1 D.

Andrew Pearson |Science |Class X

Science Chapter 5 Life Processes

Nutrition in Plants and Animals – Life
Processes Class 10 Notes
 Nutrition: The process by which an
organism takes food and utilizes it, is
called nutrition.
 Need for Nutrition: Organisms need
the energy to perform various activities.
The energy is supplied by the nutrients.
Organisms need various raw materials
for growth and repair. These raw
materials are provided by nutrients.
 Nutrients: Materials which provide
nutrition to organisms are called
nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins and
fats are the main nutrients and are
called macronutrients. Minerals and
vitamins are required in small amounts
and hence are called micronutrients.
 Modes of Nutrition
1. Autotrophic Nutrition.
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition.
Autotrophic Nutrition – Life Processes
Class 10 Notes
The mode of nutrition in which an organism
prepares its own food is called autotrophic
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nutrition. Green plants and blue-green algae

follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.
 The organisms which carry out
autotrophic nutrition are called
autotrophs (green plants).

 Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the

process, by which autotrophs intake
CO2 and H2O, and convert these into
carbohydrates in the presence of
chlorophyll, sunlight is called
photosynthesis.
 Equation

Nutrition in Plants: Green plants prepare

their own food. They make food in the
presence of sunlight. Sunlight provides
energy’, carbon dioxide and water are the
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raw materials and chloroplast is the site

where food is made.
What is Photosynthesis in biology class
10?
Photosynthesis: The process by which
green plants prepare food is called
photosynthesis.
 During this process, the solar energy is
converted into chemical energy and
carbohydrates are formed.
 Green leaves are the main site of
photosynthesis.
 The green portion of the plant contains a
pigment chloroplast, chlorophyll (green
pigment).
 The whole process of photosynthesis can
be shown by the following equation:

Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:

 Sunlight
 Chlorophyll: Sunlight absorbed by
chloroplast
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 CO2: Enters through stomata, and

oxygen (O2) is released as a byproduct
through stomata on the leaf.
 Water: Water + dissolved minerals like
nitrogen, phosphorous etc., are taken up
by the roots from the soil.
How do raw materials for photosynthesis
become available to the plant?
 Water comes from the soil, through the
xylem tissue in roots and stems.
 Carbon dioxide comes in the leaves
through stomata.
Stomata Diagram Class 10
Site of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast in the
leaf. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll (green
pigment)
Main Events of Photosynthesis:
 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
 Conversion of light energy into chemical
energy + splitting (breaking) of water
into hydrogen and oxygen.
 Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
 Sunlight activates chlorophyll, which
leads to splitting of the water molecule.
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 The hydrogen, released by the splitting

of a water molecule is utilized for the
reduction of carbon dioxide to produce
carbohydrates.
 Oxygen is the by-product of
photosynthesis.
 Carbohydrate is subsequently converted
into starch and is stored in leaves and
other storage parts.
 The splitting of water molecules is a part
of the light reaction.
Other steps are part of the dark reaction
during photosynthesis.

Stomata – Life Processes Class 10

Notes
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 Stomata: These are tiny pores present in

the epidermis of leaf or stem through
which gaseous exchange and
transpiration occur.
Functions of stomata
 Exchange of gases, O2 and CO2.
 Loses a large amount of water (water
vapour) during transpiration.

Opening and closing of stomatal pores:

 The opening and closing of stomatal
pores are controlled by the turgidity of
guard cells.
 When guard cells uptake water from
surrounding cells, they swell to become
a turgid body, which enlarges the pore in
between (Stomatal Opening).
 While, when water is released, they
become flaccid shrinking to close the
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pore (Stomatal Closing).

Significance of Photosynthesis:
 Photosynthesis is the main way through
which solar energy is made available for
different living beings.
 Green plants are the main producers of
food in the ecosystem. All other
organisms directly or indirectly depend
on green plants for food.
 The process of photosynthesis also helps
in maintaining the balance of carbon
dioxide and oxygen in the air.
Heterotrophic Nutrition – Life
Processes Class 10 Notes
The mode of nutrition in which an organism
takes food from another organism is called
heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms, other
than green plants and blue-green algae
follow the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Heterotrophic nutrition can be further
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divided into three types, viz. saprophytic

nutrition, holozoic nutrition, and parasitic.
 Saprophytic Nutrition: In saprophytic
nutrition, the organism secretes the
digestive juices on the food. The food is
digested while it is still to be ingested.
The digested food is then ingested by
the organism. All the decomposers follow
saprophytic nutrition. Some insects, like
houseflies, also follow this mode of
nutrition.
 Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic
nutrition, the digestion happens inside
the body of the organism. i.e., after the
food is ingested. Most of the animals
follow this mode of nutrition.
 Parasitic Nutrition: The organism
which lives inside or outside another
organism (host) and derives nutrition
from it is known as parasites and this
type of mode of nutrition is called
parasitic nutrition. For example Cuscuta,
tick etc.
Nutrition in Amoeba
 Amoeba is a unicellular animal which
follows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
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 In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of

food follows after the ingestion of food.
Thus, digestion takes place inside the
body of the organism.
 Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps,
viz. ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and egestion.

Steps of Holozoic Nutrition:

 Ingestion: The process of taking in the
food is called ingestion.
 Digestion: The process of breaking
complex food substances into simple
molecules is called digestion. Simple
molecules, thus obtained, can be
absorbed by the body.
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 Absorption: The process of absorption of

digested food is called absorption.
 Assimilation: The process of utilization of
digested food, for energy and for growth
and repair is called assimilation.
 Egestion: The process of removing
undigested food from the body is called
egestion.
Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows
the holozoic mode of nutrition. The cell
membrane of amoeba keeps on protruding
into pseudopodia. Amoeba surrounds a food
particle with pseudopodia and makes a food
vacuole. The food vacuole contains food
particle and water. Digestive enzymes are
secreted in the food vacuole and digestion
takes place. After that, digested food is
absorbed from the food vacuole. Finally, the
food vacuole moves near the cell membrane
and undigested food is expelled out.
Nutrition in Human Beings – Life Processes
Class 10 Notes
Human beings are complex animals, which
have a complex digestive system. The
human digestive system is composed of an
alimentary canal and some accessory
glands. The alimentary canal is divided into
several parts, like oesophagus, stomach,
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small intestine, large intestine, rectum and

anus. Salivary gland, liver and pancreas are
the accessory glands which lie outside the
alimentary canal.
Structure of the Human Digestive
System:
The human digestive system comprises of
the alimentary canal and associated
digestive glands.
 Alimentary Canal: It comprises of mouth,
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine
and large intestine.
 Associated Glands: Main associated
glands are
 Salivary gland
 Gastric Glands
 Liver
 Pancreas
Mouth or Buccal Cavity:
 The mouth has teeth and tongue.
Salivary glands are also present in the
mouth.
 The tongue has gustatory receptors
which perceive the sense of taste.
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 The tongue helps in turning over the

food so that saliva can be properly
mixed in it.
 Teeth help in breaking down the food
into smaller particles so that, swallowing
of food becomes easier.
 There are four types of teeth in human
beings. The incisor teeth are used for
cutting the food.
 The canine teeth are used for tearing the
food and for cracking hard substances.
 The premolars are used for the coarse
grinding of food. The molars are used for
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fine grinding of food.

Salivary glands secrete saliva: Saliva

makes the food slippery which makes it easy
to swallow the food. Saliva also contains the
enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin. Salivary
amylase digests starch and converts it into
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sucrose, (maltose).

Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to

stomach by Peristaltic movement.
Peristaltic movement: Rhythmic
contraction of muscles of the lining of the
alimentary canal to push the food forward.
Stomach
 Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly
muscular walls of the stomach help in
churning the food.
 The walls of the stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid kills
the germs which may be present in food.
 Moreover, it makes the medium inside
the stomach as acidic. The acidic
medium is necessary for gastric
enzymes to work.
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 The enzyme pepsin, secreted in the

stomach, does partial digestion of
protein.
 The mucus, secreted by the walls of the
stomach saves the inner lining of the
stomach from getting damaged from
hydrochloric acid.

Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-

like structure. The small intestine is longer
than the large intestine but its lumen is
smaller than that of the large intestine. The
small intestine is divided into three parts,
like duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the
human body. The liver manufactures bile,
which gets stored in the gall bladder. From
the gall bladder, bile is released as and
when required.
Pancreas: Pancreas is situated below the
stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice which
contains many digestive enzymes.
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Bile and pancreatic juice go to the

duodenum through a hepatopancreatic duct.
Bile breaks down fat into smaller particles.
This process is called emulsification of fat.
After that, the enzyme lipase digests fat into
fatty acids and glycerol. Trypsin and
chymotrypsin are enzymes which digest
protein into amino acids. Complex
carbohydrates are digested into glucose.
The major part of digestion takes place in
the duodenum.
No digestion takes place in the
jejunum: The inner wall in the ileum is
projected into numerous finger-like
structures, called villi. Villi increase the
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surface area inside the ileum so that

optimum absorption can take place.
Moreover, villi also reduce the lumen of the
ileum so that food can stay for a longer
duration in it, for optimum absorption.
Digested food is absorbed by villi.
Large Intestine:
 Large intestine is smaller than the small
intestine.
 Undigested food goes into the large
intestine.
 Some water and salt are absorbed by the
walls of the large intestine. After that,
the undigested food goes to the rectum,
from where it is expelled out through the
anus.
 Large Intestine bbsorb excess of water.
The rest of the material is removed from
the body via the anus. (Egestion).
Respiration – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
Types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic
respiration, human respiratory system,
respiration in plants.
Respiration: The process by which a living
being utilises the food to get energy, is
called respiration. Respiration is an oxidation
reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to
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produce energy. Mitochondria is the site of

respiration and the energy released is stored
in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released
as per need.
Steps of respiration:
 Breaking down of glucose into
pyruvate: This step happens in the
cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken
down into pyruvic acid. Glucose
molecule is composed of 6 carbon
atoms, while pyruvic acid is composed of
3 carbon atoms.
 Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking
down of pyruvic acid takes place in
mitochondria and the molecules formed
depend on the type of respiration in a
particular organism. Respiration is of two
types, viz. aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration.
 Respiration involves
 Gaseous exchange: Intake of oxygen
from the atmosphere and release of
CO2 → Breathing.
 Breakdown of simple food in order to
release energy inside the cell →
Cellular respiration
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Human Respiratory System Diagram Class

10
Types of Respiration – Life Processes Class
10 Notes
 Aerobic respiration: This type of
respiration happens in the presence of
oxygen. Pyruvic acid is converted into
carbon dioxide. Energy is released and
water molecule is also formed at the end
of this process.
 Anaerobic respiration: This type of
respiration happens in the absence of
oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either converted
into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl
alcohol is usually formed in case of
anaerobic respiration in microbes, like
yeast or bacteria. Lactic acid is formed in
some microbes as well as in the muscle
cells.
 Glucose (6 carbon molecule) →
Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) +
Energy
 Pyruvate (In yeast, lack of O2) →
Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide +
Energy
 Pyruvate (In muscles, lack of O2) →
Lactic Acid + Energy
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 Pyruvate (In mitochondria; the

presence of O2) → Carbon dioxide +
Water + Energy
The equations for the above reactions can
be written as follows:
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Pain in leg muscles while running:

 When someone runs too fast, he may
experience throbbing pain in the leg
muscles. This happens because of
anaerobic respiration taking place in the
muscles.
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 During running, the energy demand from

the muscle cells increases. This is
compensated by anaerobic respiration
and lactic acid is formed in the process.
 The deposition of lactic acid causes pain
in the leg muscles. The pain subsides
after taking rest for some time.
Exchange of gases:
 For aerobic respiration, organisms need
a continuous supply of oxygen, and
carbon dioxide produced during the
process needs to be removed from the
body.
 Different organisms use different
methods for the intake of oxygen and
expulsion of carbon dioxide.
 Diffusion is the method which is utilized
by unicellular and some simple
organisms for this purpose.
 In plants also, diffusion is utilized for
exchange of gases.
 In complex animals, respiratory system
does the job of exchange of gases.
 Gills are the respiratory organs for
fishes. Fishes take in oxygen which is
dissolved in water through gills.
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 Since, availability of oxygen is less in the

aquatic environment, so the breathing
rate of aquatic organisms is faster.
 Insects have a system of spiracles and
trachease which is used for taking in
oxygen.
 Terrestrial organisms have developed
lungs for exchange of gases.
 Availability of oxygen is not a problem in
the terrestrial environment so breathing
rate is slower as compared to what it is
in fishes.
Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric
oxygen for respiration.
Aquatic organisms: Use dissolve oxygen for
respiration.
Human respiratory system – Life
Processes Class 10 Notes
The human respiratory system is composed
of a pair of lungs. These are attached to a
system of tubes which open on the outside
through the nostrils.
Following are the main structures in the
human respiratory system:
1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which
converge to form a nasal passage. The
inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hair
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and remains wet due to mucus secretion.

The mucus and the hair help in filtering
the dust particles out from inhaled air.
Further, air is warmed up when it enters
the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure
which continues after the nasal passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the
pharynx. This is also called voice box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of rings of
cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the
collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out
from the trachea, with one bronchus
going to each lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into
branches and sub-branches inside the
lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end
of bronchioles. The alveolus is composed
of a very thin membrane and is the place
where blood capillaries open. This is
alveolus, where the oxygen mixes with
the blood and carbon dioxide exits from
the blood. The exchange of gases, in
alveoli, takes place due to the pressure
differential.
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Passage of air through the respiratory

system in human beings:

Breathing Mechanism
 The breathing mechanism of lungs is
controlled by the diaphragm and the
intercostalis muscles.
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 The diaphragm is a membrane which

separates the thoracic chamber from the
abdominal cavity.
 When the diaphragm moves down, the
lungs expand and the air is inhaled.
 When the diaphragm moves up, the
lungs contract and air are exhaled.

Transportation – Life Processes Class 10

Notes
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Circulatory system of human being,

transportation in plants. Human beings like
other multicellular organism need a regular
supply of foods, oxygen etc. This function is
performed by a circulatory system or
transport system.
Transportation in Human Beings: The
circulatory system is responsible for
transport of various substances in human
beings. It is composed of the heart, arteries,
veins and blood capillaries. Blood plays the
role of the carrier of substances.

More Diagrams:
 Nephron Diagram Class 10
 Brain Diagram Class 10
 Human Eye Diagram Class 10
 Heart Diagram Class 10
28 [Link] Pearson |Science |Class X

1. Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which

is composed of cardiac muscles.
 It is so small that, it can fit inside an
adult’s wrist. The heart is a pumping
organ which pumps the blood.
 The human heart is composed of four
chambers, viz. right atrium, right
ventricle, left ventricle and left atrium.
 Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles
is called systole.
 Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles
is called diastole.
2. Arteries:
 These are thick-walled blood vessels
which carry oxygenated blood from the
heart to different organs.
 Pulmonary arteries are exceptions
because they carry deoxygenated blood
from the heart to lungs, where
oxygenation of blood takes place.
3. Veins:
 These are thin-walled blood vessels
which carry deoxygenated blood from
different organs to the heart, pulmonary
veins are exceptions because they carry
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oxygenated blood from lungs to the

heart.
 Valves are present in veins to prevent
back flow of blood.

4. Capillaries: These are the blood vessels

which have single-celled walls.
Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which
plays the role of the carrier for various
substances in the body. Blood is composed
of 1. Plasma 2. Blood cells 3. Platelets.
 Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale
coloured liquid which is mostly
composed of water. Blood plasma forms
the matrix of blood.
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 Bloods cells: There are two types of

blood cells, viz. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
and White Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These
are of red colour because of the
presence of haemoglobin which is a
pigment. Haemoglobin readily combines
with oxygen and carbon dioxide. The
transport of oxygen happens through
haemoglobin. Some part of carbon
dioxide is also transported through
haemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs):
These are of pale white colour. They play
important role in the immunity.
 Platelets: Platelets are responsible for
blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a
defense mechanism which prevents
excess loss of blood, in case of an injury.
Lymph:
 Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are
absent in lymph.
 Lymph is formed from the fluid which
leaks from blood capillaries and goes to
the intercellular space in the tissues.
This fluid is collected through lymph
vessels and finally return to the blood
capillaries.
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 Lymph also plays an important role in

the immune system.
 Lymph a yellowish fluids escape from the
blood capillaries into the intercellular
spaces contain less proteins than blood.
 Lymph flows from the tissues to the
heart assisting in transportation and
destroying germs.
Double circulation: In the human heart,
blood passes through the heart twice in one
cardiac cycle. This type of circulation is
called double circulation. One complete
heartbeat in which all the chambers of the
heart contract and relax once is called
cardiac cycle. The heart beats about 72
times per minute in a normal adult. In one
cardiac cycle, the heart pumps out 70 mL
blood and thus, about 4900 mL blood in a
minute. Double circulation ensures complete
segregation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood which is necessary for
optimum energy production in warm-
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blooded animals.

Transportation in plants: Plants have

specialized vascular tissues for
transportation of substances. There are two
types of vascular tissues in plants.
 Xylem: Xylem is responsible for
transportation of water and minerals. It
is composed of trachids, xylem vessels,
xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre.
Tracheids and xylem vessels are the
conducting elements. The xylem makes
a continuous tube in plants which runs
from roots to stem and right up to the
veins of leaves.
 Carry water and minerals from the
leaves to the other part of the plant.
 Phloem: Phloem is responsible for
transportation of food. Phloem is
composed of sieve tubes, companion
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cells, phloem parenchyma and bast

fibers. Sieve tubes are the conducting
elements in phloem.
 Carries product of photosynthesis from
roots to other part of the plant.
Transportation in plants

Ascent of sap: The upward movement of

water and minerals from roots to different
plant parts is called ascent of sap. Many
factors are at play in ascent of sap and it
takes place in many steps. They are
explained as follows :
 Root pressure: The walls of cells of root
hairs are very thin. Water from soil
enters the root hairs because of osmosis.
Root pressure is responsible for
movement of water up to the base of the
stem.
 Capillary action: A very fine tube is
called capillaiy, water, or any liquid, rises
in the capillary because of physical
forces and this phenomenon is called
capillary action. Water, in stem, rises up
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to some height because of capillaiy

action.
 Adhesion-cohesion of water molecules:
Water molecules make a continuous
column in the xylem because of forces of
adhesion and cohesion among the
molecules.
 Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour
through stomata and lenticels, in plants,
is called transpiration. Transpiration
through stomata creates vacuum which
creates a suction, called transpiration
pull. The transpiration pull sucks the
water column from the xylem tubes and
thus, water is able to rise to great
heights in even the tallest plants.
 Transport of food: Transport of food in
plants happens because of utilization of
energy. Thus, unlike the transport
through xylem, it is a form of active
transport. Moreover, the flow of
substances through phloem takes place
in both directions, i.e., it is a two-way
traffic in phloem.
Transpiration is the process of loss of
water as vapour from aerial parts of the
plant.
Functions
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 Absorption and upward movement of

water and minerals by creating pull.
 Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
Transport of food from leaves (food factory)
to different parts of the plant is called
Translocation.
Excretion – Life Processes Class 10 Notes
Human excretory system, excretion in
plants.
Excretion in human beings:
 Removal of harmful waste from the body
is called excretion.
 Many wastes are produced during
various metabolic activities.
 These need to be removed in time
because their accumulation in the body
can be harmful and even lethal for an
organism.
Human Excretory System Diagram Class 10
Human Excretory System:
 The human excretory system is
composed of a pair of kidneys.
 A tube, called ureter, comes out of each
kidney and goes to the urinary bladder.
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 Urine is collected in the urinary bladder,

from where it is expelled out through
urethra as and when required.

Kidney Diagram Class 10

Excretory system of human beings includes :
 A pair of kidneys.
 A urinary bladder.
 A pair of the ureter.
 A urethra.
Kidney:
 Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies
near the vertebral column in the
abdominal cavity.
 The kidney is composed of many filtering
units, called nephrons.
 Nephron is called the functional unit of
kidney.
Nephron
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 It is composed of a tangled mess of

tubes and a filtering part, called
glomerulus.
 The glomerulus is a network of blood
capillaries to which renal artery is
attached.
 The artery which takes blood to the
glomerulus is called afferent arteriole
and the one receiving blood from the
glomerulus is called efferent arteriole.
 The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule
like portion, called bowman’s capsule.
The bowman’s capsule extends into a
fine tube which is highly coiled.
 Tubes from various nephrons converge
into collecting duct, which finally goes to
the ureter.

Urine formation in the kidney: The urine

formation involves three steps:
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 Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous

wastes, glucose, water, amino acid filter
from the blood into bowman’s capsule of
the nephron.
 Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful
substances from the filtrate are
reabsorbed back by capillaries
surrounding the nephron.
 Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted
into the tubule which opens up into the
collecting duct and then into the ureter.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes
through the ureters into the urinary bladder
where it is stored until it is released through
the urethra.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out
waste product from the blood i.e., urea
which is produced in the liver.
Haemodialysis: The process of purifying
blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for
kidney failure patient.
Excretion in Plants

 Other wastes may be stored in leaves,

bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
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 Plants excrete some waste into the soil

around them.
 Gums, resin → In old xylem
 Some metabolic wastes in the form of
crystals of calcium oxalates in the leaves
of colocasia and stem of Zamikand.
Nutrition in Plants and Animals
Nutrition: Process of obtaining and utilizing
of food is known as nutrition.
Mode of nutrition:
 Autotrophic Nutrition (All green plants)
 Heterotrophic Nutrition (Animals, Man,
Non-green plants)
 Saprotrophic nutrition
 Parasitic nutrition
 Holozoic nutrition
Autotrophs: It is a mode of nutrition in
which organisms can make their own food
from simple raw material. Example, all
green plants.
Heterotrophs: It is a mode of nutrition in
which organisms cannot prepare their food
on their own and depend on others.
Example, animals.
40 [Link] Pearson |Science |Class X

Saprotrophic Nutrition: It is the process

by which the organism feeds on dead and
decaying matter. Example, Rhizopus, Mucor,
yeast.
Photosynthesis: It is the process by which
green plants prepare their own food.
Raw materials for photosynthesis:
 Water and Minerals: These are
absorbed by the roots from the soil.
 Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide enters
the leaves through tiny pores called
stomata.
 Sunlight: Energy from the sun is called
solar energy.
 Chlorophyll: Chlorophyll pigment helps
leaves to capture solar energy.
Products of
Photosynthesis: Carbohydrate-glucose- It
is converted to starch.
Symbiotic relationship: Two organisms
live in a close association and develop a
relationship that is beneficial to both this is
called a symbiotic relationship.
Example, Lichen is a living partnership
between a fungus an alga. Fungus absorbs
water and provides shelter and alga prepare
food by photosynthesis
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Insectivores: Plants feed on insects for

their nitrogen requirements.
Holozoic nutrition: It means feeding on
solid food. Organism takes complex organic
food into the body. Example, man, amoeba,
dog, etc.
 Herbivores: Animals which feed on
plants only. Example, deer, cow.
 Carnivores: Animals which feed on
flesh or meat. Example, tiger.
 Omnivores: Animals which feed on both
plant and flesh. Example, man, dog.
Steps of Holozoic nutrition:
 Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.
 Digestion: Break down of large
insoluble food into small water-soluble
molecules by enzymes.
 Absorption: Digested food absorbed
through the intestinal wall into the blood.
 Assimilation: Absorbed food is taken by
body cells for releasing energy, growth
and repair.
 Egestion: Eliminating undigested food
from the body.
Digestive organs of human
beings: Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small
42 [Link] Pearson |Science |Class X

intestine and large intestine with glands like

salivary gland, liver, pancreas.
Teeth: An organ which breaks down the
complex food and helps in chewing the food.
 Milk teeth: The first set of 20 small
teeth when the baby is 6-7 months old.
 Permanent teeth: The second set of 32
larger teeth, when a child is 6-7 years
old and comes by replacing milk teeth.
Enamel: A white, strong, shining, protective
material covering on teeth.
Tongue: A muscular organ attached to the
floor of the buccal cavity which helps in
tasting and mixing the food with saliva for
digestion.
Transportation in Plants and Animals
 Vascular tissue: A plant tissue which
helps in transportation.
 Xylem tissue: It helps in transporting
water and minerals in plants.
 Phloem: It helps in transporting food in
plants.
 Translocation: The process of
transporting food from leaves to other
parts of plants.
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 Transpiration: A loss of water from

stomata in leaves.
 Blood: A red colour fluid which
circulates in the body of animals.
 Plasma: Fluid part of the blood which
consists of nutrients, hormones, and
waste products.
 Blood vessel: Tube-like structure
present in the body for carrying blood
inside the body.
 Artery: It carries oxygenated blood from
the heart to body parts.
 Vein: It carries deoxygenated blood from
body parts to the heart.
 Capillary: A thin-walled narrow tube
which connects artery and vein.
 Heart: A muscular organ present in the
thoracic cavity and helps in pumping
blood in the body.
 Double circulation: A circulatory
system in which blood travels twice
through the heart in one complete cycle.
 Heartbeat: One complete contraction
and relaxation of the heart (72 times in a
minute).
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 Stethoscope: Instrument which

measures heartbeat.
 Systolic pressure: Maximum pressure
at which blood flows during contraction
of the heart. (120 mm Hg)
 Diastolic pressure: Minimum pressure
at which blood flows during relaxation of
the heart. (80 mm Hg)
 Sphygmomanometer: Instrument
which measures blood pressure.
 Lymph: A light yellow liquid flowing from
body tissue to the blood circulatory
system and provides immunity.
Excretion in Plants and Animals
 Excretion: It is the process of removing
waste products from the body.
 Excretory products of plants: CO2, O2,
water vapour, peel of bark, fruits, leaves,
gum, raisin, etc.
 Excretory products of
humans: Carbon dioxide, urea, etc.
 Kidney: Organ which removes the toxic
substance urea from blood and filters it.
 Urine: A yellowish liquid which contains
water and urea.
45 [Link] Pearson |Science |Class X

 Dialysis: The procedure used for

cleaning the blood of a person in case of
kidney failure.
 Nephron: Functional unit of excretory
system present in the kidney for filtering
blood.
 Renal Artery: Blood vessels which bring
blood from heart to kidney.
 Renal Vein: Blood vessel which brings
blood from kidney to heart.