St. Camillus College of Manaoag Foundation Inc.

Brgy. Licsi, Manaoag, Pangasinan, Philippines

GROUP 1 (REPORT)
Members:
ALESSANDRA NICOLE S. CASTRO JOSAFAT M. IBANEZ
BSBA II - HRDM BSBA III - HRDM
ROMALYN A. JIMENEZ
BSBA II - MARKETING
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Driving concerns for science and technology development

 Transportation People used to search for new locations, explore new lands, gather food,
choose better sites for new settlements, and track down excess products for their needs.
However, as time went on, humans moved beyond using human and animal strength to
respond to situations by employing combustion-powered vehicles, aircraft, and rockets.

 Communication communication is the exchange of information with the aim of

fostering understanding, particularly to support human aspirations to find and settle in
new locations for exploration and settlement, as well as to speed up trade industry
transactions and the avoidance of conflict.

 Food production, agriculture, and industry The continuation of life depends on the
development of living things as well as the creation of new materials and products. This
is accurate given the growing population in many regions of the world. These
characteristics were essential in establishing the superiority of humans over all other
living things. Advances in agriculture, industry, and food production show how
determined humans are to make their material lives safer, easier, more pleasant, and
wealthier.

 Military Weaponry and armor played a significant role in the exploration of new
territories, particularly in the formation of alliances, the acquisition of resources,
conflicts, security, and protection. In order to increase their lands and resources,
stronger nations frequently attack and colonize weaker ones. The application of lethal
force against others has become more structured and celibate as a result of
advancements in security and weaponry.
  Conservation of life, medicine, and health Few things speak louder about the
inventiveness of humankind than their comprehension of the workings of the human
body and their capacity to impact longevity by enhancing and strengthening life-saving,
health-promoting, and disease-controlling procedures.

 Engineering and Architecture Constructing magnificent buildings demonstrates human

ingenuity as well as organization. We have amassed the brains, resources, and willpower
throughout time to build tall structures, domes, vaults, and even artificial advances. It
establishes a nation’s identity and serves as a status symbol for how technologically
advanced that nation is.

 Aesthetics- Technology was created by humans to enhance their appearance. This is to

add features and embellishments to make them aesthetically pleasing and acceptable.

 Power and energy- The ability to utilize the physical world’s potential for work is the
foundation of all inventions. The human species has demonstrated its genius in
harnessing energy from all sources for a variety of purposes.

 Observation and measurement-Magnitude is a quality that has always eluded humans

but that they have also attempted to acquire. This is especially true of the magnitude of
time and distance. Thus, we have created clocks and calendars to divide time into
discrete periods, as well as telescopes and microscopes to observe objects that are too
small or too far away for human vision. Unlike the technologies discussed elsewhere in
this book, the ones discussed here aim to assist us quantify and understand our
surrounding environment rather than to move, influence, or alter it.

ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

 The different or technological advancement during the ancient times which include
some of the achievement of the early civilization such as the ASIAN, AFRICAN and
WESTERN CIVILIZATION.

THE ASIAN CIVILIZATION

 Asia is the world’s largest continent and the birthplace of numerous ancient
civilizations. Numerous political, economic, scientific, and cultural events of all ages
take place there. Three great civilizations have distinguished themselves in the fields of
science, technology, and mathematics: China, India, and the Middle East culture.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500-4000BC)

 Summer is located on the southernmost tip of ancient MESOPOTAMIA ( Mesopotamia

is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris--Euphrates river, in the
northern part of Fertile Crescent)
  Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and desire
for great things.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF SUMERIANS

CUNEIFORM

 The invention of the first writing system was one of the Sumerian people’s greatest
achievements.

 A method that uses wedge devices to carve word graphics and triangle symbols into
clay, which is then allowed to dry. their

 The Sumerians were able to record items of significant historical significance from their
daily lives thanks to cuneiform.

Uruk City

 An additional Sumerian contribution and it is also a great wonder. It is first true city on
the world and for the way it was erected.

 The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river which
they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks, a true engineering feat.
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
 The Great Ziggurat of Ur is another architectural and engineering marvel that the
Sumerians feared.
 It is also known as the “mountain of God,” having been constructed similarly to the “city
of URUK.”
 It functioned as their chief God’s fearsome location, which only their priest was
permitted to enter.
WHEEL
 latter part of history – wheel was invented
 the first wheels were NOT made for transportation but for farm work and food
processes.
 with the use of wheel and axle mass production was easier.
 farmers were able to Mill grains with less effort in less time.
THE PLOW
 Another farm technology invented by SUMERIANS
 It is used to dig the ground where seeds would be planted.
SAILBOATS
 Sumerians wanted to discover faraway lands and they needed a mode of transportation,
that did not require much human resources.
IRRIGATON and DIKES
 Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the
same time control of flooding of the rivers.
 It is considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works through the
 dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting,
which increased their food production
ROADS
 Sumerians developed the first road
 it made the flow of traffic become faster and more organized they made the roads with
the same technology they used in making the sunbaked bricks that they laid down

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION (4000 BC)

 Was a state in a state in ancient MESOPOTAMIA located along the Euphrates River.
(Present-day Iraq, about 50 miles south of Baghdad )
 Babylon grew into one of the largest cities of the ancient world under the rule of
Hammurabi (1792 to 1750 BC).
 Hammurabi conquered neighboring city-states, he brought much of southern and
central Mesopotamia under unified Babylonian rule, creating an empire called Babylonia.
 Hammurabi turned Babylon into a rich, powerful and influential city.
 He created one of the world’s earliest and most complete written legal codes known as
Codes of Hammurabi, it helped Babylon surpass other cities in the region. The Babylonia
however, was short-lived. The empire fell apart after Hammurabi’s death and reverted
back to a small kingdom for Several centuries. A new line of kings established the Neo-
Babylonian Empire which lasted from 626 BC to 539 BC.
 The Neo-Babylonian Empire was a period of cultural renaissance in the Near East. The
Babylonians built many beautiful and lavish buildings and preserved statues and
artworks from the earlier Babylonian Empire during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II
 Nebuchadnezzar II was the greatest King of ancient Babylon during the period of the
Neo-Babylonian Empire (626-539 BCE), succeeding its founder, his father, Nabopolassar.
He is best known from the biblical books of Daniel and Jeremiah where he is portrayed
as the king who stands against God.
 Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II was said to have constructed the luxurious Hanging
Gardens in the sixth century B.C. as a gift to his wife, Amytis, who was homesick for the
beautiful vegetation and mountains of her native Media (the northwestern part of
modern-day Iran). To make the desert bloom, a marvel of irrigation engineering would
have been required. Scientists have surmised that a system of pumps, waterwheels and
cisterns would have been employed to raise and deliver the water from the nearby
Euphrates River to the top of the gardens.
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (also known as the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis)
are considered one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. They were said to have
been built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 B.C.E.
 The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has
not been definitively established. There are no extant Babylonian texts that mention the
gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon. Stone
tablets from Nebuchadnezzar’s reign give detailed descriptions of the city of Babylonia,
 its walls, and the palace, but do not refer to the Hanging Gardens

CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1250 BC – 220 AD)

China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in Science. Many
areas like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philcsophy, and music
among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly Influenced many of its neighbor
countries like Korea, Japan,Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand Cambodia, Myanmar an other
countries that belong to the old SILK ROAD (the silk road is a 4,000 mile trade route that
stretched from China to the Fertile Crescent open up in Southwestern Asia.
SILK
 Naturally produced by silk worms and the Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
 Sericulture is the practice of raising silkworms for the purpose of producing silk.
Silkworms are silk moth caterpillars. They are given mulberry leaves to eat and are
allowed to pupate and spin their cocoons. The silkworms inside the cocoons are
subsequently killed by submerging them in boiling water. The silk filaments are
eventually removed from the cocoons using a technique known as reeling.
 SILK TRADE opened China to the outside world making way for cultural, economic and
scientific exchanges bridging the gap between the western world and the middle
kingdom.
TEA PRODUCTION
 Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or bailing water over crushed or shredded
dried tea leaves
 Believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Empeeror. According to Chinese
legend, tea was invented accidentally by the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong in 2737 B.C.
 Emperor Shen Nong was a scholar and herbalist, as well as a creative scientist and
patron of the arts.
 Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine
that was bale shred tea leaves into strips.
 It was one of the most popular beverages in the world today.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
 The Great Wall was originally conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang also called the First
Emperor, united China in the third century B.C. as a means of preventing incursions from
barbarian nomads.
 The only Man-made structure that could be seen from outer space.
 Largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built
 It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China
 Made with stone, brick, wood, Earth and other material
MEDICINE
 The Chinese are famous for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences
and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and
 uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness
 Acupuncture is a form of treatment widely practiced in China. It involves inserting very
thin needles through a person’s skin at specific points on the body to various depths
which help relieve pain.
 Herbal medicines like Ephedra (Chinese herb used in dietary supplements for weight
loss and performance enhancement but, FDA banned the sale of dietary supplements
containing ephedra and plants containing ephedra group due to complications, such as
heart attack and stroke.)

CHINESE TECHNOLOGY
 The Chinese are known to develop many tools
 Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilization were paper
making, gunpowder, printing tools and compass.
PAPER MAKING
 The traditional date for the invention of more refined paper has long been 105 CE. Cai
Lun, the director of the Imperial Workshops at Luoyang, is the one credited with creating
paper by using soaked and then pressed plant fibres which were dried in sheets on
wooden frames or screens.
 Before the invention of paper, the Chinese used to write on strips of wood and bamboo,
or cloth and silk. Problems with wooden blocks and flattened bamboo were they took up
too much space, while cloth and silk were no cheap commodities. There arises the need
for a more economical and convenient alternative.
PRINTING TOOL
 Before the emergence of the panting technique, manuscripts were all handwritten by
scholars. It is known that the block printing technique was used near the end of the Han
Empire (206 BC – 220 AD) both for printing on paper and for printing designs on cloth.
 Bi Sheng is credited with being the inventor of movable type printing in the Song Empire.
He greatly innovated this important printing method, so he is called the “father of
Typography.” However, the thousands of characters in their written language were not
very suitable for being printed with movable type.
GUN POWDER
 Of the most interesting inventions in China and it is also called huo yao (flaming
medicine)
 Originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality.
 At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was being used in military affairs. During the
Song and Yuan Dynasties, frequent wars spurred the development of cannons, and fire-
arrows shot from bamboo tubes.
 They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate but instead of creating an elixir of life
they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of
heat powder and gas in an instant.
COMPASS
 During the Warring States period, a device called a Si Nan became the forerunner of the
compass. A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a plate with the handle of the ladle
pointing to the south.
 Earliest records show a spoon shaped compass made of lodestone or magnetite ore,
referred to as a “South-pointer" dating back during The Han Dynasty (2nd century BCE to
2nd century CE). The Spoon-shaped instrument was pleased on a cast bronze plate
called a “heaven-plate” or diviner’s board that had the eight trigrams (Pa Gua) of the l
Ching, as well as the 24 directions (based on the constellations) and the 28 lunar
mansions (based on the constellations dividing the equators).

INDIAN CIVILIZATION (2500- 1700 BC)

India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge
mountains in its northern bodies. It is also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan
civilization. The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region
and then in 1922 at Mojenhodaro
AYURVEDIC MEDICINE
 Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in India before 2500 BC.
 Ancient text like Sursuta Samhita describes surgical and other medical procedures that
is famous in ancient India.
ASTRONOMY
 India developed theories on the configuration of the universe and the 360 days with 12
equal parts of 30 days each.
THE IDEA OF ZERO
 One of the most important inventions of all time. Mathematician Arya Bhatta was the
first person to create a symbol for zero and it was through his efforts that mathematical
operations like addition and subtraction started using the digit, zero. The concept of zero
and its integration into the place-value system also enabled one to write numbers, no
matter how large, by using only 10 symbols.
HINDUISM
 Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion. Today, with more than 1 billion followers,
Hinduism is the third-largest religion worldwide, after Christianity and Islam. Roughly 94
percent of the world’s Hindus live in India. Because the religion has no specific founder,
it’s difficult to trace its origins and history. Hinduism is unique in that it’s not a single
religion but a compilation of many traditions and philosophies: Hindus worship a number
of different gods and minor deities, honor a range of symbols, respect several different
holy books and celebrate with a wide variety of traditions, holidays and customs
 Hinduism embraces many religious ideas. For this reason, it’s sometimes referred to as
a “way of life” or a “family of religions,” as opposed to a single, organized religion.
 Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means they worship a single deity,
known as “Brahman,” but still recognize other gods and goddesses. Followers believe
there are multiple paths to reaching their god.
  Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life, death, and
reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect).
 Karma the belief that all actions bring consequences. The Hindu belief in reincarnation
draws on the idea of karma. The law of karma is not limited to one lifetime but many
lifetimes. If people do negative things in this life, they may pay for these in their next
reincarnation.
 One of the key thoughts of Hinduism is “atman,” or the belief in soul. This philosophy
holds that living creatures have a soul, and they’re all part of the supreme soul. The goal
is to achieve “moksha,” or salvation, which ends the cycle of rebirths to become part of
the absolute soul.
 Ahimsa – the principle of non-violence. The belief is that all living things are sacred
because they are part of God, as is the natural world. Many Hindus believe being non-
violent means showing respect for all life, human, animal and vegetable.
 The Taj Mahal is an enormous mausoleum complex commissioned in 1632 by the
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal dynasty that
ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid 18th-century.)to house the
remains of his beloved wife. Constructed over a 20-year period on the southern bank of
the Yamuna River in Agra, India, the famed complex is one of the most outstanding
examples of Mughal architecture, which combined Indian, Persian and Islamic
influences. At its center is the Taj Mahal itself, built of shimmering white marble that
seems to change color depending on the daylight.
THEORY OF ATOM
 One of the notable scientists of the ancient India was Kanad who is said to have devised
the atomic theory centuries before John Dlton was born. He speculated the existence of
any or a small indestructible particles, much like an atom. He also stated that any can
have two states – absolute rest and a state of motion. He further held that atoms of
same substance combined with each other in a specific and Synchronized manner to
produce dvyanuka (diatomic molecules) and trvanuka (triatomic molecules).

THE AFRICAN CIVLIZATION

Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part
of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of mathematics show
that similar to other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge
producers too.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)

 Located in NORTH AFRICA
 it is the preminent civilization in the Mediterranean world the ancient Egyptian civilization
has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the field of astronomy,
mathematics, and medicine alongside other technologies.
PAPER OR PAPYRUS
 one of the earlier contribution
  papyrus is a plant that grew bundantly along NILE RIVER in Egypt they were able to
process the plants in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.
 thinner and lighter and less breakable than clay tablets
 the major accomplishment in Egyptian, it was used to record history, culture, and
codified laws
HIEROGLYPHICS
 system of formal writing using symbols
 Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by gods
ALCHEMY
 Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is known as the forerunner of
chemistry.
 Egyptian beliefs in life after death and the mummification procedure, they developed
gave rise to rudimentary knowledge and a goal of immortality.

PYRAMID
 Built during a time when Egypt was one of the richest and most powerful civilizations in
the world, the pyramids—especially the Great Pyramids of Giza—are some of the most
magnificent man-made structures in history. Their massive scale reflects the unique role
that the pharaoh, or king, played in ancient Egyptian society
 Somewhere in between human and divine, they were believed to have been chosen by
the gods themselves to serve as their mediators on earth. Because of this, it was in
everyone’s interest to keep the king’s majesty intact even after his death, when he was
believed to become Osiris, (god of the dead). The new pharaoh, in turn, became Horus,
the (falcon-god who served as protector of the sun god), Ra (the sun god).
 No pyramids are more celebrated than the Great Pyramids of Giza, located on a plateau
on the west bank of the Nile River, on the outskirts of modern-day Cairo. The oldest and
largest of the three pyramids at Giza, known as the Great Pyramid, is the only surviving
structure out of the famed Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was built for Pharaoh
Khufu (Cheops, in Greek)
COSMETICS
 Egyptians wore KOHL – eye cosmetic(created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral
galena) to cure diseases
 Soot (black powder that is formed when something is burned)
 Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that
beauty was a sign of holiness.
WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA
 Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other.

WESTERN CIVILIZATION
The term Western Civilizations refers broadly to a constellations of customs, beliefs,
political systems, and events rooted in European history and western culture. The
 influence of Western civilization is global; defining American culture and north American
culture among others.

GREEK CIVILIZATION
 Greece – is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe known in Greek as Hellas or
Ellada known as the birthplace of Western philosophy
 The Early influences were the Egyptians and the Minoans (Isle of Crete) the geography
of Greece greatly influenced the culture in that with few natural resources and
surrounded by water, (the cities were built around the Aegean Lonian and the Black Seas)
ALARM WATER CLOCK
 One of the most utilized gadgets today invented by the Greeks – they made used of
water or small stones or sand that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm
 Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm to signal the start of his lecture
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political was considered to be the
cradle of politics and social entity in the west large and the other civilization looked up
and governance to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.
 After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s
rise and fall in the first century B.C
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
 Ancient Mesoamerica (modern-day Mexico and Central America) witnessed an
extraordinary flourishing of cultures from the beginnings of the Olmec civilization around
1200 BCE, through the Maya civilization and on to the catastrophic fall of the Aztec
civilization in the 16th century CE.
MAYA CIVILIZATION
 The Maya are an indigenous people of Mexico and Central America who have
continuously inhabited the lands comprising modern-day. The Maya people refer to
themselves by ethnicity and language bonds such as Quiche in the south or Yucatec in
the north (though there are many others).
 The term Mayan refers to the language while Maya references the people and their
culture.
 In Astronomy, Maya incorporated their advanced understating of astronomy into their
temples and religious structures.
 The Maya used two calendars. An everyday calendar with 13 months of 20 days each
was probably related to the appearance of the planet Venus.
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
 The Aztec civilization, with its capital city at Tenochtitlán (Mexico City), is actually the
most well-documented Mesoamerican civilization with sources including archaeology,
native books (codices) and lengthy and detailed accounts from their Spanish conquerors
both by military men and Christian clergy.
 The Aztec pantheon included a mix of older Mesoamerican gods and specifically Mexica
deities. The two principal gods worshipped were Huitzilopochtli (the war and sun god)
 and Tlaloc (the rain god) and both had a temple on top of the Templo Mayor pyramid at
the (heart of Tenochtitlan).
 There was the 260-day Aztec calendar which was divided into 20 weeks, each of 13 days
which carried names such as Crocodile and Wind.
INCA CIVILIZATION
 The Inca Empire was a kingdom that developed in the Andes region of South America
and gradually grew larger through the military strength and diplomacy of their emperors.
Known as Tawantinsuyu (land of four quarters).
 The Inca began expanding their land holdings by the reign of their fourth emperor, Mayta
Capac
 Coca Leaves as medicine and in religious ceremonies. They also practiced
mummification of their dead.
 MACHU PICCHU is a site of ancient inca ruins located about 50 miles from Cuzco, Peru.

MIDDLE AGES
The phrase “Middle Ages” tells us more about the Renaissance that followed it than it
does about the era itself. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers, writers
and artists began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of ancient Greece and
Rome. Accordingly, they dismissed the period after the fall of Rome as a “Middle” or
even “Dark” age in which no scientific accomplishments had been made, no great art
produced, no great leaders born.
 After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on
the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful
institution of the medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of
their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church.
 Meanwhile, the Islamic world was growing larger and more powerful. After the
prophet Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Muslim armies conquered large parts of the
Middle East, uniting them under the rule of a single caliph.
 Crusades - Toward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to
authorize military expeditions, or Crusades.
 The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight
its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century.
 Building grand cathedrals and other ecclesiastical structures such as monasteries
was another way to show devotion to the Church.
BLACK DEATH
 Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as the " Black Death " (the bubonic
plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent’s
population.
 The plague started in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked
at the Sicilian port of Messina.
 Symptoms of the Black Death included fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and
 pains – and then death. Victims could go to bed feeling healthy and be dead by morning.
 Some people of the Middle Ages believed the plague was a divine punishment for sin.
To obtain forgiveness, some people became “flagellants,” traveling Europe to put on
public displays of penance that could include whipping and beating one another
FEUDALISM
 Medieval Europe, rural life was governed by a system scholars call “feudalism.” In a
feudal society, the king granted large pieces of land called fiefs to noblemen and
bishops. Landless peasants known as serfs did most of the work on the fiefs: They
planted and harvested crops and gave most of the produce to the landowner. In
exchange for their labor, they were allowed to live on the land. They were also promised
protection in case of enemy invasion.
 During the 11th century, however, feudal life began to change. Agricultural innovations
such as the heavy plow and three-field crop rotation made farming more efficient and
productive, so fewer farm workers were needed–but thanks to the expanded and
improved food supply, the population grew.
 The latter part of the middle ages laid the groundwork for the Renaissance. The
Renaissance was a time of great intellectual and economic change, but it was not a
complete “rebirth”: It had its roots in the world of the Middle Ages

MODERN AGES
The Modern Era includes the early period, called the early modem period, which lasted
from 1500 – present. The Modern Period coves human history from the creation of a
more global network to present day.

A. Early Modern Period

THE RENAISSANCE
 The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and
economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Renaissance is a French word meaning-
rebirth who promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
HUMANISM
 During the 14th century, a cultural movement called humanism began to gain
momentum in Italy. Among its many principles, humanism promoted the idea that man
was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in
education, classical arts, literature and science
RENAISSANCE GENIUSES
Two examples of the most famous and groundbreaking Renaissance intellectual and
artist.
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): Italian painter, architect, inventor and “Renaissance
man” responsible for painting “The Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper.
2. Rene Descartes (1596–1650): French philosopher and mathematician regarded as the
father of modern philosophy. Famous for stating, “I think; therefore I am.”
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 The Scientific Revolution (1500-1700), which occurred first in Europe before spreading
worldwide, witnessed a new approach to knowledge gathering – the scientific method –
which utilised new technologies like the telescope to observe, measure, and test things
never seen before. By the end of this 'revolution', science had replaced philosophy as the
dominant method of acquiring new knowledge and improving the human condition.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 distinctive feature of the change in thought during the Scientific Revolution was a
reconsideration of how new knowledge should be acquired and tested.

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS DURING THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

GALILEO GALILEI
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and made major
contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and
philosophy. Galileo invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe
the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged
lunar surface.
 In 1609 Galileo built his first telescope, improving upon a Dutch design. In January of
1610 he discovered four new “stars” orbiting Jupiter—the planet’s four largest moons.
(Medician Stars).
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543 CE)
 Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and mathematician known as the father
of modern astronomy. He was the first European scientist to propose that Earth and
other planets revolve around the sun, the heliocentric theory of the solar system.
JOHANNES KEPLER
 In 1609, Kepler published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion, which held
that planets move around the sun in ellipses, not circles (as had been widely believed up
to that time), and that planets speed up as they approach the sun and slow down as
they move away. In 1619, he produced his third law, which used mathematic principles
to relate the time a planet takes to orbit the sun to the average distance of the planet
from the sun.
ISAAC NEWTON
 Isaac Newton is best know for his theory about the law of gravity, but his “Principia
Mathematica” (1686) with its three laws of motion greatly influenced the Enlightenment
in Europe.

ENLIGHTENMENT.
 European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented
during the course of the “long 18th century” (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred
to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment
 The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries,
 laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired
by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the
beginning of its decline. The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-century
Romanticism.

B. MID MODERN PERIOD

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the
18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies—especially in Europe and
North America—into industrialized, urban ones.
 Though a few innovations were developed as early as the 1700s, the Industrial
Revolution began in earnest by the 1830s and 1840s in Britain, and soon spread to the
rest of the world, including the United States

SPINNING JENNY
 Starting in the mid-18th century, innovations like the spinning jenny (a wooden frame
with multiple spindles), producing cloth became faster and required less time and far
less human labor.

STEAM ENGINE BY THOMAS NEWCOMER

 An icon of the Industrial Revolution broke onto the scene in the early 1700s, when
Thomas Newcomen designed the prototype for the first modern steam engine. Called
the atmospheric steam engine, Newcomen’s invention was originally applied to power
the machines used to pump water out of mine shafts.

THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

 was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States
that spanned from the 1890s to 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive
movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization,
immigration, and corruption in government.
MACHINE AGE
 is an era that includes the early 20” century, sometimes also including the late 19h
century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945. It forms a late part of the
Second Industrial revolution.

C. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw new
applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and transistor.

POSTMODERNITY
 is the state or condition of being postmodern – after or in reaction to that which is
 modern, as in postmodern art. Postmodernism is a late-20th-century style and concept
in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represents a departure from modernism
ATOMIC AGE or WORLD WAR II.
 The Atomic Era, is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear
bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War Il. New weapons made warfare much
more mobile – mainly tanks but also air power. That made World War ll much more
about maneuvering than about fortification and concentration of firepower to thin
defensive line. As the Germans learned first and Allies, learned next, tactics, intelligence,
and maneuvering ruled the battlefield of the 1940s, nat trenches and barbed wire.

Some technologies that shaped world war II

1. Airplanes 5. Tanks
2. Submarines 6. Code breaking
3. Radar 7. Electronic warfare
4. Sonar 8. Atomic bomb

SPACE AGE
 is a time period encompassing the activities related to Space Race, space exploration,
space technology, and cultural developments influenced by these events. The space age
is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik.
INFORMATION AGE
 Also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age or New Media age is a historic period in
the 21t century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the
Industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on
information technology. This era brought about a time period in which people could
access information and knowledge easily.

Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of Science and
technology IN THE PHILIPPINES
Despite the Philippines being considered as a developing country, its contribution to
global advancement of science nce and technology is also remarkable. The Philippines
is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many
of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from
indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Science and Technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as
well as long periods of stagnation
 The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the Department
of Science and Technology.

Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including:

 Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics

  Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of plant taxonomy
 Gavino Trano in the field of tropical marine ptyobgy
 Maria Orosa in the field of food technology and many more.

AMERICAN PERIOD
 The progress of Science and Technology in the Philippines continued under the
American rule of the Islands they established the public education system
 Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people. They established
the University of the Philippines which is a research university. The Americans created
more public hospitals than the Spaniards. Basic education Science focused on nature
studies and sanitation. Later, the subject was formally called-Science
 Researchers were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical
diseases.
 English was introduced as the official language; the education system reformed; port,
rail, and road-building programs initiated; and war-damaged settlements rebuilt. Notably,
Western architecture and urban planning forms were introduced as part of this “national
development” process.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION
 The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when
Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War I.
 The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack
on Pearl Harbor.
 Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan
 During this time, many of the established industries in the Philippines were turned into
ashes and many lives were destroyed. Horses, cars and trucks were confiscated

PARADIGM
 Paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a subject,
conventions about what direction research should take and how it should be performed.

 Thomas Kuhn explains that a central concept in understanding paradigm, which he uses
in two main ways. First, a paradigm refers to an exemplar, or a specific scientific
achievement that serves as a model (example) for solving other problems. Second, Kuhn
uses the term more broadly to describe a disciplinary matrix, which encompasses not
just exemplars but also laws, definitions, metaphysical assumptions, and values.
A PARADIGM DICTATES:
1. What is observed and measured
2. the questions we ask about those observations
3. how the questions are formulated
4. how the results are interpreted
5. how research is carried out
 6. what equipment is appropriate

PARADIGM SHIFT
 Paradigm shift, a phenomenon explored by Thomas Kuhn, is not just a small
modification to an existing scientific theory. Rather, it completely changes the scientific
theory itself and radically alters the way in which it seeks to understand reality.
 Paradigm shift is not limited to academics alone, but its effect ripples out into the public
consciousness, too.
 Kuhn believed that paradigm shifts are instigated by accumulated evidence within a
paradigm – “anomalies” – that are not adequately supported by current theories. When
these anomalies can no longer be ignored, the shift can be quick and total.