Active volcanoes-volcanoes that are erupting -have recorded a history of erupting for the past
10,000 years
Inactive volcanoes-no record of erupting for the past 10,000 years
Types of volcano
3 Major Types of volcano
Composite- also called stratovolcano has thick,
Viscous, and slow-moving lava
-considered the most dangerous type
of volcano
-the types of volcanoes that are mostly found
on the Pacific Ring of fire
Cinder cone- high pressure on magma chamber
-it looks like a fountain of lava
Shield–fluid and lose lava that flows throughout
the volcano
-usually low and broad
-the lava freely moves out of the volcano which is why the volcano is broad
-volcano increases its size every time it erupts dues to hardened lava on the surface
Volcano eruption
Phreatic-also called hydrothermal has steam-driven eruption wherein hot rocks come in contact
with water
-characterized by ash columns
Phreatomagmatic- a violent eruption contact between magma and water
-a large column of fine ash and sideways emission of pyroclastics
Strombolian- periodic weak to violent and the eruption is characterized by a fountain of lava
Vulcanian- characterized by tall eruption columns that can reach up to 20km high with
pyroclastics flow and ash fall tephra
Plinian-most excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics also takes a form of
an umbrella
Parts of the volcano
1) Magma Reservoir
It is a large pool of molten rock found underneath the Earth’s crust. The molten
rock remains under extreme pressure, which causes the surrounding rock to crack and fracture,
creating an outflow of the magma. Being less dense than the surrounding mantle allows the
magma to seep up to the surface through the cracks.
2) Lava
It is the molten rock or magma that erupts from the volcano. The extreme heat of the
Earth’s crust causes the silicate rocks to melt, causing the lava to release with a temperature
between 700 to 1,200 °C (1,292 to 2,192 °F). As the lava reaches the surface and comes in
contact with the air, it cools down and hardens.
3. Primary Vent
It is the primary opening in the Earth’s surface through which magma and volcanic gases
escape into the atmosphere. Primary vents can be of different shapes consisting of a single,
circular-shaped structure, a large elongated fissure, or a tiny crack in the ground
4. Throat
It is the uppermost portion of the primary vent. The throat is the entrance to the volcano
from where lava and volcanic ash are ejected
5. Conduit
It is the underground passage through which magma and volcanic gases travel
upwards towards the vent.
6) Crater
Also known as a cone, it is the mouth of the volcano. In addition to the cone, volcanic
activity can also lead to circular, basin-shaped depressions forming in the Earth. It is typically
large in radius and great in-depth. In such cases, the lava vent is located at the bottom of the
crater. It is formed during particular eruptions when the volcano’s magma chamber empties
enough for the area above it to collapse, forming a structure called a caldera.
7) Summit
Also known as the apex, it is the highest or topmost part of the volcano.
8) Secondary Vent
On large volcanoes, there are multiple smaller outlets through which magma escapes,
known as secondary vents. When the magma reaching th²e surface is interrupted by
accumulated ash and solidified lava, they form what is known as a dike. In contrast, when the
magma hardens, it forms a flat piece of rock called a sill.
9) Secondary Cone
Also known as a parasitic cone, it forms around the secondary vent that reaches large
volcanoes’ surface. When volcanoes deposit lava and ash on the outside, they form a smaller
cone, resembling the primary cone’s horn.
10) Lava Flow
It is a magma mass that pours onto the Earth’s surface during an eruption involving
moving lava and its hard deposits. Lava flow comes in a great variety of shapes and sizes. This
variation is due to a wide range in lava discharge during the eruption, characteristics of the
erupting vent, topology over which lava travels, and lava’s viscosity. If the magma is thin, gases
escape quickly from the volcano
11) Ash Cloud
It is made of small pieces of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass formed during
a volcanic eruption. The fragments of ash are tiny, measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in
diameter.
1. Silica content
2. Temperature
3. Viscosity
4. Gas
5. High
Signs of an impending volcano eruption
According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), the
government agency tasked with monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the country, the
following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt. These may vary from
one volcano and another.
-1-
Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic
tremors.
-2-
Mayon Volcano ashes January 2018
Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to
entrained ash.
-3-
Crater Glow
Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater.
-4-
Ground Fissuring
Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion.
-5-
Landslide
Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which are not attributable to
heavy rains.
-6-
Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano’s upper slopes
-7-
Hot Spring near Taal Volcano
Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake
(e.g, Taal) near the volcano.
-8-
Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the
volcano;
-9-
Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano.
-10-
Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; (appearance of solfataras)
Geothermal
Energy from the Volcano
Since our country is home to more than a hundred volcanoes, energy has been tapped from the
depths of the Earth. Actually, the Philippines ranks second in the world's production of
geothermal energy. According to the Department of Energy, 14.49% of the country's total power
of generation is produced from geothermal energy The production of electricity from geothermal
energy is cheaper than electricity produced using natural gas coal, and hydropower
What is Geothermal Energy?
Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth's crust which ingrates from the formation
of the planet and from the radioactive decay of materials Heat is continuously generated within
the earth. geothermal energy sure of renewable energy. Geothermal heat is utilized for bathing
building heating and electricity There are 2 Types of Geothermal energy
1. Conventional Geothermal system
2. Supercritical Geothermal system
1. Conventional Geothermal System
•Utilizes steam from natural resources such as geysers or by drawing water from the hot, high-
pressure from the depths of Earth
2. Supercritical Geothermal System
•Supercritical geothermal systems are appealing sources of sustainable and carbon-free energy
located in volcanic areas.
How is Geothermal Energy generated?
Geothermal energy is generated in two ways:
● Geothermal power plants
● Geothermal heat pumps
Geothermal power plants
-Uses the heat from deep inside of Earth to produce steam to generate electricity.
Geothermal heat pump
-Uses the heat coming from close to the Earth's surface to heat water or provide heat for
buildings
Examples of Geothermal Powerplants
Power Plant: Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant
Volcano: Mt. Malinao
Location: Tiwi Albay
Power Plant: Mindanao Geothermal Production Field
Volcano: Mt. Apo
Location: Kidapawan Cotabato
Examples of Geothermal Powerplants
Power Plant: BacMan Geothermal Power Stations 1 and 2
Volcano: Pocdol Mountains
Location: Sorsogon
Power Plant: Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant
Volcano: Mt Bulalo and Mt. Clilia
Location: Laguna
The Geothermal Powerplant
Power plants are built in an area where it is particularly hot just below the surface or near a
group of geysers hot springs, or volcanic activity
THE FOLLOWING STEPS ARE FOLLOWED TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY IN A
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
1 Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface. the drop in pressure causes the water to turn into steam
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity
4 Cooling tower cools the steam and condenses it back into the water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the earth to begin the process again
VOLCANO
A VOLCANO is an opening in the Earth's crust in which molten rock and fragments came out
HOT SPRINGS
A HOT SPRING is a source of water that flows out with a temperature higher than the average
temperature of the neighboring areas.
FUMAROLE
A FUMAROLE is usually found in volcanic regions. It is a hole in the ground where vapors and
gases come out.
GEYSER
A GEYSER is a spring that occasionally shoots out hot water and steam