Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

According to Wikipedia (2015), artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by

machines or software. It is also the name of the academic field of study in computer science
which studies how to create computers and computer software that are capable of intelligent
behavior. Major artificial intelligence researchers and other sources define this field as the study
and design of intelligent agents, in which an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined
the term as far back as 1955, defines it as the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines.

Artificial intelligence is a branch of Computer Science concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems. Artificial intelligence exhibits some form of intelligence by way of
introducing systems that learn new concepts and tasks and also have the ability to reason and
draw useful conclusions about the world. Artificial intelligence systems also can understand a
natural language or perceive and comprehend a visual scene, and perform other types of feats
that require human types of intelligence (Freitas, 1999).

Artificial intelligence research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into
subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social
and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of
individual researchers (Drexler, 1986). Artificial intelligence research is also divided by several
technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one
of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment
of particular applications. The central problems (or goals) of artificial intelligence research
include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication),
perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is still among the

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field’s long-term goals (Bostrom, 2002). Currently popular approaches include statistical
methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic artificial intelligence. There are a
large number of tools used in artificial intelligence, including versions of search and
mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many
others. The artificial intelligence field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of sciences and
professions converge, including computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics,
philosophy and neuroscience, as well as other specialized fields such as artificial psychology
(Hanson, 1998).

According to Moravec, (1999), the field was founded on the claim that a central property of
humans, intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it.
This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial
beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction
and philosophy since antiquity (Kurzweil, 1999). Artificial intelligence has been the subject of
tremendous optimism but has also suffered stunning setbacks. Today it has become an essential
part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging
problems in computer science (Yudkowsky, 2003).

Artificial intelligence also deals with study of ideas to bring into being machines that respond to
stimulation consistent with traditional responses from humans, given the human capacity for
contemplation, judgment and intention (Vinge, 1993). Each such machine should engage in
critical appraisal and selection of differing opinions within itself. Produced by human skill and
labor, these machines should conduct themselves in agreement with life, spirit and sensitivity,
though in reality, they are imitations. Other researcher has seen artificial intelligence as systems
that combine sophisticated hardware and software with elaborate databases and knowledge-based
processing models to demonstrate characteristics of effective human decision making. However,
the researcher will provide an indebt study into the introduction to artificial intelligence and its
application and benefit to human being

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1.2 Statement of Research Problem

It is a known fact that the field of artificial intelligence is relatively young (Yudkowsky, 2002).
The creation of Artificial Intelligence as an academic discipline can be traced to the 1950s, when
scientists and researchers began to consider the possibility of machines processing intellectual
capabilities similar to those of human beings. Alan Turing, a British mathematician, first
proposed a test to determine whether or not a machine is intelligent. The test later became known
as the Turing Test, in which a machine tries to disguise itself as a human being in an imitation
game by giving human-like responses to a series of questions. Turing believed that if a machine
could make a human being believe that he or she is communicating with another human being,
then the machine can be considered (Bostrom, 2002). However, artificial intelligence has been
used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law,
remote sensing, scientific discovery and toys. However, many Artificial intelligence applications
are not perceived as artificial intelligence (Bostrom, 2002).

A lot of cutting edge artificial intelligence has filtered into general applications, often without
being called artificial intelligence because once something becomes useful enough and common
enough it’s not labeled artificial intelligence anymore,” Nick Bostrom reports. “Many thousands
of artificial intelligence applications are deeply embedded in the infrastructure of every industry.
In the late 90s and early 21st century, Artificial intelligence technology became widely used as
elements of larger systems, but the field is rarely credited for these successes. For example;
finance, hospitals and medicines, heavy industries, online and telephone customer service,
transportation, telecommunication, toys and games, music, aviation, news, publishing & writing.
However, this study seeks to provide an overview of artificial intelligence, its application and use
to human being in general (Bostrom, 2002).

1.3 Research Objectives

 Advancing techniques where student learn to make decisions by interacting with

their environment, with applications in studies, robotic control, and optimization
problems.

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  To ascertain the prospects of artificial intelligence.
 Making AI models more interpretable and understandable to humans, which is
crucial for trust, validation, and regulatory compliance.

1.4 Research Questions/ Hypothesis

 What are the application and benefits of artificial intelligence to Yobe State University?
 What are the regulatory and ethical challenges associated with deploying autonomous
systems in Yobe State University?
 How can we reduce the dependency on large labeled datasets in student learning?

1.5 Significance of Study

This research will be of significance in the following area:

 It will be of help to stakeholders in various sectors for example health, finance,

education, security, engineering, manufacturing, research and technology in
understanding the application and benefits of Artificial intelligence to enhance
productivity and effectiveness of the sectors.
 The findings of this research work will also serve as reference for academic endeavor to
lecturers and students and also help the public who would want to know about some
advantages and disadvantages (if any) of the use of the artificial intelligence.
 Findings and recommendations from this study will guide the stakeholders in various
sector determine the type artificial intelligence to be adopted and also help them identify
specific areas where artificial intelligence can be applied.

1.6 Scope and delimitation of the study

Will cover the overview of the historical development of artificial intelligence as a branch of
computer science that deals with creating computers and computer software that are capable of

4
intelligent behavior. However, this study will examine the application and benefits of the impact
of Artificial intelligence on study academic achievement in Yobe State University will also
consider the future and prospects of artificial intelligence

1.7 Definition of Terms

In this research work, the terms defined reflect how the researcher wants them to be understood
in the context of this work

Behaviors

The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others

Artificial

Made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally, especially as a copy of
something natural.

Computer

An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of
performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of
procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.

Intelligence

The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.

Innovation

The process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value.

5
 REFERENCES

Bostrom, N. (2002). "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related

Hazards." Journal of Evolution and Technology,

[Link]://[Link]/existential/[Link]

Drexler, K. E. (1986): Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. (Anchor Books:

New York, 1986). [Link]

Freitas Jr., R. A. (1999): Nanomedicine, Volume 1: Basic Capabilities. (Landes Bioscience:

Georgetown, TX, 1999). [Link]

Hanson, R., et al. (1998). "A Critical Discussion of Vinge's Singularity

Concept." [Link]://[Link]/eo/articles/[Link]

Kurzweil, R. (1999): The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human

Intelligence. (Viking: New York, 1999).

Moravec, H. (1999): Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind. (Oxford University Press: New

York, 1999).

Vinge, V. (1993)."The Coming Technological Singularity." Whole Earth Review, Winter issue.

Wikipedia, 2015: [Link]

Yudkowsky, E. (2002). "The AI Box

Experiment." [Link]://[Link]/essays/[Link]

Yudkowsky, E. (2003). Creating Friendly AI 1.0. [Link]

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers, as well as

explained terminologies with regards to the importance in Yobe State University , its applications

and benefits to student life. The chapter also gives a resume of the history and present status of the

problem delineated by a concise review of previous studies into closely related problems.

2.2 Review of Literature based on Research Objectives

The theoretical foundations of e-commerce are arguably anchored on the Kurzweil, R. (1999)

model for artificial intelligence, which suggests that a number of qualities must be met before it

can be judged to be beneficial to student. Artificial intelligence has been on the radar of technology

leaders for decades, and while we don't yet have autonomous machines helping us make complex

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decisions or tasks, most organizations have reaped some benefit from Artificial intelligence which

to a good extent has been beneficial to student Moravec, H. (1999): Robot: Mere Machine to

Transcendent Mind- posits that artificial intelligence can be used in diverse fields in the world

today. The impact of artificial intelligence on students’ academic achievement in YOBE state

university life was further buttressed by Kurzweil, R. (1999): The Age of Spiritual Machines:

When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence. Artificial intelligence includes all those machines

that perform diverse tasks to make man’s world relatively easier. Artificial intelligence has come

a long way seeing that more sophisticated “intelligent machines” are being produced on a daily

basis (Brookshear, J. G, 2010).

Kurzweil, R. (1999) opined that were it not for the advent of artificial intelligence, life would have

been harder and less interesting.

2.3. Summary

Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields, including medical diagnosis, remote

sensing, computer sciences, scientific discovery and robot controls. Surprisingly, many artificial

intelligent applications are not seen as artificial intelligence. A lot of artificial intelligence products

have filtered into general applications without been noticed. Brookshear, 2010 reports “that

thousands of artificial applications are deeply embedded in the fabric of every industry.” In the

21st century, artificial intelligence technology became widely used in diverse fields without being

given adequate credit for this feat.

Below are the benefits of artificial intelligence to mankind

SECURITY

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Artificial intelligence has greatly improved our security system in Nigeria. Artificial intelligence

has greatly helped in improving the security of lives and properties with little or negligible effort.

More weapons are now being manufactured with the help of artificial intelligence and this has

helped in maintaining relative peace in the world.

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Research and technology has greatly improved thanks to artificial intelligence. The importance of

artificial intelligence in research and technology cannot be over emphasized, with the help of

artificial intelligence, more researches are being carried out and little or no time is spent.

ENGINEERING

The world of engineering owes a whole lot to artificial intelligence. Latest engineering exhibitions

wouldn’t have been possible in the world today without artificial intelligence. Artificial

intelligence has transformed the engineering sector immensely.

Generally to be able to increase innovations, productivity and output, artificial intelligence has to

be employed in achieving this feat. Every economy that wants to expand must not do without

artificial intelligence.

i. Act as aids – they can act as 24/7 aids to children with disabilities or the elderly, they

could even act as a source for learning and teaching. They could even be part of security

alerting you to possible fires that you are in threat of, or fending off crime.

ii. Jobs – depending on the level and type of intelligence these machines receive in the

future, it will obviously have an effect on the type of work they can do, and how well

they can do it (they can become more efficient). As the level of AI increases so will

9
 their competency to deal with difficult, complex even dangerous tasks that are currently

done by humans, a form of applied artificial intelligence.

iii. Their function is almost limitless – as the machines will be able to do everything (but

just better) essentially their use, pretty much doesn’t have any boundaries. They will

make fewer mistakes, they are emotionless, they are more efficient, and they

are basically giving us more free time to do as we please.

2.4. Disadvantages of artificial intelligence

The growth of the effectiveness and ubiquity of Artificial Intelligence methods has also

stimulated thinking about the potential risks associated with advances of Artificial Intelligence.

Some comments raise the possibility of dystopian futures where Artificial Intelligence systems

become “super intelligent” and threaten the survival of humanity. It’s natural that new

technologies may trigger exciting new capabilities and applications — and also generates new

anxieties. In as much as artificial intelligence has improved humanity immensely, there are

certain school of thoughts that opined that though it has a lot of advantages, if not properly

harnessed can lead to more harm than good.

The main problem with Artificial Intelligence is an ethical and philosophical one. There is a

general believe that intelligence was God’s gift to humans to differentiate them from other

creatures (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969). By creating an artificial intelligence, we are playing the role

of God, which is the same argument as cloning.

Machines being emotionless were presented as being a good thing; however it can also be a bad

thing. Social intelligence is the big question. Machines can’t provide with the emotional

10
understanding that humans can offer and it could act irrationally as a consequence (McCarthy &

Hayes, 1969). The machines ability to perform all jobs that human can do means a loss of jobs on

a huge scale leading to jobless people and financial hardship (Links999, 2005). People will feel a

sense of uselessness which can have may mental problems. A machine that can make decisions

thinks the same way as a human. This being said, it can make good or bad decisions. It might take

over the world similar to what we see in movies, which is considered as impossible but we never

know (Links999, 2005).

Vinge, V. (1993). In his book "The Coming Technological Singularity Opined that Apart from the

risk of breakdown, there is also the imminent risk of loss of data. In some cases, due to malfunction

of certain parts, a machine can fail to keep prompt memory of files that it should ordinarily have.

As they are machines they obviously can’t provide you with that ‘human touch and quality’, the

feeling of a togetherness and emotional understanding, that machines will lack the ability to

sympathize and empathize with your situations, and may act irrationally as a consequence.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

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This chapter covers the description and discussion on the various techniques and procedures used

in the study to collect and analyze the data as it is deemed appropriate.

It is organized under the following sub-headings:

 Research Design

 Population of the study

 Sample and sampling Techniques

 Research instrument used

 Method of Data Collection

 Data Analysis Techniques

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Asika (2009), research designs are often referred to as the structuring of investigation

aimed at identifying variables and their relationships to one another. In this study, questionnaire

serves as useful guide to the effort of generating data for this study. The survey research design

through the administration of questionnaires was used for the study.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of study consists of residents of Yobe State on whether artificial intelligence does

or does not benefit human life in anyway.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

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The simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 100 respondents from the entire

population of Lagos residents. This was chosen due to the financial strength of the researcher

coupled with time constraints.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT USED

Since the research instrument used was the questionnaire, it was designed using the

Likert scale method. The questionnaire was designed in the following ways:

i) Strongly Agreed (SA) - 5

ii) Agreed (A) - 4

iii) Undecided (U) - 3

iv) Disagreed (D) - 2

v) Strongly Disagreed (SD) - 1

3.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

Having gathered the data through the administration of questionnaire, the collected data will be

coded, tabulated, and analyzed according to the research question and hypothesis.

In order to analyze the data collected effectively and efficiently for easy management and

accuracy, the simple percentage method was the analytical tools used for this research project and

a sample size of two hundred (100) will be represented by 100% for easy analysis of the responses.

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Also, the chi-square test will be used in the research work. Chi-square test is a statistical technique

used in testing of hypothesis so as to either accept or reject the null hypothesis. The statistical mean

scores was used to analyze the Livert’s five-point questionnaire while the frequency 10 unit and

simple percentage was used to analyze respondent’s characteristics. The criteria for calculating the

mean is: - Mean (x) – ∑fx

the formulae for the chi-square is:Z2 = (oi-ei)2

Where Z2 = Chi-square

0i = Number of observed case in category i

Ei = Number of expected cases in category i

K = Number of category, summation runs from 1=1 to 1=K

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS TECHQUES

Reject the null hypothesis if the p value is less than the level of significance, accept the null

hypothesis if otherwise.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

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This chapter is devoted to the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the

course of this study. The data are based on the number of copies of the questionnaire completed

and returned by the respondents. The data are presented in tables and the analysis is done using

the chi-square test.

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis

The data presented below were gathered during field work:

QUESTIOINNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
INSTRUCTION: Please endeavor to complete the questionnaire by ticking the correct answer (s)
from the options provided or supply the information required where necessary.
SECTION A: Personal information/Data
1. Gender

a. Male

b. Female

2. Age Range

a. 15-20yrs

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 b. 21-30yrs

c. 31-40yrs

d. 41-50yrs

e. 51-60yrs

f. Above 60yrs

3. Educational qualification

a. FSLC

b. WASSCE/GCE/SSCE

c. OND/HND/BSC

d. MSC/PGD/PHD

e. Others

4. Marital status

a. Single

b. Married

c. Divorced

d. Widowed

SECTION B

Questions on the benefits of artificial intelligence to student in Yobe State University

5. Artificial intelligence has made life easier and simpler for student?

a. Strongly agreed

b. Agreed

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 c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

6. Artificial intelligence has more advantages than disadvantages

a. Strongly agreed

b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

7. Artificial intelligence has helped student in several ways

a. Strongly agreed

b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

8. Artificial intelligence has developed or evolved overtime

a. Strongly agreed

b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

9. Development in University is majorly as a result of Artificial intelligence

a. Strongly agreed

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 b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

10. What are the prospects of artificial intelligence in Yobe State University academic

achievement?

_ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _

________________________________________________

_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

11. Artificial intelligence helps increasing student’s innovations, productivity and output.

a. Strongly agreed

b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

12. Lack of artificial intelligence may adversely affect the academic achievement.

a. Strongly agreed

b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

Bio data of respondents

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Table 1 gender of respondents
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid male 40 40.0 40.0 40.0
female 60 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table1 above shows the gender distribution of the respondents used for this study.
Out of the total number of 100 respondents, 40 respondents which represent 40.0 percent of the
population are male.
60 which represent 60.0 percent of the population are female.

Table 2 age range of respondents

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid 15-20years 15 15.0 15.0 15.0
21-30years 6 6.0 6.0 21.0
31-40years 15 15.0 15.0 36.0
41-50years 30 30.0 30.0 66.0
51-60years 22 22.0 22.0 88.0
above 60years 12 12.0 12.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.
Table 2 above shows the age distribution of the respondents used for this study.
15 respondents which represent 15.0percent of the population are between 15-20years.
6 respondents which represent 6.0 percent of the population are between 21-30years.
15respondents which represent 15.0percent of the population are between 31-40years

30respondents which represent 30.0percent of the population are between 41-50years.

22respondents which represent 22.0 percent of the population are between 51-60years.

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12 respondents representing 12.0 percent are over 60years.

Table 3 Educational qualification of respondents

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid FSLC 20 20.0 20.0 20.0
WASSCE/GCE/SS
35 35.0 35.0 55.0
CE
OND/HND/BSC 40 40.0 40.0 95.0
MSC/PGD/PHD 5 5.0 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 3 above shows the educational qualification of the respondents used for this study.
20 respondents which represent 20.0percent of the population are first school leaving certificate
holders.

35 respondents which represent 35.0percent of the population are WASSCE/GCE/SSCE holders.

40 respondents which represent 40.0percent of the population are OND/HND/BSC holders.

5 respondents which represent 5.0percent of the population are MSC/PGD/PHD holders.

Table 4 Marital status of respondents

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid single 45 45.0 45.0 45.0
married 38 38.0 38.0 83.0
divorced 10 10.0 10.0 93.0
widowed 7 7.0 7.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.
Table 4 above shows the marital status of the respondents used for this study.

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45 respondents which represent 45.0 percent of the population are single.
38 respondents which represent 38.0 percent of the population are married.
10 respondents which represent 10.0 percent of the population are divorced.
7 respondents which represent 7.0 percent of the population are widowed.

Tables based on research questions

Table 5 Artificial intelligence has made life easier for student

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly agree 62 62.0 62.0 62.0
agree 13 13.0 13.0 75.0
undecided 5 5.0 5.0 80.0
disagree 10 10.0 10.0 90.0
strongly disagree 10 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 5 shows the responses of respondents that artificial intelligence has made life easier for
students.

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62 of the respondents representing 62.0 percent strongly agree that artificial intelligence has made
life easier for students.

13 of the respondents representing 13.0 percent agree that artificial intelligence has made life easier
for student.

13 of the respondents representing 13.0 percent were undecided.

10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent disagree that artificial intelligence has made life
easier for student.

10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent strongly disagree that artificial intelligence has
made life easier for student.

Table 6 Artificial intelligence has more merits than demerits

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly agree 50 50.0 50.0 50.0
agree 10 10.0 10.0 60.0
undecided 5 5.0 5.0 65.0
disagree 20 20.0 20.0 85.0
strongly disagree 15 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 6 shows the responses of respondents that artificial intelligence has more merits than
demerits.

50 of the respondents representing 50.0 percent strongly agree that artificial intelligence has more
merits than demerits.

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10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent agree that artificial intelligence has more merits
than demerits.

20 of the respondents representing 20.0 percent were undecided.

20 of the respondents representing 20.0 percent disagree that artificial intelligence has more merits
than demerits.

15 of the respondents representing 15.0 percent strongly disagree that artificial intelligence has
more merits than demerits.

Table 7 Artificial intelligence has developed or evolved overtime

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly agree 30 30.0 30.0 30.0
agree 38 38.0 38.0 68.0
undecided 10 10.0 10.0 78.0
disagree 22 22.0 22.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 7 shows the responses of respondents that artificial intelligence has developed or evolved
overtime.

30 of the respondents representing 30.0 percent strongly agree that artificial intelligence has
developed or evolved overtime.

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38 of the respondents representing 38.0 percent agree that artificial intelligence has developed or
evolved overtime.

10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent were undecided.

22 of the respondents representing 22.0 percent disagree that artificial intelligence has developed
or evolved overtime.

Table 8 dev. in University is majorly as a result of artificial intelligence

Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly agree 30 30.0 30.0 30.0
agree 50 50.0 50.0 80.0
disagree 15 15.0 15.0 95.0
strongly disagree 5 5.0 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 8 shows the responses of respondents that development in University is majorly as a result
of artificial intelligence.

30 of the respondents representing 30.0 percent strongly agree that development in University is
majorly as a result of artificial intelligence.
50 of the respondents representing 50.0 percent agree that development in University is majorly
as a result of artificial intelligence.

15 of the respondents representing 15.0 percent disagree that development in University is majorly
as a result of artificial intelligence.

5 of the respondents representing 5.0 percent strongly disagree that development in University is
majorly as a result of artificial intelligence.

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Table 9 Artificial intelligence has helped to increase student
productivity and output
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly agree 42 42.0 42.0 42.0
agree 38 38.0 38.0 80.0
undecided 10 10.0 10.0 90.0
disagree 5 5.0 5.0 95.0
strongly disagree 5 5.0 5.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 9 shows the responses of respondents that artificial intelligence has helped to increase
student’s productivity and output.

42 of the respondents representing 42.0 percent strongly agree that artificial intelligence has helped
to increase student’s productivity and output.

38 of the respondents representing 38.0 percent agree that artificial intelligence has helped to
increase student’s productivity and output.
10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent are undecided.

5 of the respondents representing 5.0 percent disagree that artificial intelligence has helped to
increase student’s productivity and output.

5 of the respondents representing 5.0 percent strongly disagree that artificial intelligence has
helped to increase student’s productivity and output.

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Table 10 lack of adequate artificial intelligence may adversely affect
the academic achievement
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent Percent
Valid strongly agree 35 35.0 35.0 35.0
agree 35 35.0 35.0 70.0
undecided 10 10.0 10.0 80.0
disagree 10 10.0 10.0 90.0
strongly disagree 10 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0
Source: field survey, August, 2015.

Table 10 shows the responses of respondents that lack of adequate artificial intelligence may
adversely affect the academic achievement.

35 of the respondents representing 35.0 percent strongly agree that lack of adequate artificial
intelligence may adversely affect the nation’s economy.

35 of the respondents representing 35.0 percent agree that lack of adequate artificial intelligence
may adversely affect the academic achievement.

10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent were undecided.

10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent disagree that lack of adequate artificial intelligence
may adversely affect the academic achievement.

10 of the respondents representing 10.0 percent strongly disagree that lack of adequate artificial
intelligence may adversely affect the academic achievement.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

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H0: Artificial intelligence does not benefit academic achievement in anyway

H1: Artificial intelligence benefits student.

Level of significance: 0.05

Decision Rule: reject H0 if the p-value is less than the level of significance, accept H0 if otherwise.

Table 11 Test Statistics

Artificial intelligence benefits student
Chi-Square 111.900a
Df 4
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is
20.0.

Conclusions based on the decision rule:

Since the p-value (0.000) is less than the level of significance (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that artificial intelligence benefits.

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Findings

The objective of the study was to know if the impact of artificial intelligence on students’ academic

achievement in YOBE state university. Findings from the study revealed that artificial intelligence

benefits the student race. Artificial intelligence has made life easier for students. Artificial

intelligence has more merits than demerits. Artificial intelligence has developed or evolved

27
overtime. Development in University is majorly as a result of artificial intelligence. Artificial

intelligence has helped to increase University’s productivity and output. Lack of adequate artificial

intelligence may adversely affect the academic achievement

CONCLUSION
Artificial intelligence exhibits some form of intelligence by way of introducing systems that learn

new concepts and tasks and also have the ability to reason and draw useful conclusions about the

world. Artificial intelligence research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided

into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social

and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of

individual researchers. The central problems (or goals) of artificial intelligence research include

reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication),

perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is still among the

field's long-term goals (Bostrom, 2002). Today artificial intelligence has become an essential part

of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging problems

in computer science.

RECOMMENDATIONS

This research work will therefore be of great help to stakeholders in various sectors for example

health, finance, education, security, engineering, manufacturing, research and technology in

understanding the application and benefits of Artificial intelligence to enhance productivity and

effectiveness of the sectors.

28
The findings of this research work will also serve as reference for academic endeavor to lecturers

and students and also help the public who would want to know about some advantages and

disadvantages (if any) of the use of the artificial intelligence.

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