
9.6.10 Acceptance Criteria ..........
...................
..................
..................
..................
..................
...................
...................
..................
..................
................
....... 65
9.6.11 Evaluation of Test Results ......................................................................................... 65

10 REFERENCES
REFERENCES .................................................
..........................................................................
........................................
...............67

iv
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Commentary on the Specification for the Design, Testing

and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks
1 GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
The scope limits the applicability of the Specification to pallet racks, movable shelf
racks, rack supported structures and stacker racks made of hot-rolled or cold-formed
steel. Although, only these types of rack are explicitly
explicitly mentioned, the Specification is
also intended to be applied to any freestanding rack having a three dimensional
structural system comprised of braced frames in one direction and moment frames in
the other. In other words, any rack system that is constructed
constructed with beams
beams and
frames. Such rack types include, but are not limited to, push back rack,
rack, pallet flow
rack. case flow rack and order picking modules. The Specification is also intended to
be applied to the design of the storage rack portion of rack supported structures.
The Specification is not intended to be a comprehensive design guide for the repair
of damaged rack components. However, any repair made to rack components must
be done in such a way as to restore the system to at least its original design
capacity. Any repairs must be done under the advice and supervision of a design
professional skilled in storage rack design. Further, it is necessary that the Load
Application and Rack Configuration drawing(s) (see Section 1.4.4) be updated with
the repair information.
The rack systems that are excluded from the Specification (such as cantilever and
drive-in) are excluded
excluded for two reasons. First, certain
certain sections contained in the
Specification do not apply to these rack types
types.. For example, the upright frame and
effective length provisions of Section 6 and the beam design provisions in Section 5
are not applicable to these rack types. Second, the Specification
Specification does not include
the necessary design provisions for
for these rack types. For example, effective length
length
factors and deflection limits for cantilever uprights would need to be included.
Additional analytical work and testing is planned by the committee that will enable
the addition of comprehensive design provisions for these rack types in the future.
Some of the design sections and special test provisions of the Specification are
applicable, and therefore helpful, in the design and testing of o
other
ther rack types. For
example, Section 4, Design of Steel Elements and Members, is applicable to any
hot-rolled or cold-formed steel column of other rack types, such as cantilever or
drive-in racks.

1.2 MATERIALS
The intent of this section is to ensure that a reliable quality of steel is used in the
fabrication of racks, without limiting the type of steel to any particular strength or
rolling characteristics.

1.3 APPLICABLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

This Specification supplements or modifies the AISI [1] and AISC [3]

1
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Specifications referenced in Section 10, which are necessitated by the special nature
of rack structures, as distinct from regular framing for steel buildings.
This edition of the specification allows the use of either Allowable Stress Design
(ASD) or Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).

1.4 INTEGRITY OF RACK INSTALLATIONS

1.4.1
1.4.1 Owner Maintenance
Maint enance
This section stresses the importance of planning in the initial design process,
controlling the use of the rack to that initially intended, and scheduling regular
inspection to maintain the integrity
integrity of rack structures. The user may wish to refer
to FEMA 460 [5] for additional guidance on proper operation and maintenance for
racks installed in areas accessible to the public.

1.4.2 Plaque
In industrial and commercial warehouses, allowable floor loads are generally
posted in easily visible locations,
locations, and such post
posting
ing is often required by law. The

Specification
each given rackprovides for similar
installation. For posting ofsigned
maximum
racks designed
de permissible
to receive
receiv e loads unit load for
on standard
sized pallets, a unit load means the combined weight of product and pallet unless
the installation provides for more than one unit load being stacked on top of each
other. Load beams may be separately identified.
identified. A sample plaque is illustrated
in Figures 1.4.2a and b. The figures are not intended to limit limit the plaque details,
but rather are presented
presented as possible examples.
examples. It is the intent of the
Specification for the plaque to inform the storage facility manager of the safe rack
capacity and any plaque that transmits the required information is acceptable.
The manager of the storage facility shall have the responsibility to be cognizant
of this load limit and to instruct all operating personnel to see to it that the
permissible load is not exceeded.

Figure 1.4.2a Example of Load Capacity and Compliance Plaque for Palletized Loads

2
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

(1134 kg Total Unit Load)

(11340 kg Total Load per Bay)

Figure 1.4.2b Example of Load Capacity and Compliance Plaque for Distributed Loads
(366 kg/m2 Uniformly Distributed Load)
(9072 kg Total Load per Bay)
The plaques should not be transferred to any reconfigured or relocated rack
without first verifying the applicability of the information on the plaque to the new
configuration or location.

1.4.3 Conformance
For racks designed in accordance with the Specification, it is important for
building and safety inspectors to know whether they were produced and erected
according to the Specification.
Specification. To this end, Section 1.4.3 states that a plaque
should be displayed indicating conformance with the Specification for racks so
produced. The intent is that such a statement of conformance will greatly
facilitate and simplify approval of rack installations by local, regional or federal
inspecting authorities.

1.
1.4.
4.4
4 Load Applic ation and Ra
Rack
ck Configur
Configur ation Drawings
Drawings
For purposes of safety inspection, complete data should be available on
engineering design and capacity of the racks as originally ordered, delivered and
installed.
For this reason Section 1.4.4 provides that information, in the form of rack
configuration drawings with load magnitude and application indications, be
furnished by the rack dealer or manufacturer’s local representative involved in
procuring and erecting the particular rack installation. The provision that
that both
these parties retain such information on file is important because both the owner
of the rack installation and the local dealer may change over the lifetime of the
installation. The safekeeping of such information by both parties will greatly
increase the probability that such information will be available if and when
needed.

1.4.5
1.4.5 Multi ple Config urati ons
Most racks are produced so that they are adjustable and can be assembled in
configurations different from the one originally ordered and installed.

3
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Consequently, it is possible to install or modify a rack into an alternate

configuration which is unsafe. For example, while using the original components
(beams and upright frames) the rack could be rearranged to reduce the vertical
distance between the upper beams, which would increase the unbraced length of
the bottom portion of the columns. Its increased slenderness ratio would reduce
the carrying capacity of the columns as compared to the original configuration.
Alternately, racks can be modified
mo dified by installation of additional components; e.g.,
greater number of shelf beams at smaller vertical spacing with the original upright
frames. This would
would reduce the slenderness ratios of the individual column
segments and increase their load capacities. However, the additional loads,
which can now be placed on the greater number of shelves, could increase the
load on the column by an amount greater than the increased capacity resulting
from the reduction of the unbraced length. These are just two examples of
changed configurations which could make an originally adequate rack unsafe.
The owner or user of the rack installations will not have the engineering capability
to establish the safety of his changed configuration.
It is for these reasons that Section 1.4.5 provides that the owner be given
comprehensive guidelines as to those alternate configurations which can be used
safely. If changes, other than those detailed in the guideli
guidelines,
nes, must be made, the
original manufacturer or competent storage rack engineer should be contacted.

1.4.6
1.4.6 Movable Shelf Rack Stabilit y
These racks differ from standard storage racking in that a majority of shelves are
designed to be removed. In standard storage racks,
racks, shelves (beams)
(beams) are readily
adjustable, but cannot be removed without unloading the rack and re-assembling
the components. For this reason, movable shelf racks are fitted with one or more
more
permanent shelves and/or braces that provide the needed stability to the
structure. This section specifies the provisions for identifying those stabilizing
components, and for posting warnings and restrictions for removal.

1.4.7
1.4.7 Colum n Base Plates and Anc hors

It is the function of column base plates to receive the concentrated forces at the
bottom ends of the columns and to distribute them with adequate uniformity over
a large enough bearing
bearing area. Provisions for the dimensioning of column base
plates on concrete floors are given in Section 7.2. Adequate connection of the
column to the base plate is required to properly transfer the forces.
This section also specifies that all rack columns shall be anchored to the floor.
The anchor bolts shall be installed in accordance with the anchor manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Anchors serve several distinct functions:
functions:
• Anchors fix
fix the relative positions of,
of, and distances between, neighboring
columns.
• Anchors provide resistance against
against horizontal displacements of the
bottom ends of the columns. A tendency for such horizontal

4
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

displacement may result from external lateral forces (earthquake, wind,

impact, etc.) or from the horizontal reactions (shear forces) resulting from
the rigid or semi-rigid frame action of the rack. If such shear forces would
in fact cause horizontal displacements of the bottoms of the columns, this
would reduce the carrying capacity of the rack as compared to computed
values.
For particularly tall and narrow racks, anchors may significantly increase the
stability against overturning (see Specification Section 8.1).

1.4.8
1.4.8 Small Installati ons
This section offers an exemption for small rack installations from the
documentation provisions
provisions of Sections 1.4.4
1.4.4 and
and 1.4.5. These requirements
would represent an excessive hardship for the management of such installations.
However, in all other respects, the design, testing and utilization provisions of the
Specification apply to all racks including the small installations as defined in this
section.

1.4.9 Rack Damage

Damag e
Collisions of forklift trucks or other moving equipment with front columns are the
single most important source of structural distress of storage racks.
ra cks.
This section is concerned with the protection of those bottom portions of columns
which are exposed to such collisions.
collisions. At what exact level such collisions
collisions can
occur depends on the detailed configuration of the particular forklift truck.
truck. It
seems to be general experience that with existing equipment, collision occurs
and the column damage is confined to below the first level of beams
beams.. When the
lowest beam is located at some distance, say 2 feet to 4 feet (0.61 m to 1.22 m)
from the floor, the rear counterweight of some trucks can impact the beam
imposing a very significant
significant horizontal load on the beam or frame bracing. In this
case, impact protection of a special nature should be considered.
While it is not practical to design racks to resist the maximum possible impact of

storage equipment,
against the this section
consequences addresses
of minor two possible
collisions.
collisions. ways contact
Users should to safeguard racks
the original
equipment rack supplier or a rack accessory supplier for recommendations on
products available.
The first way is the provision for protective devices that will prevent trucks from
hitting the exposed columns. Fenders or bumpers
bumpers can and have been used for
this purpose. Also, deflectors which, while not designed to withstand the full
impact of the truck, are shaped to deflect it away from collision with the columns.
No specific data is provided regarding the force for which such protective devices
must be designed. It is the responsibility
responsibility of the owner to specify,
specify, in the contract
contract
documents, the design requirements of the deflector. They will, of course,
depend on the weight and velocity of the particular truck and also on such energy
absorbing bumpers as may be provided on the truck itself. It is not necessary,
that such devices fully maintain their own integrity in such collisions, but merely
that they protect the columns from collision, even at considerable damage to

5
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

themselves. Therefore, such devices should be made to be easily replaceable or

repairable in case of collision damage.
A second method of safeguarding the rack upright is to reinforce the bottom
portion of the front column and/or bracing in the frame. Common methods

include welding
the section an angle
strength deflector
by welding twoto columns
the front together,
of the aisle sideheavier
using column,horizontal
doubling
and diagonal bracing to provide alternate load paths, or using larger base plates
and anchors with the aisle side column.
These methods are intended to aid in avoiding collapse of the frame due to minor
impacts (not major collisions)
collisions) and limit the damage caused. Users must perform
regular inspections to ensure damaged racks are not used to store loads, and
that adequate repairs are made promptly in consultation with the rack supplier.

1.4.10
1.4.10 Racks Connected to the Buil din g Stru
Stru ctur e
It is common practice to connect certain racks to the building structure for added
stability, such as single rows adjacent to a wall. It is important, particularly
particularly in
seismic applications, to consider the forces that can be applied to each of the

structures,
This sectionasrequires
well as, that
considering the structural
the building owner be interactions
advised ofdue
thetopossible
those forces.
force
imposed by the rack so that that he can notify the building architect. The force
transfer between any two structures is dependent
depende nt on their relative movement and
stiffness. Absent detailed knowledge of the other structure, it is generally
generally not
possible to compute the rack force being transferred. In such cases, cases, the rack
designer may provide forces assuming
a ssuming that the adjacent structure is infinitely stiff.
The rack designer should also consider the alternative: the adjacent structure
may transfer load to the rack.

1.4.11
1.4.11 Out-of-plu mb and
and Out-of-str aight Limit s
The purpose of these provisions is to keep the axial load eccentricity to a
minimum. An out-of-plumb or out-of-st
out-of-straight
raight condition will cause axial load
eccentricity that will reduce the load carrying
carrying capacity of a rack column. The
reduction can be significant. A rack that is out-of-plumb
out-of-plumb from top to bottom,
bottom, or a
rack column that is not straight, is likely to become further out-of-plumb or out-of-
straight when it is loaded. The limits on out-of-plumb and out-of-straight that are
given in Sections [Link] and [Link] are for loaded
loaded racks. They are provided
so the user may know when his racks may need to be re-plumbed and possibly
repaired. If an empty rack exceeds these limits, it shouldshould be corrected prior to
loading. Some installations may require tighter lilimits,
mits, for example, a structure
that is loaded and unloaded by an automatic (unmanned) vehicle.

1.4.11
[Link]
.1 Out-of-plu mb Limi t
The limit given for top to bottom out-of-plumb in Section [Link] is for a loaded
rack and is not intended to be an installation tolerance. The installer should
obtain the installation tolerances from the rack supplier prior to the start of an
installation.
not cause theThese
rackstolerances
to exceed should be such that
that
the out-of-plumb the
limit loading
given of the racks
in Section will
will
[Link].

6
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

This limit is intended to prevent the use of racks that have a down aisle or a
cross aisle lean.

1.4.11
[Link]
.2 Out-of-str aight Limit
Lim it

The out-of-straight
prevent limit is, new
excessive “bows” in this
“kinks” edition of
or “dogleg” the specification
conditions that mayandexistisingiven to
a rack
column. A column could be plumb plumb from top to bottom but have an an unacceptable
bow at mid-height, see Figure 1.4.11-1(a), or, a 20 foot (6 m) high column could
be out 1 inch (25 mm) from top to bottom, which would be acceptable using a
simple top-to-bottom out-of-plumb measurement, but the entire out-of-plumb
could be between the floor and the 5 foot (1.5 m) level, see Figure 1.4.11-1(b).
This dogleg condition would be very harmful. This condition could be caused by
fork truck impact.
impact. The column could have a sine wave shape and be out-of-
straight as shown in Figure 1.4.11-1(c). The column could also be locally bent
and exceed this limit, see
see Figure 1.4.11-1(d). As rewritten, the specification
specification now
prevents these situations from being acceptable if they exceed the 1/240 out-of
straight limit.

Figure 1-1

2 LOADING
The purpose of this section is to clarify the design methods used in the AISI [1] and
the AISC [3] Specifications as they apply to storage racks and to show how the
ASCE 7 [6] load combinations should be applied to storage racks. Storage racks
differ from building structures in that their dead loads are a very small percentage of
the total load when compared to buildings. Also, racks have product loads in addition
to dead load and live load. Product load has been defined for racks a ass the products
or pallet loads stored in the rack. This load is given the symbol, P, in the load
combinations. Live loads
loads could still be present in racks.
racks. Examples of livelive loads
loads
would be floor loading from work platforms or the moving equipment loads of Section
2.4.2.
The load combinations have been written to agree with the load combinations from
ASCE 7-10 [6] as they apply to storage
storage racks with the addition of the product load (P)
added to each combination.
combination. The vertical component of the seismic load on all but

7
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

the dead load has been dropped from the Specification to be consistent with the
ASCE 7-10 requirements. Roof live load (Lr) for rack supported structures has been
added since the 2002 edition of the RMI Specification. edition, the b
Specification. In the 2012 edition,
term is introduced to provide more consistent treatment of vertical seismic forces
from product load.
Since the last edition of the RMI Specification LRFD design has become much more
commonplace for cold-formed and structural steel. The AISI [1] and the AISC [3]
have each combined LRFD and ASD in their respective specifications. The two
methods of the analysis should give results that are similar but they will not be the
same. The RMI requires the designs to be made according to the provisions for
LRFD or to the provisions for ASD. The designer may see some benefit to the LRFDLRFD
method due to the product load factor that has been incorporated in the load
combinations.
The Specification includes, in addition to the vertical load, provisions for vertical
impact and horizontal loads that a normal rack installation will experience during its
use. It is important to include all loads that could reasonably act together, but, also,
not to combine loads that are unlikely to act together. For instance, one could
reasonably expect that a forklift truck would not be placing the load on the rack
during an earthquake. Therefore, it is not necessary to consider both s shelf
helf impact
and earthquake loading acting concurrently.

2.1 LOAD
LOA D COMBINATIONS FOR THE ASD DESIGN METHOD
METHOD
The ASD design method uses mostly unfactored applied loads and then compares
them with nominal strengths divided by factors of safety. The 0.88 value is applied to
the shelf plus impact critical because impact is a short duration load and for the two
pallet case where the impact effects are not large, the beam design will result in the
traditional factor of safety of 1.
1.65
65 to 1. Other load factors that appear in the ASD
method are due to changes in the ASCE 7 [6] combinations. All loads resulting from
these combinations must be checked against nominal strengths from the AISC [3] or
AISI [1] divided by the appropriate Ω (safety factors) given therein.
The load Papp represents the product loading that must be present for the W or the E
to be possible. It is recommended that this be thethe percent of the product
product load that
was used to compute the base shear for the seismic analysis. For outdoor racks or or
rack structures with cladding Papp is zero for the wind uplift case because the racks
may be required to resist the full wind force when they are empty.
In load combinations #4, #5 and #7, all loads, except the dead load, are multiplied by
0.75. This change is made
made to reflect the same change in ASCE 7 [6]. Since the
dead load of a rack structure is usually a small percentage of the total load, the use
of the 0.75 factor is essentially the same as using the 33% stress increase that has
been historically allowed when checking for wind or seismic cases.
ASD load combination #10 exists to give a more realistic
re alistic treatment of impact loading
for shelves. See further explanation in Section 2.2 foll
following.
owing.
In this edition of the RMI Specification, the 0.75 is included in the equations, rather
than described in a note as in prev
previous
ious editions. Equation 2 from the 2008 edition
was broken into two equations to reflect the equations from ASCE 7 [6].

8
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

2.2 LOAD
LOA D FACTORS
FA CTORS AND
A ND COMBINATIONS
COMBINA TIONS FOR THE LRFD
L RFD DESIGN
METHOD
As stated above, product loads are the loads that are placed on storage racks.
Product load has been differentiated from the live load so it can be factored
differently. It is necessary to differentiate between
between these two types of loading
because their treatment under under seismic conditions is also different. The load
combinations have been written to agree with the load combinations from ASCE 7 [6]
as they apply to storage racks with the addition of the product load (P) added to each
combination. The maximum product load is generally well known for a typical typical
installation and more predictable because the weight and density of the product to be
stored is known.
known. The potential for overload may also be reduced due to the lifting
limitations of the fork truck. For this reason a smaller load factor than that used for
for a
live load is justified. However, the probability of a high produc
productt load being present
during an earthquake is greater than the probability of a high live load being present,
so for some of the loading combinations the product load factor is higher.
The purpose of these modifications is to make the load combinations more realistic
for the rack structures. These loads are to be compared with the nominal strength
for the member or connection, multiplied by the appropriate resistance factor from
the AISC Specification [3] or the AISI Specification [1]. The load factors and
combinations have been updated to reflect similar changes made in ASCE 7 [6].
Roof live load (Lr) for rack supported structures has been added since the last edition
of the RMI Specification.
Product load has been added to the uplift case because, for racks, the product loads
must be present in order for the prescribed seismic
seismic forces to act. It is possible to get
an irregular loading that will produce seismic uplift on an unloaded column for an
interconnected section of rack. The unloaded frames, in this case, would be tied to
frames with pallet loading that would resist uplift.
uplift. The seismic forces wowould,
uld, in turn,
be less for the under-loaded areas. The conservatism here is that the product load
not used to compute W is still present and resisting uplift.
The modification of the LRFD approach is a reduced load factor, for product loads, of
1.4. As mentioned above, this is justified
justified due to better predictability of product loads
than live loads. The designer is reminded that this change applies to product loading
only and does not apply to other live loading from roof, mezzanines and so on. The
load factors for all of the combinations were derived by averaging the L factor and
the D factor. This will result in a safety factor for the gravity load case of 1.65 for the
entire range of column lengths with respect to product loading. The resistance factor
() for compression members is 0.85 for cold-formed structural steel and 0.9 for hot-
rolled structural steel.
LRFD load combination #8 exists to give a more realistic treatment of impact loading
for shelves. This combination will usually govern the design of the shelf. For a two
pallet wide shelf, which is most common, the impact effect is about 1/8 of the beam
load so the margin of safety for this combination (with the D equal to 1 percent of the
product load) would be:

(1.2×
1.2×0.0
0.01×P ) + (1.4×
1×P
(
P ) + 1.4×(0.12
1.4×P 0.125×
) =1.5
P ) =1
5×P .587
87 P

9
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

For  = 0.95
This corresponds to the traditional 1.67 facto
factorr of safety. A resistance factor ( b) of
0.9 would result in a higher factor
factor of safety.
safety. This load combination would govern
over combination
combination #2 because combination
combination #2 includes no impact. For ASD,
1.587 = 1.67
0.95
combination #2 could govern on a shelf with many loads applied, for example a shelf
with 50 boxes hand stacked. Combination #8 will always govern for LR
LRFD.
FD.
The post installed anchor resistance factors have been removed from this section.
The resistance factors are addressed in the anchor design requirements in Section
7.4.

2.3 VERTICAL IMPACT LOADS

Handling of pallets being placed on and being removed from shelves is responsible
for most beam damage.
damage. Considering the magnitude of the forces possible, no beam
can be designed and guaranteed not to be damaged by a pallet being dropped onto
the rack. An allowance for impact can therefore be no substitute for proper lift truck
operation. How the lift
lift truck is operated is the sole responsibility of the owner. The
owner must make sure that drivers are properly trained and responsible, and that no
one else can operate the trucks
trucks at any time. It must also be recognized that it is not
possible to load a pallet
pallet without applying some impact to the shelf. When a pallet is
loaded onto the rack, the impact force will be transmitted by the pallet being loaded.
The pallet position should be chosen to ensure that the minimum safety margin
exists for loading pallets at any location, Section 2.3 requires the impact force to be
on one shelf distributed along the width of the pallet which causes the greatest
stresses.
When determining allowable loads by test, the impact load must be included in
checking compliance with Section
Section 2.3. The impact load should be applied by loading
one pallet 125% of the test weight with all of the other pallets at the test weight. This
will give an additional
additional 25% of the test
test pallet load on each shelf. The heavy pallet

may haveconnections.
and end to be placed When
in different locations
testing or de to check
designing
signing for bending moment,
deflection shear force
in accordance with
with
Section 5.3, the inclusion of impact is not required.
This impact provision is included to add extra safety to the design of the shelves and
their connections due to vertical impact of loads being placed by the lift truck or other
device. When 25% of one pallet load load is added for impact on a two load wide shelf,
shelf,
the margin of safety is about
about 1.67 as shown in the Commentary Section 2.2. This is
equal to the traditional margin of safety. If there is one lload
oad per shelf the margin of
safety will be higher. For the shelf with many ssmall
mall boxes the margin of sasafety
fety will be
less and could approach 1.4/ or 1.47 minimum

2.4 HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL FORCES
There are few true horizontal loads imposed
imposed on a storage
storage rack system.
system. There are
cases where horizontal forces may be generated that are addressed in other parts of
the Specification, such as Section 2.5, Wind Loads, and Section 2.6, Earthquake

10
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Forces, and the design of the storage rack components must be checked for those
forces when applicable.
applicable. Other horizontal loads are generally balanced out in long
rack rows, such as plumbness or member out of straightness, or isolated, such as
fork truck impacts, and it is not generally necessary to check the overall rack system
for these loads. The local effects
effects of possible fork truck impacts
impacts are addressed in
Section 1.4.9 and, if columns are exposed to potential impacts, careful attention
should be paid to the impact resistance.
In the past RMI Specifications, an artificially high horizontal force was prescribed to
be imposed in both
both the down-aisle and the cross-aisle direction
direction of the rack.
rack. In the
down-aisle direction the column members were required to be checked for axial load
from the pallets and bending
bending moments from this horizontal force. The horizontal
force was a P force generated if the storage rack row leaned, in the down-aisle
direction, 0.015 of the distance to the first shelf. It was found, in subsequent
investigations, that this force had a severe impact on the capacity of an individual
rack column. However, when many columns are installed installed in a row and
interconnected the effect
effect was balanced out.
out. It is importan
importantt to remember that design
of a beam-column member requires the inclusion of P-∆ effects.
Other specifications, NEHRP [7], and UBC [9], specify a drift limit for storage racks of
0.0125 hx and 0.0036 hx, respectively.
respectively. These specifications do not require P
analysis for drifts below the indicated limits.
limits. These codes state that if an analysis of
the storage rack shows that the drift is within these limits, no analysis of the main
force resisting components for P  forces is required.
The drift calculation for a column segment is straight fo
forward.
rward. However, much of the
down-aisle drift in a storage rack comes from the flexibility of the beam-to-column
connection. The effect on the system of the various manufacturers’ beam to column
connectors is generally
generally difficult to analyze. If the connections are strong
strong enough,
generally, the overall rack system
system will also be sufficient. It is for that reason that a
separate check of the strength of the connections is needed. Since the strength of
many connectors cannot be analyzed, the connection test in Section 9.4 is
recommended.
In the cross-aisle direction there are generally not the quantities of members
necessary to balance out the horizontal forces. The usual configuration is a back-to-
back rack row with two frames
frames attached with back-to-back ties. Additionally, fork
truck impact will
will have a greater effect
effect in the cross-aisle
cross-aisle direction. In the cross-aisle
direction the frame bracing can generally accommodate a force of 1.5% of the frame
vertical load. Similarly, in the cross-aisle
cross-aisle direction, the connections of the bracing to
the columns should also be checked.
Some forms of storage rack also provide guidance for the top of the material
handling equipment. In that case the equipment manufacturer will specify the top
horizontal force and the frequency of that force. It is necessary
necessary that the force be
included in the rack design in proper combination with the other forces on the
system.

11
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

2.5 WIND LOADS

There are instances where racks will be the main wind resisting structural system.
Storage racks may be installed outdoors or they may be designed as a part of a
rack-supported structure.
When walls do not protect the rack system the wind will exert force primarily on the
surface area of the pallet loads
loads in the stored
stored locations. Consideration should be
given to unit loads of less than maximum weight but the same size as the posted unit
load. Consideration should also be given
given to partially loaded rack where, for instance,
a load is placed only in the top position and no others. The effects of wind acting
acting on
the rack components when empty or during construction should be considered.
When a rack system supports a wall, consideration should be given in the design,
especially for overturning, of racks that may be subjected to wind loading whether or
not pallets loads are placed in the racks.

2.6 EARTHQUAKE FORCES

2.6.1 General
It is important that rack systems be engineered, manufactured, installed, and
utilized in a manner that such systems can perform adequately under all known
loading conditions. Many geographic regions have building codes which are
known to require that building and non-building structures, including rack
systems, be designed
designed to accommodate earthquake loads. The analytical analytical
approach to the seismic behavior of rack structures developed within the
Specification is intended to reflect the current thinking within the Building Seismic
Safety Council (BSSC) and their current provisions of the National Earthquake
Hazards Reduction Program NEHRP [7], as well as the International Building
Code [8] published by the International Code Council and American Society of
Civil Engineers, ASCE 7 [6].
Should the rack structure be connected to another structure in a manner which
significantly modifies the free field ground motions, then this structural interaction
must be made part of the analysis and resulting design of both the rack system
and the supporting structure.
The principal advantage of mass-produced steel storage rack systems is their
modular design, which allows considerable flexibility of configuration and
installation. This advantage
advantage also presents a serious challenge to competent
competent
seismic performance.
performance. The initial installation of a rack system should be in
accordance with an engineered design. Subsequent modifications
modifications should
should be
made only with guidance by a registered design professional to avoid
compromising the seismic integrity of
of the system. Further, storage rack systems
systems
are often subject to rough use and damage. It is the owner's responsibility to
maintain the integrity of the rack to insure adequate structural performance
during an earthquake.

12
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

2.6.2
2.6.2 Minim um Seis
Seis mic Forces
The base of a rack system supported by a floor slab at or below grade
experiences the ground accelerations directly, and the design should proceed
accordingly. For a rack system supported by another structu
structure
re (e.g., an upper

story of a multi-story
interaction between thebuilding structure) the structural analysis must consider the
structures.
The system importance factors with magnitudes greater than one are intended to
result in a higher performance level for certain rack installations under seismic
conditions, viz., those within systems deemed to be essential facilities that should
continue to perform following a seismic event; those which might release
hazardous materials in such a seismic event; and those installations located in
warehouse retail stores where the rack system is located in an area open to the
general public. In such a warehouse retail store, unlike a sparsely populated
typical warehouse and distribution center, large numbers of the shopping public
can be expected to be withinwithin the rack system during business hours. The
consequences of a rack failure, in this environment, dictate a higher level of
performance for such systems.
systems. The Ip factor of 1.5 for warehouse retail stores is
equivalent to having the racks being designed for maximum considered event
performance, which is consistent with the stated performance goals of FEMA
460.
The IP factor may be 1.0 ifif a displacement-based analysis analysis is
is used.
used. A
displacement-based evaluation may include the movement of the pallets on the
shelf beams. The movement of the pallet should no nott be more than what would
cause the pallet to fall off the shelf beams for the cross-aisle analysis or the sum
of the product load clearances for the down-aisle analysis.
To properly account for the fact that the product loads placed on shelves are
often less than the capacity for which the shelves are designed, the product load
reduction factor (PRF) is introduced. Thus, in the the longitudinal (or down-aisle)
direction, where there are numerous repetitious pallet positions,
p ositions, Paverage is defined
as the maximum total weight of product expected on the shelves in any row
divided by the number ofof shelves in that row. Pmaximum is defined as the maximum
weight of product that will be placed on any one shelf in that row, this being
usually the design capacity
capacity for the pallet positions.
positions. With Paverage and Pmaximum, the
Product Load Reduction Factor (Prf) becomes simply the quotient of the two.
This reduction is not permitted in the cross-aisle direction.
The factor of 0.67
0.67 applies to the loading considerations under seismic events. It
does not apply to vertical load under any load combination nor to the fraction of
vertical load used for restoring moment in the evaluation of seismic stability.
Research has shown that there is some friction inducing, energy dissipating,
relative movement between the rack and the stored product during seismic
motions. The 0.67 factor represents the fraction
fraction of the dynamically active load
on a fully-loaded system that is likely to be felt by a structure in a normal
application, and that needs to be taken into account in the determination of
lateral loads under seismic
seismic events. If the designer
designer knows that for a particular
installation the dynamic portion of the load is likely to be greater than 67 percent,

13
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

then such a higher magnitude should be used in the determination of lateral

forces.
Alternatively, the seismic design evaluation may be performed using a
displacement-based method, such as the method described in Section 6.5.1 of

FEMA 460 [4].

[Link]
[Link] Redundancy
Redund ancy Factor
Facto r
A redundancy factor, ρ, is included in the design of rack. It only comes into effect
for Seismic Design Categories D, E and
a nd F.
Plan and Back Bracing is shown in Figure [Link] (a) and the Braced Tower is
show in Figure [Link] (b).
The factors shown in the specification are based on a standard storage rack
configuration, with many semi-rigid beam-to-column connections down-aisle and
frames braced with diagonals or horizontals and diagonals cross-aisle.
cross-aisle. Other
configurations are permitted, but the redundancy factor must be adapted to suit
configuration.
each configuration.
Redundancy in the cross-aisle direction can be shown to be satisfied by two
frames, tied-together, with the frame diagonals oriented in the opposite
directions. Under these conditions, the remaining diagonal brace(s) in tension
and their connections and/or bending action of the unbraced columns and their
connections can be shown to have a capacity of at least 67% of the demand to
both frames.

2.6.3
2.6.3 Calculati on of Seism
Seism ic Response Coeffici ent.
The seismic response coefficient is intended to be a site-specific value; the
magnitude of this coefficient is affected by the characteristics of the structural
system through the values of R and T, and also by the characteristics of the soil
underlying the building on whose floors the rack system is founded, through the
values assigned to the various soil profile types. T is the fundamental period of
the rack structure.
structure. The factor R is an empirical response reduction factor
intended to account for damping and the ductility inherent in the structural system
at displacements great enough to surpass initial yield and approach the ultimate
load displacement of the structural
structural system. The factor R is not only a function of
energy dissipation and ductility but reflects also the overstrength of the seismic
system used. A specific procedure that may be used to justify larger R values
values is
basing the procedure in FEMA P695 [28] “Quantification of Building Seismic
Performance Factors”.
Magnitudes of the spectral response acceleration SS and S1 are to be taken from
the accompanying contour maps or USGS Open-File Report 01-437 “Earthquake
Spectral Response Acceleration Maps” Version 3.10 as specified by the building
code authority.
Period computations must employ rational methods. The empirical equations for
buildings are not applicable to storage racks, and cannot be used. There is no
restriction on the period thus computed (ASCE 7 15.4.4). In the down-aisle

14
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

direction storage racks, typically, have much higher drifts than buildings,
b uildings, resulting
in much longer periods than a building.
There are several ways for estimating the fundamental period of vibration for a
pallet rack in the down aisle
aisle direction. One method that is sometimes used is the

Rayleigh Equation:

Wi  i
2

T = 2
g  Fi  i
where:
WI = D + P (used to determine the seismic lateral forces) + 0.25L at each
level i.
For RMI Specification Section 2.6: D + 0.67P + 0.25L
Fi = Seismic lateral
lateral force at level
level i. The force at each level must
must be
computed from the force distribution equation required by the
seismic design code. For the RMI Specification, these formulas
formulas are
given in Section 2.6.6.
g= acceleration due to gravity (386.4 in/sec2) (9.81 m/s2)
T= the fundamental period of vibration.
i = total lateral displacement
displacement at level i relative to the base, as computed
using Fi.

In order to use the Rayleigh Equation it is necessary to be able to compute the

story lateral displacements.
displacements. These values can be found by a rigorous frame
analysis or by approximation. More a accurate
ccurate computations of the lateral
lateral
displacements will result in a more accurate T value. If the second order lateral
displacements are ignored or the drifts are otherwise underestimated the
resulting T value will be conservative.
conservative. The Horne-Davis method for frame
analysis provides a simple method for computing lateral displacements at the
beam levels. This method computes
computes displacements as a function of Pcr, which is
the elastic critical story buckling load of the column span. A summary is shown
here:

H×L
Δp = +Δi-1
Pcr
where:
p = primary story drift not including P- effects.
H = total lateral force above the shelf elevation being evaluated.
L= column span length.
i-1 = Primary deflection just below the level being evaluated.

15
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Pcr = critical elastic buckling load of the column

column span
One of many methods used to compute the P cr value is to calculate it using the
value Kx for the column
column span. In this sense Kx is being used as a tool to
approximate the effect of story buckling on the critical elastic buckling load of the

column. Pcrmethods.
acceptable could also
method be figured from
s. Computation of Pa rigorous frame analysis or other equally
cr using the K method is shown below:

where:

2
π EI x
Pcr = 2
(K L) x

Kx = Effective length factor for story buckling in the down aisle direction as
determined from Section [Link].
Ix = Column Moment of Inertia perpendicular to the plane of the frame.

For the total drift at level i.

Δp HL
Δi = =
1- P
Pcr -P
Pcr
This method will be very accurate if the value of K x is accurately determined. Kx
for this method
method is a measure of the lateral stiffness of the story. If Kx is
underestimated, the T value will be conservative. The designer should use the
same Kx value to check column members as is used to determine
determine T. The value
of Kx used should not be more than is used for the member check.
The period in the cross-aisle direction is usually much shorter.
An alternate acceptable method of computing the period is provided in FEMA
460 [5] using the rotational stiffness F from Section [Link].

Minimum seismic response coefficient

Previous editions of the International Building Code referenced ASCE 7-05 which
required that racks designed with the provisions of the RMI Specification have a
minimum base shear coefficient of 0.14 SDS This minimum was imposed pending
tests of the connections for rotational capacity.
New rotational demand capacity criteria has been developed and new testing
criteria developed that is provided now in Section 9.6. Testing of connections
that has been performed in accordance with the criteria indicates that many
connections, when tested, can satisfy the criteria. Therefore, the minimum has
been reduced to 0.044SDS provided the connections used in designs satisfy the
criteria of Section 9.6 and the Commentary for Section 9.6.
Since the new criteria for connections and testing has been specified in this
document, the minimum base shears are now the same as specified for all other
structures in ASCE 7-10.

16
 Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

2.6.3
[Link]
.1 Site Coeffici ents and Adju sted Maximum Consid ered Earth
Earth quake
Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
The 2012 edition of the RMI Specification utilizes spectral response seismic
design maps that reflect
reflect seismic hazards on the basis of c
contours.
ontours. These maps

were
updateddeveloped
in 2008. by
Thethe
USGSUnited
alsoStates Geological
developed Survey
a companion (USGS)
software
softw and were
are program that
calculates spectral values for a specific site based on a site’s longitude, latitude
and site soil classification. The software program is the preferred method for
establishing spectral values for design because the maps in Section [Link] are
too large a scale to provide
provide accurate spectral values for most sites. A software
program and maps may also be accessed at the USGS web site
[Link] or through the RMI website at
[Link]/RMI
[Link]/RMI..

2.6.3
[Link]
.2 Seism
Seism ic Design Category
Category
The Seismic Design Categories are a function of the seismic hazard at a site, the
type of buildings (or occupancies) built at the site and the site-specific soil data,
and is, therefore, more representative of the actual location of the project, and
have replaced the old UBC seismic zones.
The old UBC seismic zones (0 to 4) were based uponu pon the seismic ground motion,
corresponding to a certain
certain probability of occurrence,
occurrence, within a zone. Therefore, all
structures within a zone were designed for the same requirements, even though
they did not need to be, nor did they take into consideration the type of building.

Figure 2-1 Seismic Design Categories, Site Class D

17
 17

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

2.6.4
2.6.4 Connecti on Rotational Capacit
Capacit y
This section resulted from the report done in FEMA 460
460 [5]. Cd is the deflection
amplification factor for a moment resisting frame and is obtained from Table
15.4-1 in ASCE 7 [6]. From FEMA 460 Cd =5.5 for the unbraced frames and C d
=3.5 for braced frames.
The connection rotational capacity must exceed
e xceed the maximum rotational demand.
The demand may be computed directly using known earthquake records scaled
in accordance with ASCE 7 [6], 16.1.4, as is done forfor buildings. This reduces the
uncertainties in establishing α and Cd. Where available,
available, as with buildings,
buildings, such
computations may be in lieu of the Section 2.6.4
2.6.4 requirements. At present, such
analyses are not currently practical for everyday design office use.
As a simplification, the demand equation in this
th is section is an upper bound based
on the assumption that the column and beam deformations are very small
relative to the deflections
deflections due to connector
connector rotation. The basic connector
rotational demand may then be taken as the maximum earth displacement
divided by the height of the rack (the top level is assumed stationary).
While perhaps convenient, this formulation may obscure the origin of the
displacement demand. It arises from expected maximum displacement of the
ground, and is not any function of the structure itself. While not obvious, this
formula is derived from ASCE 7 [6] equation 17.5-3 (which was used in
developing the FEMA 460 [5] Appendix A equations). For example, at the
Design Earthquake, the displacement demand would be:
gSD1T
Cd  s   = 2
(the B values are identified in FEMA 460)
4 B
Where T is the effective period of the rack determined using the effective
stiffness of the rack at displacement Δ that has been appropriately modified to
account for P-Δ effects.
Engineers may wish to employ this alternate formulation to the complex FEMA
460 calculations.
The connection rotational demand should include the effect of gravity load
amplification. The column axial load used in the calculation
calculation of the gravity
gravity load
amplification does not include the effective horizontal seismic weight factor, 0.67
on the P. This is because the entire product load
load contributes to the gravity load
amplification portion of the drift.
Since the seismic response of storage racks is a dynamic phenomenon, use of
the full amplification 1/(1-α) is conservative for the seismic base and beam-to-
column connection rotational demand analysis. The (1+α) term is used to
account for only the first iteration
iteration of the second
second order effects.
effects. The intent is to
obtain a reasonable estimate
e stimate of these effects, not restrict the designer to any one
method of obtaining them. Better estimates of the amplified effects of gravity
load (shake table results or other time dependent computer modeling methods)
may be used.
 18

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

In the equation for the connection rotational demand the 1+α term is to estimate
the effects of gravity load amplification. Based on FEMA 460 the αterm is:
NL
 k c +k be 
W h
i=1
pi pi 
k k


 k b k ce   k c +k be  
α = c be

 Nc +Nb    
  k c k b e  k b +k ce 
where:
Wpi = The weight on the rack that
that amplifies the drift. The 0.67 coefficient
for the product load should not be used because the entire product
weight amplifies the drift

Wpi = ( PRFxP) +D
+D+0
+0.2
.25x
5xL
L

kc = Rotational stiffness of each beam-to-upright connection from testing

in Section 9.6

kb =Rotational stiffness of each base plate connection (which may be

assumed to be equal to k c for installations where there is at least
one anchor bolt on opposite sides of the column in the down-aisle
direction)
Nc =Number of beam-to-upright connections
Nb =Number of base plate connections
kbe =beam end rotational stiffness assumed to be given by:
6EIb
k be =
L

kce =bottom column end rotational stiffness assumed to be given by:

4EIc
k =
ce
H

When the ASD design method of analysis is used the seismic forces that are
applied to the structure are only 67 percent of the forces that are applied using
the LRFD design method.
method. To compensate
compensate for this difference
difference the seismic
displacement at the top shelf level should be multiplied by 1.5 for computing Θ d
when the ASD design method is used.
For both the ASD and the LRFD method, the seismic drift, Δ s, shall be computed
using the entire W pi weight on the beams when using a second order computer
analysis.

2.6.5
2.6.5 Seism
Seism ic Displ acement
The connection stiffness used for the design of the components, upright and
beams, should be the connection secant stiffness from testing consistent with the
 19

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

base shear applied loads and resulting displacements. This will be a connection
stiffness in the lower moment range. A possible starting
starting stiffness could be the
connection stiffness F from Section 9.4.
When computing the seismic displacement ΔS, all loads used should be
unfactored
0.7E that isloads. The
used for total earthquake
strength calculationsforce (E) should
in ASD. be used rather
If the ASD-level than
earthquake
forces are used, the displacement should be multiplied by 1.5 to obtain ΔS.

2.6.6
2.6.6 Seism
Seism ic Separation
Separation
For Seismic Design Category D and above, the seismic separation shall be
checked using Section 2.6.6. This section allows
allows a separation to be checked by
analysis of the specific structure or by default distances given in the table for the
braced and unbraced directions.
directions. Storage rack seismic
seismic displacement iis
s less in
the braced direction so the required separation is less. If an analysis is used to
compute the seismic displacement, this analysis should be performed with all
loads unfactored and the seismic force E (not 0.7E) applied to the rack as stated
in Commentary Section 2.6.5.

These
buildingseparations are intended of
structure. Amplification to the
include the effects
computed
computed of both
rack drift the
is felt to rack and the
be adequate
to accommodate the building drift.

2.
2.6.
6.7
7 Vertic
Vertic al Distributi on of Seismi
Seismi c Forces
The calculation of the vertical distribution of the lateral forces F, which are being
resisted by the base shear V, results in a linearly increasing or triangular
distribution for values based on the recommendations of FEMA 460 [5].
It is appropriate to account fairly for the contribution of the shelf-loading pattern
on the development of the lateral forces, their distribution, and the resulting
behavior of the rack structure.
structure. Thus, it is felt that when the bottom
bottom most pallet
beam is within twelve (12) inches (305 mm) of the floor, such a shelf loading
contributes little to the lateral deflections and resulting lateral force distribution
along the height of the structure. However, when such a bottom shelf isis located
at an elevation greater than twelve (12) inches (305 mm) above the floor, the
contributions will begin to be significant and should be considered in the same
manner as the remaining loading on all the upper shelves.

2.6.8
2.6.8 Horizont al Shear
Shear Distr ibut ion
The magnitude of the lateral shear force at any level is determined simply by the
equations of equilibrium applied to the particular section of the structure.
structure. The
story shear in any story is the sum of the lateral forces acting at all levels above
that story.

2.6.9 Overturning
The overturning checks are intended for only anchor uplift and floor reactions.
The Specification requires two separate overturning checks. One is for the case
 20

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

of all storage positions loaded to 67% of the full rated capacity and the other for
100% in the top load position only.
The overturning checks must be done considering the lateral forces acting at the
elevation of the center of mass of the loads.

2.6.10 Concurrent Forces

Considering the probabilities, it is not reasonable to expect that the effects of out-
of-plumbness, impact, wind forces, and seismic events will occur simultaneously.
The design shall proceed accordingly.

3 DESIGN PROCEDURES
This section specifies that engineering design calculations are to be made in
accordance with accepted principals and conventional methods of structural design.
This means among other things, that the basic concepts of structural analysis must
be observed. This section also refers to the AISI [1] and AISC [3] Speci
Specifications
fications as
modified in various specifics in the Specification.
The following is just one example of what is meant by “conventional methods of
structural analysis”. Depending on types of connections, cross sections and relative
capacities of beams and columns, pallet racks may function and be analyzed either
as elastic rigid frames or
or as frames with semi-rigid
semi-rigid connections. Regardless of what
methods are used, the basic laws of equilibrium and compatibility must be satisfied in
all parts of the structure. For example in the design of sshelf
helf beams, advantage can
be taken of negative end moments up to values that can be developed by the
specific connections, as determined by test (Section 9.4). However, if this is done,
the column must be designed for the end moments which they must develop in order
to create the end restraint used in the beam
beam design. For instance, the upper end of a
corner column has to support the full end moment of the abutting uppermost shelf
beam, and the column must be designed for its axial load plus indicated moment.
Unless this is done, the basic law of equilibrium has been violated.
violated. The same holds
true at all other beam and column joints, except that the unbalanced end moment of

two adjacent
possibly also beams,
by the is jointly resisted
unloaded beam, by both
if its columns framing
connection in toanthat
can resist joint and
appropriate
moment. This is so because the negative beam moments can be calculated calculated on the
basis of conventional rigid frame analysis, or on the basis of semi-rigid analysis (i.e.,
using test values
values of connection capacities).
capacities). By the simple law of equilibrium,
equilibrium, no
negative moment can act on the end of a beam unless the abutting members can
develop this moment, and are designed for it.
There may be situations in rack structures for which adequate design methods do
not exist. This is the case
case where configurations of sections are used which which cannot
be calculated by established methods, where connections of a non-standard
character are employed, etc. In these cases, design calculations of member and
connection capacity, shall
shall be replaced by appropriate tests.
tests. Several of these tests,
peculiar to rack construction,
construction, are spelled out in later
later parts of the Specification.
Specification. Tests
not spelled out are to be conducted according to the general test procedure
requirements of Section F1 of the
th e AISI Specification [1].
 21

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Tests are not permitted to be used in lieu of design calculations except in those
situations which cannot be calculated by available methods. The AISI
Specification [1] is quite specific about this in Section F1. It should be noted that
confirmatory tests have a different nature and are covered in the AISI
Specification [1] Section F2. Where tests are notnot specified in the Specification
Specification or the
AISI Specification [1] for cold-formed members,
members, the procedures in the IBC [8] Section
1714 and Section 1715 shall be used.
No slenderness limitations are imposed on tension members. Indeed the AISC
Specification [3] limitations themselves are not mandatory, but are only suggested as
good practice.

4 DESIGN OF STEEL
STEEL ELEMENTS AND MEMBERS
MEMBERS
Neither the AISI [1] nor the AISC [3] Specifications make provisions for perforated
members of the type routinely
routinely used for columns and other components of racks. The
effect of perforations on the load carrying capacity of compression members is
accounted for by the modification of some of the definitions of these Specifications.
The approach is to use the effective section properties based on the net section

whereas the AISI

unperforated Specification
section. Further[1]information
bases the on
effective section properties
the development of theon AISI
the
Specification [1] can be found in Reference 13.

4.1 COLD-FORMED STEEL MEMBERS

4.1.1
4.1.1 Properti es of Sections

4.1.2
4.1.2 Flexural
Flexu ral Members
The RMI Specification approach involves the replacement of the section
properties used in the AISI Specification [1] by the effective net section
properties. The effective net section
section is the effective
effective section determined based on
the net section. Effective width equations do not exist for the type of perforations
that are common in rack columns.
columns. For this reason approximate approaches
need to be formulated.
The area of the effective section for axial loading is determined by means of stub
column tests according to Section 9.2. 9.2. There are no test procedures for
determining the effective section properties for bending. The approximate
approach of this section was developed assuming that when the section is in
tension local buckling does not reduce the capacity thus Q = 1 for the tension
region. This assumption implies that the cold forming effects do not increase the
axial tensile strength. In flexure, approximately half of the section is in
compression and the other half is subjected to tension.
tension. Of course the effective
section is not symmetric
symmetric and, thus, this
this is an approximation. The effective area
of the portion of the section in compression can be approximated conservatively
by using the result of stub column tests. This is conservative
conservative because the web
has a more favorable stress gradient when the section is in flexure. Thus the
reduction
flexure is factor
taken for
as the
thearea to account
average of 1.0for
forlocal
the buckling when the
tension portion section
and Q for isthe
in
 22

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

compression portion, namely, 0.5 + Q / 2 . Thus, Se , the elastic section modulus

of the effective net section at design yield stress, is determined by mu
multiplying
ltiplying the
net section elastic modulus by this reduction
redu ction factor.
The term Sc is the elastic section modulus of the effective net section at the
lateral buckling stress of the gross section Fc. The reduction factor at the lateral
buckling stress of the gross section is derived on the basis of the approach
described in Reference 12 as:
Q
1-Q  Fc 
1-  
2  Fy 
In the calculation of Fe, ex, ey, and t the section properties are to be based on
full unreduced gross section considering round corners except for j, x o and Cw
which shall be based on the full unreduced gross section using sharp corners
because the calculation of these parameters using rounded corners for the net
section is extremely tedious.
The extent of inelastic reserve capacity for perforated elements needs further
study and is hence excluded in the Specification.

4.1.3
4.1.3 Concentr icall y Loaded Compr essio n Members

[Link]
[Link] Effecti
Effec tive
ve Ar
Area
ea
Compression members can buckle in either of two ways: purely flexurally, i.e., by
simple bending about one of the principal axes without twist; or torsional-
flexurally, i.e., by bending accompanied by twisting of the member. Some types
of members which buckle purely flexurally are: all closed box-type members,
sections whose shear center and centroid coincide, which is true for doubly-
symmetrical members (e.g., I-sections), equal flange Z-sections, and others.
Many other open thin walled shapes can be subject to torsional flexural buckling,
such as singly symmetrical channel-, C-, hat-, and plain or lipped angle-sections,
and others. In all these shapes, centroid and shear shear center do not coincide.
However, whether such members actually will buckle torsional-flexurally or just
flexurally in the direction of the axis of symmetry depends not only on the type of
cross section but also on its relative dimensions. Thus, channels with wide
flanges tend to buckle torsional-flexurally, while narrow-flanged channels
generally buckle only flexurally.
In designing columns for flexural buckling without torsion, the effective length
factors K shall
shall be taken as specified in Section 6.3 of the Specification. For
singly symmetrical shapes these methods are quite straightforward, provided that
the effective length is the same for bending about the axis of symmetry (x-axis)
and for twisting. This is generally the case for building-type frames, but need not
be so for rack structures.
structures. For instance, for a pallet rack with channel or C-
columns placed so that the x-axis is in the plane of the upright frame, the
unbraced length Lx for buckling about the x-axis is the length from the floor to the
 23

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

center line of the bottom beam, or between successive beam center lines, as the
case may be. (This is the unbraced length Lx, not the effective length KxLx.)
However, for torsion it can be assumed that even light members, such as the
diagonal or horizontal struts of upright frames, will prevent twisting at the point
where they are connected to the columns, provided the connection itself does not
permit twist. Typical connection
connection details between
between the columns
columns and the bracing
which are expected to inhibit twist and those that are not are shown in
Figure 6.3.3-1. For those racks with proper connection details, the unbraced
length Lt for torsion will be the free length between adjacent connections to any
members which counteract torsion. For instance, if a diagonal of an upright
frame meets the column somewhere between the floor and the lowest beam,
then the longer of the two lengths, from the diagonal connection to either the floor
or the beam, represents the unbraced length for torsion, L t.
Different effective lengths for torsion and flexure are accounted for by taking K xLx
in the expression for ex, and KtLt in the expression for t. The effective length
factors Kx and Kt are given in Sections
S ections 6.3.1 and 6.3.3, respectively.
The treatment of concentrically-loaded perforated compression members is
based on a modification of the AISI Specification [1] approach for unperforated
compression members. The modification is based on the studies reported in
Reference 15. The procedure consists of obtaining the nominal axial load
capacity by multiplying the nominal failure stress obtained for the gross section
by the effective net area obtained at the nominal failure stress. In general, the
effective net area cannot be calculated for column sections with the types of
perforations typical in rack structures. For this reason the effective net s
section
ection
area is to be determined through the use of the following formula which was
developed in Reference 12:

  Fn  
Q

A e = 1- (1-Q )    A NetMin

  Fy  
   
where the Q factor is determined by the procedure specified in Section 9.2.

4.1.3
[Link]
.2 Disto rti onal Buck lin g
Singly symmetric compression members may be subject to distortional buckling
effects. Methods using a finite strip analysis accounting
accounting for the perforations may
be used for sections with perforations.
perforations. Other methods, such as but not limited to
finite element methods, generalized beam theory or structural testing, are also
acceptable.
 24

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

4.2 HOT-ROLLED STEEL COLUMNS

5 BEA
BEAMM DESIGN

5.1 CALCULATIONS
5.2 CROSS SECTION
For pallet rack and stacker rack beams, this section states that the load effects shall
be determined by conventional methods of calculation, if the shape of the cross
section permits. In general, the usual simple formulas for s stresses
tresses and deflections of
beams apply only if the cross section is symmetrical about the loading direction, i.e.,
if the section has a vertical
vertical axis of symmet
symmetry.
ry. Beams of any other cross secsectional
tional
shape may twist under load. Such twist can reduce the carrying carrying capacity of the
beams, and/or result in deflections larger than that determined by conventional
computations. Examples of such sections
sections are channels, particularly those with wide
flanges, and wide flanged
flanged C-shapes when placedplaced with web vertical. Since
calculations that include the twist are fairly complex and not always reliable Section
5.2 calls, instead, for test determination.
It is worth noting that closed box shapes, even if they have no vertical axis of
symmetry, are much
much less subject to twist
twist than open shapes. Thus, in many cases
cases of
closed unsymmetrical box beams, determination by conventional calculations may
prove adequate.
It can be shown that the following equation can be used to account for the effect of
end fixity in determining the maximum midspan moment M max of a pallet beam
considering semi-rigid end connections:
WL
M Max = rm
8

where:
2FL
rm =1-
6EIb +3F
+3FL
L

E= the modulus of elasticity

F= the joint spring constant determined either by the Cantilever Test
described in Section 9.4.1 or by Pallet Beam in Upright Frames Assembly
Test described in Section 9.3.2.
Ib = the beam moment of inertia about the bending axis
L= the span of the beam
W= the total load on each beam (including vertical impact loads)
where:
Me = the beam end moment
wL
Me = (1-r )
m
8
 25

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

In the above derivation the load is assumed to be uniformly distributed. For a value
of F equal to zero, M max=WL/8 is obtained. The specification
specification requires applying a
vertical impact factor of 25% to one unit load. For a pair of pallet
pallet beams supporting
two pallets this would mean that the load on one half of the beam will be 25% more
than the load on the other half. The maximum moment will not occur at midspan in
that case. However, it cancan be shown that the magnitude of the maximum
maximum moment
thus computed will be within 1% of the moment computed on the basis of distributing
the total load uniformly.
If one considers semi-rigid joints, the following expression for maximum deflection
max can be derived.
 Max =  ss rd

where:
3
5WL
δss =
384EIb

4FL
rd =1-
5FL+10EI b

5.3 DEFLECTIONS
The 1/180 of the clear span is an industry consensus figure based on visual
appearance and operational clearance considerations.

5.4 BEAM-TO-CO
BEA M-TO-COLUMN
LUMN CONNECTIONS
CONNECTIONS

5.4.1 General
The beam end connections must be designed to resist the forces and moments
obtained from the structural analysis.
The effects of eccentricity of the connection and the effect of rotation of an

attachment to theconnections
influence of these edge of anonunstiffened flange must
the overall behavior be evaluated.
is significant The
(see Section
5.3). Particular attention should be directed to the column-to-bracing
connections.

5.4.2
5.4.2 Beam Lock ing Device
The upward load is specified to prevent accidental disengagement of the beam
connection. The upward
upward force should be applied to an unloaded beam. Since
this load is compared to the connection locking device failure there is no load
factoring required.
Failure of the locking device is defined as the distortion of the locking device that
prevents reapplication of upward force, removal, reinstallation, or reduces the
carrying capacity.
 26

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

5.4.3
5.4.3 Movable
Movab le Shelf Racks
The upward load is specified to prevent accidental disengagement of the beam
connection. The upward
upward force should be applied to an unloaded beam. Since
this load is compared to the connection locking device failure there is no load
factoring required.
The phrase “connected to each other rigidly” indicates that the beams are
connected such that skewing of transverse members will be prevented in normal
use.

5.5 PALLET SUPPORTS

In general, a properly placed stored unit that is on a pallet that is structurally sound
will adequately support the product on the pallet spanning between the beams. In
that case, additional supports may be unnecessary.
In the absence of information to the contrary, it is customary for the rack system
designer to assume that the warehouse operator will be using, throughout the entire
warehouse, pallets that are adequate to support the load spanning between the shelf
beams.
Based on the operation of the warehouse, though, there may be the potential for the
pallet to be misplaced on the shelf beams in such a way that the edge of the pallet
does not rest on the shelf beam.
beam. In this case, if pallet s
supports
upports are requested by the
warehouse operator, they shall be designed to support a structurally sound pallet in
its worst location on the shelf.
shelf. It can be shown that, for the end attachment load it
will be when the edge of the pallet is directly next to the shelf but not resting on that
shelf. For span bending of the pallet support, this position may be when when the center
of gravity of the pallet is equidistant from one beam as the edge of the pallet is from
the other (a = ec in the figure below).
 27

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

For the maximum bending condition the moment is equal to:


( − ⁄2)
 = 4
2
 L-d 
W 
M Max =
 2 
L

where:
W = Maximum load applied to one pallet support.
L = Clear span between the shelf beams
d = Depth of the bottom of the pallet
ec = center of gravity of the load to the closest supporting beam
However, there are a number of situations that may require the use of a Pallet
Support to aid in the support of the pallet when on the shelf.
shelf. The bottom
configuration of the pallet may be such that the pallet will not be supported on the
beams. Further, there may be a potential for the introduction into the storage system
of pallets that are not structurally sound and/or not capable of supporting the stored
products that will need pallet supports underneath to support the pallet and stored
products. In these cases itit is important that the warehouse operator inform the rack
system designer of the specific details of the pallet bottom configuration and of the
structural attributes of the pallet and load so that the rack designer may properly
design the pallet support for these
th ese conditions.

5.6 WELDED WIRE RACK DECKING

Wire decking is a decking system used on pallet rack shelves. Its purpose is to
provide additional support for stored materials, as well as, becoming a safety net for
unstable loads. Wire decking is fab
fabricated
ricated from welded-wire mesh,
mesh, and usually has

reinforcements
by the rack beamsin the
at form of channels
the front and rearorand
support wires. Wire
the strength and decks areofsupported
stiffness the wire
deck system provides support for the load between the beams. Decking designs
vary greatly depending on the application. Wire thickness, grid pattern and number
of channels all have an effect
effect on performance. Wire decking is unique to other
other types
of shelving not only in appearance but also in performance.
performance. Because wire decks are
made of steel, their integrity, capacity
capacity and performance remain constant. The
advantages of wire mesh decks include safety, greater capacities, their ability to
allow light, air, debris and water (very important in some states due to fire codes) to
pass through the decks.
 28

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

6 UPRIGHT FRAME DESIGN

6.1 DEFINITION

6.2 GENERAL
6.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTHS.
The AISI [1] and the AISC [3] Specifications use the effective length concept in
determining the load carrying capacity of a member subjected to an axial load alone,
or in combination with bending moments. Such a member is usually part of a frame.
The effective length method is not the only available technique for determining the
axial capacity of a compression
compression member. Alternative methods, consisten
consistentt with AISC
and AISI are equally acceptable.
acceptable. Where large lateral load requirements already exist
(such as the higher seismic design categories) a method employing the lateral load
may dominate the instability considerations in the design and a K factor approach
may not be required. The effective length factor
factor accounts for the restraining effec
effectt of
the end conditions or the effect of the members framed into a particular member.

The effective length concept is one method for estimating the interaction effects of
the total frame on a compression member being considered.
considered. The RMI has chosen to
use the K factor approach, but does not preclude the use of other properly
substantiated methods. Several references are available concerning alternatives to
effective length factors for multilevel frames under combined loads or gravity loads
alone. Work has been done for hot-rolled members and the RMI RMI has co-sponsored,
with AISI, ongoing research for cold-formed members.
General discussions of the effective length concept can be found in Reference 22.
Basically, the effective length factor, K, times the unbraced length, L, gives the length
of a simply supported column which would have the same elastic buckling load as
the particular member which is part of a frame or which has other end connections.
Though the effective length is computed on the basis of elastic frame behavior, it is
general practice to use the effective length approach to find the inelastic load
carrying capacity. This is the approach taken in the AISI [1] and the AISC [3]
Specifications as well as in the Specification.
Specification. As discussed in connection with
Section 4.2.2, the effective length approach is extended to the torsional-flexural
buckling mode as well.
The behavior of rack structures and hence the effective length factor depends on the
unique design of racks, such as the rigidity of the connection between columns and
beams. Due to the wide wide variety of details and cross sectional dimensions
dimensions in rack
structures, the effective length factors vary within a very broad range. For example,
a simple portal frame with pinned column bases, the effective length factor
approaches infinity as the connection between the beam and the columns
approaches a pinned condition due to the connection details.
The values of the effective length factors given in the Specification are by no means
maximum values. They are the average values assuming the racks to be designed
according to good engineering practice
practice and judgment. In all cases rational
rational analysis
would indicate whether the stipulated values are too conservative or too
 29

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

unconservative for the particular rack. Possible rational analysis procedures are
presented later in this commentary.

6.
6.3.
3.1
1 Flexural
Flexural Bucklin g in the Direction Perpendicular
Perpendicular to the Upright
Upright Frames
Frames

The buckling considered

considered here is parallel to the aisle. In general, racks have
singly symmetric sections for columns and also in general the axis of symmetry is
perpendicular to the aisle. The buckling of such sections parallel to the the aisle,
namely, about the axis of symmetry takes the form of torsional-flexural buckling.
For such cases, the effective length factor is intended to be used in computing
ex in Section 4.2.2, ex is in turn used in computing the torsional-flexural buckling
load.

6.3.1
[Link]
.1 Racks
Racks Not Braced Agains t Sidesway
This section is applicable to racks that do not meet the bracing requirements of
Section [Link]. The side-sway failure of several columns in a down-aisle
direction is quite catastrophic. Portions of rows or entire rows collapse. A value
of Kx greater than 1.0 1.0 is used to design
design against this type of failure. The
theoretical lower limit of K is 1.0 in braced framing, or for full fixity at the top and
the bottom of an unbraced column. Since full fixity fixity is never achieved and the
unbraced columns are free to translate, K will always be greater than 1.0 for
unbraced frame design. The actual value of K depends on the rotational rrestraint estraint
at the top and the bottom
bottom of the column. Pallet racks that use semi-rigid
connections will have Kx values much greater than 1.0 and may even exceed 2.0.
The Specification allows the use of K x = 1.7 as a default value. Numerous typical
rack assemblies were researched. These rack assemblies
assemblies had Kx values ranging
from as low as 1.3 to as high as 2.4. The racks with high K values
values had lighter
beams and heavy columns. A larger number of bays tend to increase the K
values because the supporting action of lighter loaded end frame columns
diminishes. As the number of bays increases the probability of having all the
bays fully loaded decreases. Thus, as the number of bays increases the
probability of getting a higher K may not increase. A three bay rack has a greater
probability of being fully loaded than racks with
with more bays. Thus, practice
practice has
shown that a three bay rack may be more likely to fail by sidesway.
The number of levels also has an influence on the value of K. As the number of
fully loaded levels increase
increase the value of
of K also increases. This is because the
difference in loads in the lowest level and the second level columns decreases as
the number of stories increases. When the difference in the loads decreases, the
value of K increases.
A value of K equal to 1.7 was chosen to give a reasonable amount of protection
against sidesway for most common rack configurations. The designer should be
aware that K may actually be greater than or less than the default value of 1.7. If
the default value of 1.7 is used no further reductions may be taken based on
utilization because utilization has already been considered in the selection of this
value. K values other than 1.7 may be used if they can be justified on the basis of
rational analysis. The rational analysis must properly consider
consider column stiffness,
stiffness,
beam stiffness,
stiffness, semi-rigid connection behavior and base fixity. The common
 30

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

approaches to evaluate K are frame analyses that compute the frame buckling
loads directly and alignment
alignment charts. The latter approach will
will be discussed below.
The use of alignment charts to determine effective length coefficients is
described in Refe
References
rences 3 and 22. The procedures described in this reference
need to be modified as described below to account for the semi-rigid nature of
the connection of the columns to the floor
floor and to the pallet beams.
beams. The floor is
assumed to be a beam
b eam with the following stiffness:
2
If bd
=
Lf 1440

where:
b= the width of the column (parallel to the flexure axis)
d= the depth of the column (perpendicular to the flexure axis)
The floor is assumed to be concrete, and the column connection to the floor must
be adequate to develop base moments consistent
consistent with this stiffness. For other
floor material the equation should be modified.
In the analysis the stiffness of the pallet beams is to be reduced by (I b/Lb)red due
to the semi-rigid nature of the joints.

 Ib  Ib Lb
  =
 Lb red 1+6 ( EIb ) 
 ( Lb F)

where
Ib = the actual moment of inertia of the pallet beams
Lb = the actual span of the pallet beams
F= the joint rigidity determined by the Portal Test of Section 9.4.2

E= the modulus of elasticity

The analysis for the effective length factor for the portion of the column from the
floor to the first beam level would involve the following G values as defined in the
commentary of AISC [3].


Ic  1 + 1

 Lc1 Lc2 

Ga =
 Ib 
2 
 Lb red
Ic
Lc1
Gb =
If

Lf
 31

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

where
Ic the column moment of inertia
Lc1 the distance from the floor to the first beam level

Lc2 the distance from the first beam level to the

the second beam level
The effective length factor is then found directly from References 16 and 17 on
the basis of Ga and Gb.
The expression used above for I f/Lf is based on References 17 and 18. The
expression given in these references are modified to reflect the situation for rack
columns, which, in general, have thin base plates. This expression is is a crude
representation of the basbasee fixity.
fixity. The base
base fixity
fixity depends among other
parameters, on the ratio of the base moment to the axial load, namely the
eccentricity of the axial load. A general formulation
formulation would be quite complex.
Though direct test data is not available it seems reasonable to expect that the
above equation would estimate the fixity rather closely for eccentricities
corresponding to design load and 1.5% lateral
lateral loads. This reference, using
using the
above procedure, reaches reasonably satisfactory correlation between the
computed and the observed test results. It must be noted, however, that the
base fixity is just one of many properties of the rack that affect the structural
behavior.
The expression for I f/Lf given above assumes that the floor is
is concrete. The joint
rigidity F is to be determined by a portal test.
test. As the frame sidesways as the type
of buckling under consideration implies, the beams of the frame will have
different joint rigidities at each end. This is due to the fact that at one end the
rotation is increased while the rotation is decreased at the other end. The portal
method yields an intermediate value between the values of the rigidities of the
two ends.

6.3.1
[Link]
.2 Racks
Racks Braced Agains t Sidesway
A rack structure, in order to be treated as braced against sidesway, must
m ust have
diagonal bracing in the vertical plane forfor the portion under consideration. This
would restrain the columns in in the braced plane. In order to restrain the columns
columns
in other planes, there need to be shelves which are rigid or have diagonal
bracing in their horizontal plane as specified in this section. (Some of the terms
terms
used above are illustrated in Figure [Link] (a).) The function of this rigid or
braced shelf is to ensure restraint for the other row of columns against sidesway
with respect to the braced row of columns. All bracing should, of course, be tight
and designed for its intended use.
Horizontal movement, or translation, of the front column relative to the rear
column of rack with bracing in the rear vertical plane can, in some cases, be
prevented by the presence of pallets on the load beams. To prevent translation
of the front column, the frictional forces between the pallets and the load beams
must be capable of resisting horizontal force perpendicular to the plane of the
upright. The magnitude of this force at a bracing point should be at least 1.5% of
the column load immediately below the beam acting as the horizontal brace.
 32

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Whether or not sufficient force exists to prevent translation must be determined

by rational analysis giving full consideration to factors such as, but not limited to,
lighter than normal loads and the absence of any or all loads.
Under typical warehouse conditions, the coefficient of friction between a wood or
metal pallet and its supporting beams has been the subject of many tests and
can conservatively be taken as 0.10. Special consideration is necessary
necessary in cold
storage freezers where operational procedures can produce ice on the contact
surfaces. Representative tests are recommended in this and other conditions,
such as greasy or oily environments, where they would likewise be warranted.
In order to cut down the unsupported lengths of the columns, the diagonal
bracing should divide the brace plane as shown in Figures [Link] (b) and (c). At
the same time rigid or braced fixed shelves are to be provided at levels AA in
order to have unsupported lengths of h as shown in the figures. If such shelves
are not provided at levels AA, then the column will be designed in accordance
with Section [Link].
The bottom and top portions of columns in Figure [Link] (d) are to be designed
as columns in an unbraced rack, whereas those in the mid-portion as columns in
a braced rack.
A rational analysis similar to that described in Section [Link] of this commentary
can also be used for racks braced against sidesway.
sidesway. In this case the following
changes need to be made:
2
If bd
=

Lf 240
240

and
Ib
 Ib  Lb
  =
 L b  red 1+2  ( EI b ) 
 L F 
 ( b )
 33

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Figur e 6.3.
[Link]
1.2 (a) Plan a
and
nd Back Br acing
 34

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Figure [Link] (b) Bracing Tower (with addition of bracing on aisle side of
columns)

Figure [Link]-1 Racks Braced Against Sidesway

 35

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

6.3.2
6.3.2 Flexural Buckli ng in the Plane of the Uprig ht Frame
In rack structures the columns are usually either singly symmetrical shapes with
the axis of symmetry in the plane of the upright frames or doubly symmetric
shapes. Because of this, buckling
buckling in the planes of the uprights is usually flexural.
Upright frames have a wide variety of bracing patterns. The most effective
bracing pattern is one where the centerlines of braces and the columns intersect
at one point as shown in Figure 6.3.2-1 (a). This is because the braces restrain
the columns by virtue of their axial stiffness.
stiffness. On the other hand, the bracing
action in the system shown in Figure 6.3.2-1 (b) depends on the flexural rigidities
of the braces and the connections between the columns and the braces. braces. Thus
this type of bracing is not as effective.
The effective length factor for the frame of Figure 6.3.2-1 (a) can be taken usually
as 1.0. This assumes that
that the braces are adequate and the connection between
the braces and columns are sufficiently rigid in the axial direction of the braces.
The effective length factor for the frame of Figure 6.3.2-1 (b) is usually greater
than one and can be found by rational analysis.

(a) (b)
Figu re 6.3.2-1
6.3.2-1 Braced and Unbraced Frames
In rack structures, frequently, the centerlines of the horizontal and the diagonal
braces and the centerline
centerline of the column do do not meet at one point. Thus, the
bracing arrangement falls between the extremes illustrated in Figures 6.3.2-1 (a)
and 6.3.2-1 (b). The following three subsections
subsections treat various
various bracing
configuration possibilities.
 36

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

[Link]

[Link]
Upright Frames with Diagonal Braces or a Combination of Diagonal and
Horizontal Braces that intersect the Columns are illustrated in Figures 6.3.2-2 (a)
and (b). These figures also define the terms terms Llong and Lshort. As the ratio
Lshort/Llong increases, the frame approaches the case shown in Figure 6.3.2-2(b)
and hence, the effective length factor can be greater than one.

(a) (b)
Figu re 6.3.2-2
6.3.2-2 Frames with Diagonal Braces that intersect the Columns
The stability of the frame is quite dependent on not only the relative axial and
flexural stiffness of the members but also the details of the connections between
the members. The axial stiffness at the connection in in the direction of the
the braces
is dependent on the details of the connection.
 37

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

[Link]
Upright Frames with Diagonal Braces that Intersect Horizontal Braces are
illustrated in Figures 6.3.2-3 (a) and (b). As the ratio Lshort/Llong increases, the
basic behavior of the frame approaches that of Figure 6.3.2-3 (b) and hence the
effective length factor can be greater than one.

(a) (b)
Figu re 6.3.2-3 Upright Frames with Diagonal Braces that intersect the
Horizontal Braces

[Link]

For uprights having bracing patterns such as the configuration shown in

Figure 6.3.2-1
6.3.2-1 (b) no typical
typical effective length factors are
are recommended. Rational
analysis is to be used for such cases to determine the effective length factor.
Alternately, the load carrying capacity may be determined by test.

6.3.3
6.3.3 Torsi onal Buck lin g
Though torsional buckling is not likely to happen in rack structures, torsional-
flexural buckling is
is usually the governing critical buckling mode. The torsional
buckling effective length factor is a parameter in the analysis of torsional-flexural
behavior. The provision of the Section 6.3.3 is based on References 14 and 22.
The value of K t given in this section assumes an effective connection between
the columns and the braces as shown in Figure 6.3.3-1.
 38

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Figure 6.3.3-1 Joint details

6.3.4
6.3.4 Diagonals and Horizont als
The design procedures for upright frames in the cross-aisle, or transverse,
direction should include the design detailing of the structural connections in those
frames. Typically, the diagonal and horizontal framing members, often arranged
in a truss-like configuration, frame into the front and rear columns of the frame,
as well as into or onto one another. The framing members are members, of
closed or open cross section, which are inserted into the open sections of the
front and rear open column cross sections. The column channel sections may be
some variation of C-sections, with and without stiffening legs, which may have, in
turn, additional return stiffening elements to stiffen the reinforcing legs. There
exist a large variety of combinations of horizontal and diagonal member cross
sections, framing into and onto one another, and their various internal framing
arrangements, framing
variety of patterns. into orofonto
Because the column sections,
large number of and welded combinations,
proprietary or bolted in a
each manufacturer has a responsibility to provide the documentation of the
adequacy of their connection designs to the Authority Having Jurisdiction. This
documentation may take the form of a detailed analytical procedure
demonstrating the adequacy of the joints within the context of Section 6.5.2 of
FEMA 460[4]. Alternatively, the the results of a testing
testing protocol for the frames
subjected to forces in the plane of the frames in the cross-aisle or transverse
direction may be undertaken.
The analysis and design of the upright frame joints (or connections) shall include
a consideration of the transfer of the member forces into and through those joints
along with their connections and the deformation of the member legs, lips, and
stiffening elements that make up the cross section of the various members
coming into each joint. It is recognized that under large forces caused by seismic
loads, these joints will behave in a manner that allows inelastic deformation of
 39

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

the members as well as their joints and distortion of their cross sections.
Inelastic deformations that result from seismic demand contribute to the overall
energy-absorbing and energy-dissipating structural behavior of the overall rack
system, a mechanism that helps the rack systems to survive while continuing to
carry their product loads.
The detailed analysis of the members, because of the complex nature of those
joints as described above, is often not amenable to rigorous analysis.
Alternatively, a testing protocol discussed in Section 6.5.3 of FEMA 460 [4],
based on the work of Krawinkler, may be undertaken to demonstrate the
adequacy of the rack structural system, including all the members and their
joints, subjected to transverse loadings. A report of the results of such tests shall
provide the basis of the documentation of the adequacy, along with the stiffness
and ductility of the connection joints. Joints of rack upright frames are
are complex,
varied, often proprietary, and usually not amenable to rigorous stress analysis or
structural analysis. Under static loading conditions,
conditions, and particularly
particularly under
dynamic or seismic loading conditions, the stiffness and ductility properties may
enable structural
structural performance into the nonlinear inelastic
inelastic regions. These
complex behaviors contribute to the energy-absorbing and energy-dissipating
damping processes that allow rack structures to withstand the applied forces,
dissipate energy without shedding their loads, and to survive the design-level
earthquakes in order to carry their products safely for another day. The
processes discussed here are the beginning of the development of performance-
based design of such systems.

6.4 STABILITY
STAB ILITY OF TRUSSED-BRACED
TRUSSED-BRACED UPRIGHT FRAMES
FRAMES
The provisions of this section are based on Reference 20 with the exception of the
value of K. The expressions given in the reference
reference were for members that have
constant axial force throughout their entire length. The effective length factor K is
intended to modify these expressions for the case of non-uniform distribution of axial
forces. The provisions of this section
section are more likely to govern fo
forr high rise racks.

7 COLUMN BA
BASE
SE DESIGN
7.1 COLUMN BASE PLATES

7.1.1
7.1.1 Bearing on Concrete
Formulas for determining the maximum permissible bearing stress (ASD) or load
(LRFD) on the concrete floor are are given in the specification. These resultant
values may be used to design the column base plates unless the concrete floor
designer requires a larger bearing area.
The owner should ensure that the strength of the floor, including, but not limited
to, the strength of the concrete, the thickness of the floor slab, the method of
reinforcement, and the quality of the subgrade is adequate for the storage rack
loading. For bearing surfaces other than concrete,
concrete, special design is
is required.
 40

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

The Specification is for the design of storage racks

racks only. Floor slab design is a
separate issue not within the scope of the Specification.

7.1.2
7.1.2 Base Plate Desig n

The column base connections must be designed to resist the forces and
moments obtained from the structural analysis. Actual field experience and
limited testing has shown that base plates thinner than those normally provided
under hot rolled structural shapes, designed to AISC Specifications may be
acceptable.
Welds from the base plate to the column should be adequate to properly transfer
all loads. When analysis indicates, the bearing plate and welds to the rack
column shall be designed for uplift forces and/or bending moments.
The owner shall bring special base plate considerations to the attention of the
rack supplier.
The Specification contains detailed methods for calculating the required
thickness of the column base plates. Three load cases are considered: 1)
downward vertical load; 2) uplift;
uplift; and 3) axial load plus bending. For uplift ½ the
distance from the nearest edge of the column to the anchor location reflects
reverse curvature bending of the base plate.
The provision to determine base plate thickness by load test has been retained
from the previous editions without any change.

7.1.3
7.1.3 Maximum Consid ered Earth
Earth quake Base Rotation
The rotational stiffness of the base is modeled in the down-aisle frame analysis
as a rotational spring with stiffness Kb. The base moments, Mb, are determined
from the structural
structural analysis of the down-aisle model. The rotational demand
demand of
the base is Θ = Mb / Kb. The equation given for base demand amplifies this this
moment by multiplying it by Cd to increase Θ to the design earthquake level. If
the analysis model does not take into account the amplified gravity load drift the
1+α factor is required as shown in the specification
specification equation. Conversely, if the
analysis takes into account the amplified gravity load drift, the 1+ α factor is not
required because the effect
effect has been already been accounted for. See Section
2.6.4 for discussion of the (1 +α) term.
When the ASD design method of analysis is used, the seismic forces that are
applied to the structure are only 67 percent of the forces that are applied using
the LRFD design method. To compensate for this difference the base moment
Mb should be multiplied by 1.5 for computing Θ b when the ASD design method is
used.
The rotation stiffness and the rotational capacity can be determined by tests.

7.1.4 Shims
Shims are commonly used to allow columns and uprights to be installed plumb
and/or level and to transfer the column loads to the supporting concrete floor
slab. Some operational conditions may result in the accidental displacement
 41

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

and/or dislodgement of an improperly securedsecured shim stack.

stack. The transfer of the
column loads relies on the shim stack remaining in place. The integrity of the
shim stack may be maintained by a variety of methods including, but not limited
to, friction, nesting, interlocking, welding and/or multiple anchors.

Shim stacks greater than six times the anchor diameter are not allowed and an
alternate solution must be properly engineered.
Shim stack heights between two and six times the anchor diameter must be
secured so that through normal usage they are not dislodged.
Shim stack heights less or equal to two times the anchor diameter are not
required to be interlocked due to the decreased probability of dislodgement for
these smaller shim stacks.
A review of typical racks in high seismic configurations was performed to
determine whether bending effects need be considered on the anchors when the
shim stack heights
heights are significant.
significant. This has shown
shown that the horizontal seismic
shear at the base of the rack is less than the static frictional force developed
between shims and between the s shims
hims and the
the base plate. Therefore, it was
concluded that anchor bending does not need to be considered in the seismic
design of anchorage. For empty rack subjected to to wind forces, bending of the
anchors should be investigated if shim heights are expected to exceed a height
equal to the anchor diameter.

7.2 SLAB AND SUBGRADE

SUBGRADE EVALUATION

7.3 ANCHOR BOLTS

7.3.1
7.3.1 Anc hor Bolt Design
The proper embedment of the anchor is critical to the design capacity of the
anchor and the minimum required embedment must be achieved.
Embedment of the anchor is the final measurement below the floor surface

regardless of the base plate or shim, if used.

7.
7.3.
3.2
2 Periodi
Periodi c Inspection of Anchor Bolt Installation
Installation
It may be required to conduct periodic inspection of the anchor bolt installation.
The owner or the owner’s designated representative should seek an independent
qualified inspector to carry out this inspection. When this inspection is needed,
only those anchors that are part of the main force resisting system need to be
inspected. This is because there are often accessories, not covered in the
Specification, in and around the rack system that are not part of the main
structural system.
The following information is provided to offer some recommendations for
this periodic i nspection. These
These recommendations
recommendations assume a concrete floor
that is adequate
adequate to support the structur e and
and is s uitable for the anchor type

being used. These recommendatio

recom mendatio ns are
are not mandatory .
 42

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Periodic inspection may be waived for anchors that have calculated

factored uplift using the LRFD method that is less than or equal to 1000
lbs. (454 kg) or 50% of the uplift capacity (when the uplift capacity is
calculated using LRFD method).
method). For the ASD method calculated uplift is
less than 667 lbs. (303 kg) or 33 % of the uplift capacity (when the uplift
capacity is calculated
calculated using ASD method).
method). Periodic inspection is usually
waived in Seismic Design Categories A, B or C.
The Inspector shall deliver the required inspection report to the rack
owner and other interested parties, in an acceptable format.
The anchor bolt inspector shall be present prior to the installation of the
anchors that require periodic inspection. The inspector shall verify that
the installer of the anchors is installing the correct type and brand of
anchor bolt that has been specified on the “Load and Rack Configuration”
(LARC) drawings or or the rack installation drawings. The inspector must
also make sure that the installer has a copy of the manufacturer’s
installation procedure for the anchor that is being installed.
The inspector must visually inspect the anchor, the drill and bits that are
to be used for the installation to make sure they are correct and
compatible with the anchor being installed. He must make sure that the
anchors provided are long enough to obtain the specified embedment
shown on the LARC drawings for the case of the highest shim stack
needed.
The inspector must observe and approve the installation of the first
several anchors at the base of the column or other member that is to be
anchored. The installation is to be done per the manufacturer’s
installation instructions and
and in accordance with
with the LARC drawings. The
anchors are to be tightened to the anchor bolt manufacturer’s
specifications. After the installation and approval of initial anchor bolt
group, the anchor bolt inspector shall allow the installer to continue with
the installation of anchor bolts.

If there is more than one anchor bolt configuration, but the anchor size
and type of anchor are the same, the actual inspection of the installation
of the anchor bolt need not be repeated, but the other configurations
(patterns) should be reviewed
reviewed for compliance with
with the LARC drawings. If
the anchor sizes change, the bits for each size should be reviewed for
compatibility with the anchor. If there is more than one type of anchor
used, the installation of each type shall be observed and approved
following all of the steps above for each anchor type.
Subsequent inspections may be done at any time but must be done
when:
➢ There is a request to change the type of anchor that is used during a
project.
➢ Changes in site conditions that may affect anchoring. Examples of
this include rebar interference or proximity to floor joints or edges.
When modifications to the installation of the anchor bolts are
 43

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

necessary, a qualified engineer must review the

th e modification and
ensure that the change will result in adequate anchorage of the
structural member.
Intermediate inspections should be done on projects with over 1000
anchors. Intermediate inspections are only needed to ensure that the
installer is continuing to properly install the anchor bolts, and that no new
problems have been experienced since the initial inspection.
Final anchor bolt inspection is required on all projects that require
inspection. The inspector should
should make sure that all anchors have been
installed in their correct locations per the LARC drawings and that the
anchors have the correct
correct embedment. The special inspection is over
once all of the anchor bolts have been installed and the building official
has accepted and approved the final inspection report.

8 SPECIAL RACK DESI

DESIGN
GN PROVISIONS
PROVISIONS

8.1 OVERTURNING
A very important aspect of rack design is to provide stability against overturning of
the rack structure when
when the rack is subjected to horizontal forces. Horizontal forces
on the rack structure can be due to wind (Section 2.5), earthquake (Section 2.6) or
the force described in this section.
The designer is cautioned not to consider the stabilizing forces provided by ordinary
anchorage to maintain rack
rack alignment. However, if forces on anchors are analyzed
and the anchors designed for these forces with appropriate safety factors, then the
anchorage forces may be considered in the stability analysis.
A limit on the height to depth ratio of the rack is imposed. This ratio is defined as the
height to the topmost loaded beam divided by the frame width (or the combined
width of interconnected frames).
frames). While it is recommended that all frames be
anchored (Section 1.4.7), here it states that if the 6 to 1 ratio is exceeded, the rack
must be analyzed for overturning
overturning even in the absence of s seismic
eismic and wind forces. A
350 pound (159 kg) lateral force, which could result from moving equipment servicing
the rack, is applied at the topmost shelf level for the purpose of designing the
anchorage. This short duration load need not be considered in the design of the
column.
A further limit on the height to depth ratio is given as 8 to 1. Stabilizing a single row
of rack that exceeds
exceeds this ratio
ratio with floor anchors alone is not recommended. Under
certain circumstances, this may be feasible, but such cases should be thoroughly
analyzed and certified by a qualified design professional.
The provisions of this section apply to frames of constant depth over their height.
Other configurations such as offset or sloped legs require more detailed analysis.
 44

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

8.2 CONNECTIONS
CONNECTIONS TO BUILDINGS
BUIL DINGS
The relative stiffness of racks and buildings vary significantly.
significantly. Therefore, any
attachment between the rack and the building shall be made with provisions for
vertical and lateral building movements. Such attachments shall be proportioned so
that the attachment would fail prior to causing damage to the building structure.
Care should be taken that roof loads are not transferred to the racks.

8.3 INTERACTION WITH BUILDINGS

This section recognizes that building structures and rack structures are likely to have
different structural characteristics. During an earthquake,
earthquake, this could have a
magnifying effect for structures that are interconnected but which have differing
periods of vibration. Thus, the connections
connections must be designed to ensure that neither
structure causes damage to the other during a seismic event.

8.4 PICK MODULES AND RACK SUPPORTED PLA

PLATFORMS
TFORMS
Pick modules are found in warehouse and distribution centers and allow rapid
throughput of product. They are customized
customized multi-level racks that support one or
more product storage bays having a fork truck aisle on one side and a pick aisle floor
on the opposite side. Pallets or p products
roducts are generally inserted into a prproduct
oduct
storage bay from fork trucks on the fork truck aisle side, and removed by workers
from the pick aisle side. The pallets may either be stationary in the prod
product
uct storage
bay or may flow toward the pick aisle floor.
Most pick modules are frame-beam style racks with integrated pick module walkways
or platform levels that are used by authorized or trained order picking personnel for
the loading and unloading of products. These structures are intended to be in an
industrial distribution environment and are not open to the general public.
public. Pick
modules are free standing structures within a warehouse. The pick module
walkways have flooring, guardrails, stairways, and often have conveyor systems that
deliver and/or remove products. These structures
structures should be designed using the
provisions of the Specification. This section is intended
intended to provide special provisions
for these structures that are needed in addition to the requirements of the rest of the
Specification.
Rack-supported platforms have elevated platforms like pick modules, but the
platforms may be more wide open and involve other activities in addition to order
picking.

8.4.1
8.4.1 Posti ng of Desig
Desig n Loads
The design loads for a rack-supported platform or pick module walkway should
be on the rack configuration and load appli
application
cation drawings. The design loads
should also be posted on the structure and serve as a reminder to the users of
the load limit for the pick module walkway or rack-supported platform.
 45

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

8.4.2
8.4.2 Design Requir
Requir ements
The minimum pick module walkway design live load of 60 psf (293 kg/m2) is
given to support the order picking personnel. The user should advise the
designer if there are to be such activities or equipment on the pick module floor
that would require a higher
higher design load. Also, the conveyor live and product
loads, dead loads and any other equipment or fixtures that are on the platform
floor should be considered (such as lighting, sprinkler piping, etc).
When the project specifications require a design live load of more than 100 psf
(488 kg/m2) and there are two or more elevated floor levels, the Specification
allows the designer to reduce the live load by 20 percent for the design of the
support framing. The support framing
framing includes the columns, the frame
frame bracing,
the frame bracing connections and the base plates. It does not include the
platform support
support beams
beams and their connections.
connections. It would
would be excessively
conservative to require the columns (and support structure members) to be sized
for all of the floor levels having all of the live loads present at the same time.
This reduction only applies to the floor live load for the walkway areas. It does
not apply to other loads such as dead loads or product loads.

A tighter limit on live load beam deflection is required for floor supporting beams
because the L/180 limit used for rack beams may result in too much deflection
and could cause the floor to “bounce”. For this reason a rack manufacturer’s
beam tables should not be used to select beams for platforms without proper
consideration of deflection. The deflection from
from the total load
load may not exceed
L/180. The designer may limit the total deflection to L/240 or check the def
deflection
lection
separately for both cases.
A 30” (762 mm) minimum clear pick aisle walkway width is recommended to
allow the order pickers the clearance to safely navigate the walkway and perform
the picking operations.

8.4.3
8.4.3 Rack-Suppo
Rack-Suppo rted Platform a
and
nd Pick Module Guards
Since pick modules and rack-supported platforms involve order picking personnel
on elevated platforms or walkways, adequate safety systems that provide fall
protection for the workers
workers must be in place and properly designed. The purpose
of this section is to provide the requirements for the pick module guardrail and
handrail systems and also the safety decking system, ifif required. These are the
most common systems used to provide fall protection on pick module structures.
These systems are not intended to serve as a substitute for proper training and
proper conduct of the workers who use thesethese structures. These systems
systems are
intended to provide reasonable protection for workers who are working in
accordance with the safety procedures to which they have been trained.

8.4.3
[Link]
.1 Guardrail Requir
Requir ements
Because these are specialized structures that are not open to the general public
and intended to be used by authorized or trained personnel, guardrails may be

used instead
however, of handrail
handrail systemssystems
systems forprovided.
are to be fall p
protection.
rotection. On thethe
On stairways, stair
stair
topassembly,
guardrail
 46

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

may serve as a handrail if it meets all of the design requirements of a handrail.

Handrails are not required on stair landings but guardrails must be used to
provide 42 inches (1066 mm) high fall protection on the stair landing.
Intermediate landings that are provided in a straight continuous stairway may use

handrail
They mayoralso
guardrail. Kick-plates
be required a
are
re required
at additional where
places as the and
required guardrails areby
specified used.
the
owner, such as under the charge side of floor-level carton flow shelves that are
raised off the floor to create pitch. Often kick-plates are not required at edges
because there may be an adjacent deck or structural element that would prevent
product from sliding off the edge of the floor.
Many modules are designed to have static pallet drop-off locations on the
elevated floor levels of the module. Where these are used, the floor must be
properly designed for the load weights and a gate, removable section of guardrail
or removable chains must be used. These gates gates or removable guardrails or
chains must be secured at all times, except when a load is being picked up or
deposited at the pallet drop
drop location. Proper safety precautions must be adhered
to at all times when opening and closing the guardrail section, gate or chains at
the pallet drop-off location and when removing or depositing the loads. When
removable chains are used, the chains may not have excessive slack if they are
to provide safe fall protection. For this reason, a limit has been placed on the
sag of chains.
chains. An intermediate chain must also be used as is required for
guardrail systems. Kickplates are required where removable handrails or chains
are used for the purpose of providing a load drop-off point where the loads are
being placed into the module.
Because of the nature and use of these structures, some exceptions to normal
practice for guardrail and kick
kick plate are needed. These exceptions a are
re provided
to avoid situations where guardrail or kick plates, etc. could actually create
obstacles to the use of the structure, which could prove to be hazards rather than
safety enhancements. However, care must be taken in the design to ensure tha thatt
the occupants of the structure are safe when they are properly using the pick
module or rack-supported platform.

8.4.3
[Link]
.2 Safety
Safety Floori ng Requirements
The Pick modules often often contain product flow
flow lanes. Because loads can
can
sometimes hang up or not flow freely, safety flooring is recommended or
required. Safety flooring is designed by the flooring manufacturer with the
following specifications:
300 lbs(136 kg) concentrated load (to support the picker),
Dynamic distributed load of 60 psf (293 kg/m2) acting separately, and
Any other issues necessary to protect
protect both the picker and pick module.
Order pickers should have proper training and should follow the safety
procedures that are established
established for stepping onto this safety
safety flooring. An
example of this procedure may be that the pickers should not walk on the
outermost safety flooring load positions where they could fall from the module.
The Specification limits this distance to 4 feet. These procedures will vary
 47

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

depending on the configuration

configuration of the structure and the working environment. It
is not the purpose of the Specification to establish the exact procedures, as they
may vary, but rather to stress the importance of having safety procedures that
are strictly followed.
followed. Under no circumstances
circumstances should a picker climb or walk into

the rack when safety flooring has not been provided for that purpose.
8.4.4 Stairways
The requirements for stairs in this section are intended to match the stairway
requirements common to stairways that are required for an industrial
environment. Building codes will
will often have requirements for stairways tthat
hat are
more stringent than those outlined in this section, because such requirements
are intended for stairways that are open to the general public.
Handrail systems are required for stairways.
stairways. The handrail system
system may be
guardrail if the top rail of the guardrail system meets the same requirements as a
stairway handrail.
Stair handrail extensions are not needed on module structures and can actually
be obstacles to swift orderly egress during an emergency situa
situation.
tion. This section
recommends that stair handrail extensions not be used.

8.4.5
8.4.5 Produc t Fa
Fallll Protecti on
There also may need to be systems in place to protect areas within or around the
structure from products that could accidentally fall. These locations may be
areas where people could be, or areas where falling product could cause other
types of property damage
damage or safety hazards. These areas should be identified
identified by
the owner and brought to the attention of the designer and the proper barriers, if
required, should be susupplied
pplied and installed. These requirements will vary
depending on the products, the operation and the configuration of the structure.

8.5 AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL

RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
An automated storage and retrieval system (stacker rack) is a structure commonly
classified as a special industrial occupancy category.

9 TEST METHODS
9.1 GENERAL
Many factors affecting the design of rack are difficult to account for analytically.
Section 9 spells out a series of optional tests that may be used to evaluate the
effects of components on the overall behavior.
Except as either modified or supplemented in the Specification, AISI [1] and AISC [3]
Specifications shall apply to the testing of components.
The engineers involved in rack design are probably familiar with the test procedures
stipulated in the Specification. However, some
some comments bear reiterating here. The
important factor that must be kept in mind is that a test procedure should be such
 48

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

that the test results are repeatable. Anyone using the same test
test procedure on the
same specimen should arrive at the same results.
It is also important that tensile coupons be taken from each specimen to determine
the actual yield stress. Generally, the actual yield stress of the steel is higher than
the specified minimum yield
yield stress. It is important to know
know the actual yield stress
stress in
order to analyze the test results. It is also essential to have a complete report
spelling out test procedures, the results and
a nd the analysis of the results.

9.2 STUB COLUMN TESTS FOR COLD-FORMED AND

A ND HOT-ROLL
HOT-ROLLED
ED
COLUMNS
Because of the interplay of three influences, which affect a cold-formed perforated
compression member, (i.e., local buckling, perforations, and cold-work of forming)
recourse must be taken to determination by tests. This is done by stub column tests,
(i.e., by careful concentric compression testing of pieces of the member short
enough so as not to be affected
affected by column buckling).
buckling). The details of such testing are
spelled out in Part VIII of the AISI Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual [2].

9.2.1
9.2.1 Test Specimen and Procedur e
9.2.2
9.2.2 Evaluation of Test Resul
Resul ts
Q is a factor used in Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3. The column formulas, as well as
the test determination
determination of Q, utilize the yield
yield strength of the material. It is,
therefore, essential that the value of Fy used in the column formulas be
connected with the yield strength F y used when determining Q. This is
elaborated below.
The basic definition of Q is:
actual
actual strength
strength of stub column
column
Q=
hypothetical
hypothetical maximum
maximum strength without weakening
weakening influences
In turn, this hypothetical strength in the case of nonperforated sections, is Afull Fy.
For shapes Q<1 the AISI Specification [1] permits the cold-working in the flats to
be utilized, but not that of the corners.
For perforated members, the Specification assumes the hypothetical maximum
strength to be governed by the minimum net section Anet min of a plane
appropriately passed through the perforations. Correspondingly, Q is defined as:
ultimate strength of stub column
Q =

Fy A net mmiin

In regard to the yield strength, Fy, to be used by determining Q by test, and the
value Fy for calculating the strength of columns according to AISI Specification [1]
Section C4, the following needs attention. In calculating column strength strength
according to AISI Specification [1] Section C4, Fy is the specified minimum yield
strength to which the steel
steel is ordered by the fabricator. On the other hand, the
yield strength of the particular coil or sheet from which the stub column test
 49

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

specimens will have been made, will be different and in general somewhat larger
than the ordered minimum yield point. In order for the determination of Q to be
adequately accurate, it is necessary that the virgin yield point of the stub column
test material (before forming) be as close as possible to the specified strength; it

should not deviate

Specification from it by with
from
in conjunction morethe
thanquoted
-10% to +20%.
AISI With this[1]proviso,
Specification provi so, the
Appendix
A5.2.2 allows the determination of Fy in the formula for calculating Q and
consistent values of Fy for calculating column strength according to the AISI
Specification [1] Section C4.
For a series of columns having different thicknesses, the thickest and the
thinnest may be tested. For any intermediate
intermediate thickness, the Q so determined
determined
should be used in column strength calculations according to the AISI
Specification [1] Section C4 in conjunction with a value Q obtained by similar
interpolation. That is,
(Q max − Q min )(t − t min )
Q = Q min +
(t max − t min )

where Qmin is for the stub column with the thickness t min, Qmax is for the stub
column with thickness t max, both determined as above. (Note that Qmin is not the
smaller of the two Q-values, but the Q-value for the stub column of the smaller
thickness.)
This method is adequately accurate only if the actual virgin yield strengths of the
two stub columns with t max and tmin are not too different. For this reason the
Specification limits this difference to 25%.
It is acceptable to linearly interpolate the Q-values for a series of shapes with
identical cross-section and perforation dimensions, but with a variety of
thicknesses. For this purpose Qmax and Qmin should be determined from stub
column tests on specimens made with the maximum and minimum thicknesses
of coil from which the stub column was made. This correction is necessary in in
order to avoid unsafe design in case the virgin yield stress (before forming) of the
specimens was significantly higher than the specified minimum.
By the procedures above, it is possible to obtain Q-values larger than 1 (one).
This is so if the neglected strengthening effects of cold-work outweigh the
weakening effects of the perforations. However, it is basic to the use of Q in the
AISI Specification [1] that it can only be equal to or smaller than, but not larger
than 1.0. Correspondingly, the Specifications
Specifications provide that if the selected
procedure for determining Q results in a Q-value larger than 1.0, Q = 1.0 shall be
used.

9.3 PALLET
PALL ET BEAM TESTS
TESTS
In this section, depending on the information required, two different types of tests are
specified, (i.e. simply-supported pallet beam tests and pallet beam in upright frame
assembly.)
 50

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

The loading in these tests is applied by means of a test machine or jacks. This
loading may restrain the torsional distortions and hence, may lead to unconservative
results for members subject to such distortions.
The beam test methods
methods illustrated do not accoun
accountt for impact. However, in practice,
practice,
test results will have to be adjusted to consider the added impact effect.

9.3.1
9.3.1 Simpl y-Support ed Pallet
Pallet Beam Tests
This test can also be used in the design of beams, in general, when the end
restraint is deemed not to lead to significant increase in the load carrying
capacity.
In the determination and yield moments, the number of tests needed shall be
determined according to the AISI Specification [1].

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
The test setup illustrated in Figure 9.3.1-1 shall be used.

Figure 9.3.1-1 Simply-Supported Pallet Beam Tests.

The value of C shown in the figure above shall be between 2.5 and 3 and has
been chosen to avoid shear failure and to ensure a sufficiently long portion with
constant moment.
For most pallet beams, the end connection detail is such that the beam can be
placed directly on the supporting surface and have simply supported end
conditions. In this case,
case, the clamps, diaphragms of stiffeners
stiffeners at the supports
supports
most likely will not be needed.

[Link]
[Link] Test Proc edure
edur e
General guidelines given in Section 9.1.3 shall be used in addition to the
particular requirements specified herein.
 51

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

9.3.2
9.3.2 Pall
Pall et Beam in Uprig ht Frames Ass embly Tests
Tests
This test is intended to simulate the conditions in the actual rack as close as
possible to determine the allowable load.

This test Fmay

constant alsoinbe
defined theused to determine
commentary the 9.4.
to Section magnitude of theloads
For vertical jointthis
spring
test
may reflect the actual behavior of the connections more accurately than the test
described in Section 9.4.1.

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
It is specified that the upright frame not be bolted to the floor even if the actual
racks are. The test is intended to represent the behavior
behavior of the rack between the
inflection points. Therefore, any restraint
restraint at the column bases other than due to
the pressure should be avoided.
It is important to minimize friction between beams and pallets because new, dry
pallets on new, dry beams, when used in the test, could provide considerably
more bracing than pallets and beams worn smooth in use and possibly covered

with a film of oil.

[Link]
[Link] Test Proc edure
edur e

9.3.2
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Results
General guidelines given in Section 9.1.3 shall be used in addition to the
following three particular requirements or criteria for determining allowable load.
The first of these is the determination of the factor of safety or the resistance
factor according to Section F of the AISI Specification.
The second criterion by which to determine allowable loads from the test results
prescribes a safety factor of 1.5 against
ag ainst excessive load distortion.

9.3.2
[Link]
.4 Number of Tests Requir
Requir ed

[Link]
[Link] Deflect io n Test
The third and last criterion limits deflection of beams under design load to 1/180
of the span. To satisfy this requirement, the load thatthat results in this amount of
deflection should be read from the load deflection curve plotted from the test
results. If this load is smaller than those obtained from the first two requirements
requirements,,
it governs.

9.4 PALLET
PAL LET BEAM-TO-COLUMN
B EAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIO
CONNECTION
N TESTS
TESTS
The tests specified in this section have two objectives. One is to determine
determine the
moment capacity of the connection, and the other is the determination of the joint
spring constant F described below for use with the rational analysis approach.
In a rigid frame analysis the members connected in a joint are assumed to maintain
the angle between themselves, while the frame deflects under the applied loading.
The joints between the upright columns and the pallet beam, in general, are not rigid.
 52

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

This is primarily due to the distortion of the walls of the columns at the joint, and to a
lesser extent, due to the distortion taking
taking place at the connectors themselves. This
peculiarity influences the overall behavior very significantly.
significantly. The connection details
vary widely. Thus, it is impossible to establish
establish general procedures for computing

joint stiffness by
characteristics and strength.
simple test. It is, therefore, necessary to determine these

The change in angle between the column and the connecting beam  (in radius) can
be idealized as follows:
M
θ =

where M is the moment at the joint between connecting members and F is the spring
constant relating the moment to the rotation.

9.4.1
9.4.1 The Cantilever
Canti lever Test
The Cantilever Test provides a simple means of determining the connection
moment capacity and rigidity.
rigidity. However, it has the
the disadvantage that the ratio of
shear force (that is the vertical reaction) to moment at the joint is not well
represented. For typical rack connections this ratio is probably higher than it is in
the cantilever test as spelled out in the Specification.
In general, a higher ratio would probably lead to a more rigid connection.
However, bending moment and shear force would interact and lower the ultimate
load of the connection. This effect should be studied by reducing the length of
the cantilever to the distance between the end of the beam and the expected
location of the inflection point.
This test is suitable for determining F for computing stresses due to vertical
loads. A somewhat more
more tedious, but more accurate
accurate determination of F, can be
achieved by tests according to Section 9.3.2.

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
This test setup illustrated in Figure [Link]-1:
 53

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Figure [Link]-1 Cantilever Test

9.4.1
[Link]
.2 Evaluation of Test Results
The relationship between the moment and the angular change at a joint is not
linear. The following equation appears to be reasonable for determining
determining a
constant value of F to be used in a linear analysis:

( R.F.)
F=
δ0.85 Lc Lb
2
- -
P0.85 L b
16EI c 3EI b

where P0.85 is 0.85 times the ultimate load and 0.85 is the deflection of the free
end of the cantilever at load P0.85, Lc, Lb, Ic, Ib are the same lengths and moments
of inertias of the columns and the beam, respectively.
respectively. (R.F.) is a reduction factor
to provide safety considering scatter of test results. Since a lower F means a
higher design moment for the beam, an (R.F.) = 2/3 should be included in the
design of the beam. However, in determining bending mo moments
ments for the columns,
columns,
a higher F leads to a more conservative
conservative value of the bending moment. It is,
therefore, recommended to take (R.F.) = 1.0 for this case.
It is suggested that the spring constant, F, be calculated on the basis of the
average results on two tests of identical specimens provided that the deviation
from the average results of two
two tests does not exceed
exceed 10%. If the deviation from
the average exceeds 10%, then a third specimen is is to be tested. The average of
the two higher values is to be regarded as the result in the design of the columns.

9.4.2
9.4.2 The Port al Test
The portal test is desirable when the value of F obtained is to be used in a
sidesway analysis either for lateral
lateral deflections or stability. Under vertical loads
the connections, in general, “tighten up”. Subsequently, under sidesway, the
connection at one end of the beam “tightens up” , while the connection at the
 54

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

other end “loosens.” The portal test gives an approximate average value of the
spring constants involved
involved in the process. Thus, it is more desirable to use the
portal test for evaluating sidesway behavior, namely, the effective lengths and
horizontal deflections.

[Link]
[Link] Test Setup
A schematic of the test setup is shown in the Figure [Link]-1. According to the
Specification, h = 24 in (61 cm).
Dial gage #1 shall be used to measure the lateral deflection, , of the rac
rack.
k. Dial
gages #2 and #3 indicate whether the column bases are properly restrained or
not. In lieu of dial gages, other deflection measuring
measuring devices may be used. In
general, the friction between concrete and the half round bars is enough for this
restraint.

Figure [Link]-1 Portal test

[Link]
[Link] Test Proc edure
edur e

9.4.2
[Link]
.3 Evaluation of Test Results
The following is a possible rational analysis for evaluating test results .
Considering a portal height, h, and span, L, with moments of inertia of the
columns and beams designated Ic and I b respectively, and expression for
maximum sidesway deflection, , corresponding to a lateral load of 2H
combination as follows:
3 2 2
Hh Hh L Hh
= + +
3EI c 6EIb F

Solving this equation for F, the following is obtained:

 55

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

R.F.
F =

δ h L
2 2
− −

Hh 3EII c
3E 6EII b
6E

R.F. is a reduction factor that should be taken equal to 2/3.

E= the modulus of elasticity.
h= the distance from the floor to top of the beam.
H= the horizontal load per beam.
Ib = the moment of inertia of the beam about the axis parallel with the
floor.
Ic = the moment of inertia of the column about the axis parallel with the
upright frame.
L= the distance between the centroid of the two columns parallel with
the shelf beam.

= Sway deflection corresponding to a lateral load of 2H.

Since the behavior at both the design load and the ultimate load is of interest,
portal tests are to be conducted at both load levels. Multiple tests, tests, as
recommended in the commentary on Section [Link], are also recommended
here.

9.5 UPRIGHT FRAME TEST

The hazard of collapse of a full scale high rise rack system poses severe safety
problems. Therefore, the the testing procedures proposed herein are geared
geared to a
reduced scale that will, by simulating a full scale test, establish the upright frame
capacity in a safe manner. The tests are further intended to ssimulate
imulate the conditions
in the actual racks as closely as possible.
Test Setup for Horizontal Load in the Direction Perpendicular to the Upright Frame:
 56

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Figure [Link].1-1 Test Setup

9.6 CYCLIC TESTING OF BEAM-TO-COLUMN CONNECTIONS

9.6.1 General
There has been much concern written or otherwise expressed by some members
of the structural engineering community in the last several decades about rack
structural behavior. However, the rack
rack industry, through
through the Rack Manufacturers
Manufacturers
Institute, has worked long and hard with and through the various model code
organizations, with the BSSC, with the ASCE, with the ICC and with the NFPA to
have its products be covered rigorously but fairly by existing and evolving design
provisions as applied to building-like Nonbuilding Structures.
Structures. It is known that
rack structural systems that have been designed, permitted through a code-

enforcement process,
applicable RMI manufactured,
provisions, installed,
have performed well inand utilized
recent in accordance
seismic events. with

Storage rack structural systems are presently designed in accordance with the
Rack Manufacturers Institute Specification for the Design, Testing, and Utilization
of Industrial Steel Storage Racks, along with the added provisions of NEHRP [7]
Section 14.3.5, ASCE 7 [6] Section [Link],
[Link], and IBC [8] Section 2208. The
consequence of the added provisions as they appear in the NEHRP, ASCE, and
IBC is to cause an upper limit or cap to be imposed on the period of rack
structural behavior under seismic
seismic conditions. In turn, this causes artificially large
base shear forces to be predicted in the resulting structural analysis, since the
seismic behavior of racks during a strong earthquake had not been rationally
explained.
The imposition of inordinately large base shear forces has been the requirement

since thebehavior
seismic early 1970’s, when
of steel the UBC
storage rack. first
Theintroduced provisions
current cap totsbe
that results
resul applied
from to
current
 57

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

provisions imposes an upper limit of 0.6 seconds on the period of the rack
structural response where it is well known that typical storage rack may have
periods of 2 to 4 seconds
seconds in the longitudinal direction. Further, it is well
well known
that rack periods, rack damping, and overall rack structural behavior is very

dependent on the
moment-rotation beam-to-column
characteristics that areconnectors
the key andand connections
integral andof their
component rack
structures.
The testing procedures in this section are analogous to those in the AISC
Provisions although the rotational demands and associated capacities can be
several times larger in high seismic areas than those required in the AISC
Provisions because of the much higher drifts typical of storage racks.

9.6.2 Definitions
The following definitions shall characterize the test set-up and the conduct of the
test:

Complete Loading
including one Cycle
positive and- one
A cycle of rotation
negative [Link] from zero force to zero force,
Drift Angle - Displacement divided by height, radians.
Inelastic Rotation - The permanent or plastic portion of the rotation angle
between a beam and a column
column of the Test Specimen, measured in radians. The
Inelastic Rotation shall be computed based on an analysis of the Test Specimen
deformations. Sources of inelastic rotation include yielding
yielding of members, yielding
of connection elements and connectors, and slip between members and
connection elements. For beam-to-column
beam-to-column moment connections in Moment
Frames, inelastic rotation shall be computed based upon the assumption that
inelastic action is concentrated at a single point located at the intersection of the
centerline of the beam with the centerline of the column.
Prototype - The connections, member sizes, steel properties, and other design,
detailing, and construction features to be used in the actual storage rack frames.
Test Specimen - A portion of a frame used for laboratory testing, intended to
model the prototype.
Test Setup - The supporting fixtures, loading equipment, and lateral bracing used
to support the load and Test Specimen.
Test Subassemblage - The combination of the Test Specimen and pertinent
portions of the Test Setup.

9.6.3
9.6.3 Test Subassemblage Requirements
The Test Subassemblage shall replicate, as closely as is practicable, the
conditions that will
will occur in the Prototype during earthquake loading. The Test
Subassemblage shall include the following features:
 58

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

(1) The Test Specimen shall consist of at least a single column element
with beam segments attached to both sides of the column.
(2) Points of inflection in the test subassemblage shall coincide
approximately with the anticipated points of inflection in the prototype
under earthquake loading.
(3) Lateral bracing of the test subassemblage is permitted near load
application or reaction points as needed to provide lateral stability of the
Test Subassemblage. Additional lateral bracing of the Test
Subassemblage is not permitted, unless it replicates bracing to be used in
the Prototype.

Figur e 9.6.3-1
9.6.3-1 Test Setup
Setup

9.6.4
9.6.4 Essential Test Variabl
Variabl es
The Test Specimen shall replicate as closely, as is practicable, the pertinent
design, detailing, and construction features, and the material properties of the
Prototype. The following variables shall be replicated in the Test Specimen:

9.6.4
[Link]
.1 Sources of Inelastic Rotation
Inelastic Rotation shall be developed in the Test Specimen by inelastic action in
the same members and connection elements as anticipated in the prototype, i.e.,
in the beam, in the column, in the panel zone, or within the connection elements.
The fraction of the total Inelastic Rotation in the Test Specimen that is developed
in each member or connection element shall be at least seventy-five percent of
the anticipated fraction of the total Inelastic Rotation in the Prototype that is
developed in the corresponding member or connection element.
 59

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

[Link]
[Link] Size of Members
The size of the beams used in the Test Specimen shall be representative of
typical full-size storage rack beams.

The size
typical of the storage
full-size columnsrack
used in the Test
columns, and Specimen shallrepresent
shall properly be representative of
the inelastic
action in the column, as defined in Section 9.6.3 (1).
Extrapolation beyond the limitations stated in this section shall be permitted
subject to qualified peer review and approval by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.

9.6.4
[Link]
.3 Connecti on Details
Details
The beam-to-column connectors, and the connection details used in the Test
Specimen, shall represent the typical full-sized connection details as closely as
possible. The connection
connection elements used in the Test Test Specimen shall be
representative of typical full-size storage rack connectors and connection details.

[Link]
[Link] Material Streng th

The following additional requirements shall be satisfied for each member of the
connection element of the Test Specimen that contributes to Inelastic Rotation at
yielding.
(a) The yield stress
stress shall be determined by material tests on the actual
materials used for the Test Specimen, as specified in the Section below
on Materials Testing.
Testing. Because of the amount of cold-working to which
the connector is subjected in manufacture and testing, the yield stress for
connectors will be determined from connectors taken from identical
neighboring components in the manufacturing sequence. The use of
yield stress values that are reported on certified mill test reports are not
permitted to be used for purposes of this Section.
(b) The yield stress of the beam shall not be more than 15 percent below
RyFy for the grade of steel to be used for the corresponding elements of
the Prototype. Columns, connectors,
connectors, and connector elements with a
tested yield stress shall not be more than 15 percent above or below R yFy
for the grade of steel to be used for the corresponding elements of the
Prototype. RyFy shall be determined in accordance with Section 6.2 of
AISC Seismic [23]. Here, Fy is the minimum specified yield strength; and
Ry is the ratio of the expected yield strength to the minimum expected
yield strength Fy.

[Link] Welds
Welds on the Test Specimen shall satisfy, and be performed in strict
conformance, with the requirements of the Welding Procedure Specifications
(WPS) as required.
 60

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

[Link] Bolts
The bolted portions of the Test Specimen shall replicate the bolted portions of the
Prototype connection as closely as possible.

(a) Thethe
used for bolt grade used in the Test Specimen shall
Prototype. shall be the same as that

(b) The type and orientation of bolt holes used in the Test Specimen
shall be the same as those to be used for the corresponding bolt holes in
the Prototype.
(c) When inelastic rotation is to be developed either by yielding, or by
slip within a bolted portion of the connection, the method used to make
the bolt holes in the Test Specimen shall be the same as that used in the
corresponding bolt holes in the prototype.
(d) Bolts in the Test Specimen shall have the same installation and
faying surface preparation as that used for the corresponding bolts in the
Prototype.

9.6.5
9.6.5 Testing Procedur e
Section 9.4 of the RMI Specification presents a testing and evaluation protocol
intended to evaluate the characteristics of typical rack beam-to-column
connections. These tests are to be executed
executed on behalf of each storage
storage rack
manufacturer in order to determine and evaluate the moment/rotation stiffnesses
and their limiting values
values for their various beam-to-column connectors.
connectors. This
testing protocol is based on FEMA 350 Table 3-14 scaled up by a factor
appropriate for rack beam-to-column
beam-to-column connectors, These characteristics,
characteristics, when
evaluated in a dependable and reproducible manner by an independent testing
laboratory, will then become the basis for the removal or modification of the
present cap on rack
rack structural pe
period.
riod. A more reasonable period value will be
used to calculate a more reasonable prediction of rack structural behavior,
including drift, which is more representative of the response of real systems in
the field under seismic
beam-to-column rotationsconditions.
of up to 0.1 Typical
radians,rack
with behavior
up to five will be tested
cycles, and willwith
be
representative of rack structures having displacements resulting in drift of h/50.
Following the last cycle of the cyclic tests, the moment/rotation behavior will be
recorded to failure where the rotation will be on the order of 0.3 radians.
Rack beam-to-column connectors normally exhibit a large degree of ductility in
response to demand placed on such connections.
connections. For example, assuming a driftdrift
index of 0.02 (h/50), which is about the most ever seen on a shake table, the
demand rotation would be 0.04 radians. This is because shake tables have not not
had the displacement capacity to test actual earthquake motions in the 2 to 4
second period range. However, rack c connections
onnections can achieve failure rotations of
0.2 to 0.3 radians, some ten times the drif
driftt index. Comparing this to a building
structure, the UBC [9] requires that joints accommodate a drift of 0.0025 at 0.03
radians for a ductile frame, and around 0.015 for an “ordinary” moment frame ,
which is six
six times the building drift. Rack connections generally exhibit more
 ductility than any representative building connection. This capacity is needed

61

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

since demand on rack connections is many times the demand on building

structural connections, so it is quite possible for a rack connection with a capacity
of 0.10 radians to be inadequate.
The FEMA/AISC testing protocol requires a large number of cycles leading up to
approximately 0.03 radians, where
where 1 to 3 cycles
cycles are needed. For a rack beam-
to-column connection, such
such a large number of cycles could be excessive. Thus,
to cut down on testing time, it is proposed that connections be cycled as shown
in Commentary Section [Link].
The testing program should include tests of at least two specimens of each
combination of beam and column and connector size. size. The results of the tests
should be capable of predicting the median value of drift angle capacity for the
performance states described below. The drift angle limits θ for various
performance levels shall be defined as indicated in the following figure.

Performance Level Symbol Drift Angle Capacity

Strength degradation θSD Taken as the value of θ, from the

following Figure, at
of the connection whichoreither
occurs failure
the strength
of either connection degrades to less
than the nominal capacity, whichever is
less.

Ultimate θU Taken as the value of θ, from the

following Figure, at which connection
damage is so severe that continued
ability to remain stable under gravity
loading is uncertain.

9.6.6
9.6.6 Loadin g Histor y

[Link]
[Link] General Requir ements
Prior to the application of any cyclic loading, a constant downward load, P c, of
one kip shall be applied to each beam segment adjacent to each connector on
both sides of the beam-to-column connection simulating the design downward-
acting gravity pallet loads that serve to fully engage the beams and their
connectors into the columns receiving them.
Loading will proceed with the application of equal displacements at each end of
each beam, and the measurement of the force corresponding to each such
displacement. Thus, the testing setup and apparatus requires the use of two
independent actuators to measure the two different forces being developed at the
two beam-ends, where equal displacement are being applied.
The Test Specimen shall be subjected to cyclic loads according to the
requirements prescribed for beam-to-column moment connections in Moment
 62

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

Frames. Loading sequences, other

other than those specified here, may be used
when they are demonstrated to be of equivalent or greater severity.
Loading Sequence for Storage-Rack Beam-to-Column Connections

Qualifying
conducted bycyclic tests ofthestorage-rack
controlling beam-to-column
peak Drift Angle, connections
θ, imposed on shall be
the Test Specimen
as follows:
Load Step #
(1) 3 cycles at θ = 0.025 radians
(2) 3 cycles at θ = 0.050 radians
(3) 3 cycles at θ = 0.075 radians
(4) 3 cycles at θ = 0.100 radians
(5) 2 cycles at θ = 0.150 radians
(6) 2 cycles at θ = 0.200 radians
Continue loading at increments of θ = 0.050 radians, with two cycles of loading at
each step.

9.6.7 Instrumentation
Sufficient instrumentation shall be provided on the Test Specimen to permit
measurement or calculation of the quantities listed in the Section on Test
Reporting Requirements that follows.

9.6.8
9.6.8 Material Testing Requirements

9.6.8
[Link]
.1 Tension Testing Requirements
Tension testing shall be conducted on samples of steel taken from the material
adjacent to each Test Specimen. Tension-test resultsresults from certified mill
mill test
reports shall be reported, but are not permitted to be used in place of specimen
testing for the purposes of this
th is Section.
Tension-test results shall be based upon testing that is conducted in accordance
with the Section on Methods of Tension Testing.
Testing. Tension testing shall be
conducted and reported for the following portions of the Test Specimen:
(a) Flange(s) and web(s) of
of beams and columns
columns at standard locations.
(b) Any element of the connector that contributes to inelastic rotation by
yielding.

9.6.8
[Link]
.2 Methods of Tension Te
Testi
sti ng
Tension testing shall be conducted in accordance with the appropriate ASTM
testing protocols for the particular materials being used, with the following
exceptions:
(a) The yield stress, Fy, that is reported from the test shall be based upon
the yield strength definition in ASTM A370, using the offset method at
0.002 strain.
 63

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

(b) The loading rate

rate for the tension test shall replicate, as closely as
practicable, the loading rate to be used in the Test Specimen.

9.6.9
9.6.9 Test Reportin g Requirements
Requirements

For each Test Specimen, a written test report meeting the requirements of the
Authority having jurisdiction, and the requirements of this Section, shall be
prepared. Some of these items may come from the manufacturer
manufacturer of the sample
and others from the testing laboratory. The report shall thoroughly document all
key features and results of the test. The report shall include the following
information:
(1) A drawing or clear description
description of the Test Subassemblage,
Subassemblage, including
key dimensions, boundary conditions at loading and reaction points,
and location of any lateral braces.
(2) A drawing of the connector and connection details, showing member
sizes, grades of steel, the sizes of all connector and connection
elements, welding details including any filler metals, the sizes and
locations of any slots or bolt holes, the size and grade of bolts, and all
other pertinent details, of the connection.
(3) A listing of all other Essential Variables for the Test Specimen, as
listed in the Section on Essential Test Variables.
(4) A listing or plot showing the applied load and displacement history
history of
the Test Specimen.
(5) A plot of the applied load versus the displacement of the Test
Specimen. The displacement reported in this plot shall be measured
at or near the point ofof load application. The locations on the Test
Test
Specimen, where the loads and displacements were measured, shall
be clearly identified.
(6) A plot of Beam Moment versus Drift Angle
Angle for beam-to-column
moment connections. For beam-to-column
beam-to-column connections, the beam
moment and the Drift Angle shall be computed with respect to the
centerline of the column.
(7) The Drift Angle and the
the total Inelastic Rotation
Rotation developed by the Test
Specimen. The components of the Test Specimen, contributing to
the total Inelastic Rotation due to yielding or slip, shall be identified.
The portion of the total Inelastic Rotation contributed by each
component of the Test Specimen shall be reported. The method used
to compute Inelastic Rotations shall be clearly shown.
(8) A chronological listing of significant
significant test observations,
observations, including
observations of yielding, slip, instability, tearing, and fracture of any
portion of the Test Specimen, as applicable.
(9) The controlling failure mode for the Test Specimen. If the test is
terminated prior to failure, the reason for terminating the test shall be
clearly indicated.
 64

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

(10) The results of the material tests specified under Material Testing
Requirements, above.
(11) The Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) and welding inspection
reports.
Additional drawings, data, photographs, and discussion of the Test Specimen or
test results are permitted to be included in the report.

9.6.10
9.6.10 A ccept ance Criteri a
The Test Specimen must satisfy the Strength and Drift Angle requirements of this
protocol for the connection,
connection, as applicable. The Test Specimen
Specimen must sustain
sustain the
required Drift Angle for at least one complete loading
loading cycle. The test results
results will
also include the beam-to-column moment-rotation characteristics and “dynamic
spring relationship” for each of the combinations tested.
Thus, a process is presented herein by which the structural beam-to-column
connections will be evaluated by series of tests conducted by an independent
testing laboratory. While many of the rack manufacturers use cold-formed light-
gauge structural
presented herein issections for their rack
equally applicable structural
to systems systems;
employing the procedure
hot-rolled sections.
The intent of this proposal, in the absence of other provisions, is to apply and
mimic the test procedures which have developed for connection behavior of hot-
rolled structural sections as articulated in FEMA 350 [24], AISC Seismic
Provisions [23], ATC 19 (1995) [25], ATC 24 [26], and the SEAOC Blue Book
(1999).

9.6.11
9.6.11 Evaluation of Test Results
The tests specified in this section are to be used to determine that moment
strength and inelastic rotational capacity of the beam-column connection.
connection. The
tests are also used to determine the rotational stiffness properties of the
connection. These properties are determined as follows:

1. The test values of PL and PR are summed for each value of Δ tested.
2. The average moment M, at each Δ, is ( P L + PR) * ℓ/2
3. The rotational angle θ, at each Δ, is Δ/ℓ
4. Plot M versus θ for each Δ tested
5. The Maximum Value of Mmax is the Maximum Moment and the Maximum
Rotational Capacity θmax is the lowest value of θ where the Maximum
Moment occurs.
occurs. The value
value of Mmax needed to have been sustained for 2
cycles.
6. For LRFD design the Design Moment Strength is ΦMmax , where Φ is 0.9.
7. For ASD design the Design Moment Strength is Mmax/Ω, where Ω is 1.67.
8. The Rotational Stif
Stiffness
fness should be determined based on the calculated
Moment, M, for the design loads from the analysis using the plot of M
versus θ. For example, for the calculated design moment, M, one would

65

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

go to the plot for M and determine the corresponding θ. The rotational

stiffness would be M/θ. Since the calculated period and design forces
depend on the stiffness, the value of M depends on θ. This means
determining the appropriate rotational stiffness is an iterative process.
 66

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

10 REFERENCES
1. AISI (2007), North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed
Cold- Formed Steel
Structural Members. American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington,
Washington, DC, 2007
Edition.
2. Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual, American Iron and Steel Institute,
Washington, DC, 2008 Edition
3. AISC (2010), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 360-10 An
American National Standard, American Institute of Steel Construction,
Construction, Chicago,
Ill, June 22, 2010
4. AISC. Manual of Steel Construction, 14th ed. Chicago: American Institute of
Steel Construction, March 2011
5. Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks located in Areas Accessible to
the Public, FEMA 460, September 2005
6. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society
of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SEI 7-10
7. BSSC. NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program)
Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings. Washington, DC: Building Seismic Safety Council, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, 2009
8. IBC International Building Code,
Code, International Code Council – 2012
9. UBC. Uniform Building Code. Whittier, CA: International Conference of Building
Officials, 1997
10. BOCA. National Building Code. Building Officials and Code Administrators
International, 1996
11. SBC. Standard Building Code. Southern Building Code Congress International,
1997
12. Davies, J. M., "Down-Aisle Stability of Rack Structures," Proceedings of the
Eleventh Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, St. Louis,
Missouri, October 20-21, 1992.
13. Pekoz, Teoman, ‘Development of a Unified Approach to Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Members’, AISI Report S.G. -86-4, November 1986.
14. Pekoz, Teoman, ‘Design of Perforated Cold -Formed Steel Columns’
Proceeding of 9th International Specialty Conference, Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, St. Louis, MO, November 1988.
15. Pekoz, T. and Winter, G. “Torsional-Flexural Buckling of Thin-Walled Sections
under Eccentric Loading,” J. of the Structural Div ision, ASCE, May 1969
16. Galambos T. V. (Editor), "Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal
Structures," Fifth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1998
 67

Commentary to ANSI MH16.1- 2012(R2019)

17. Galambos, T. V., “Influence of Base Fixity on Frame Stability,” J ournal. of the
Structural Division, ASCE, May 1960.
18. Salmon, C. G., Schelenker, L. and Johnston, B. G. “Moment Rotation
Characteristics of Column Anchorages”, Proceedings, ASCE, April 1955.
19. Chajes, A, Fang, P. J. and Winter, G. “Torsional -Flexural Buckling, Elastic and
Inelastic of Cold-Formed Steel Thin Walled Columns”, Cornell Engineering
Research Bulletin, 1966, Ithaca, N. Y.
20. Timoshenko, S. P. and Gere, J. M. “Theory of Elastic Stability”, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, NY, Second Edition
21. ”Effective Length and Notional Load Approaches for Assessing Frame Stability:
Implications for American Steel Design” ASCE 1997
22. “Cold-Formed Steel Frame and Beam-Column Design Final Report” by Andre w
Sarawit available from

[Link]
htm
23. Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341-10 An
American National Standard, American Institute
Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago,
Ill, March 9, 2005
24. Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame
Buildings, FEMA 350, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
Ag ency, July 2000.
25. Structural Response Modification Factors, ATC 19, Applied Technology
Council, 1995.
26. Guidelines for Cyclic Seismic Testing of Components of Steel Structures, ATC
24, Applied Technology Council, 1992.
27. ACI 318 (2011) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Appendix
D (2011 Edition)
28. Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors, FEMA P695, June
2009