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Engineering Mathematics Limits and Derivatives

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5 views3 pages

Engineering Mathematics Limits and Derivatives

Uploaded by

Zamzamin Zamzamin
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

BERR 1113 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Tutorial 1

1. Find the limits of the functions:

a) lim (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 5)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,1)
𝑥+𝑦
b) lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,3) 𝑥−𝑦
c) lim 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,0)
d) lim 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 |
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,1)

[Ans: a) 7, b) -2, c) 1, d) ln 2]

2. Evaluate the limits, if is exists.


𝑥 2−𝑦 2
a) lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
sin 𝑥𝑦
b) lim 𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,2)

[Ans: a) limit does not exists, b) 2]

3. Find the points of discontinuity of the functions

a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2(𝑦−𝑥)

[Ans: a) (x,y) = (0,0), b) All points where y = x]

4. If 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 , find
𝜕𝑓
a) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
b) 𝜕𝑦
c) 𝑓𝑦 (1, −2)

[Ans: a) 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4, b) 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦, c) -3]

5. Suppose 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 , find

a) 𝑓𝑥
b) 𝑓𝑦
c) 𝑓𝑧

[Ans: a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 2, b) 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 , c) 3𝑧 2 𝑦]
𝜕𝑓
6. Find 𝜕𝑦 if 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)

1
[Ans: 𝑥+𝑦]

𝜕𝑓
7. Find 𝜕𝑥 if 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦

[Ans: xy cos xy + sin xy]

1
BERR 1113 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

2𝑦
8. Find 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 if 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦+cos 𝑥

2𝑦 sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
[Ans: 𝑓𝑥 = (𝑦+cos , 𝑓𝑦 = (𝑦+cos ]
𝑥)2 𝑥)2

𝜕𝑧
9. Find 𝜕𝑥 if the equation 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 defines 𝑧 as a function of two independent variables 𝑥
and 𝑦.
𝑧
[Ans: ]
𝑦𝑧−1

1 𝜕𝑧
10. Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2, where 𝑥 = 𝑡 and 𝑦 = ln 𝑡. Find 𝜕𝑡 by using the chain rule.
2 2 ln 𝑡
[Ans: − + ]
𝑡3 𝑡

2 𝑟+𝑠 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
11. If 𝑤 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 3 where 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑟𝑠 , 𝑦 = ln 𝑡
and 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠𝑡 2 , find 𝜕𝑟
, 𝜕𝑠
and 𝜕𝑡
.
𝜕𝑤 2 2 𝑟+𝑠 𝜕𝑤 2 2 𝑟+𝑠 𝜕𝑤
[Ans: 𝜕𝑟
= 4𝑠 2 𝑒 𝑟𝑠 + 𝑟+𝑠 ln ( 𝑡
) + 3𝑟 2 𝑠 3 𝑡 6 ,
𝜕𝑠
= 8𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑠 + 𝑟+𝑠 ln ( 𝑡
) + 3𝑟 3 𝑠 2 𝑡 6 ,
𝜕𝑡
=
2 𝑟+𝑠
− 𝑡 ln ( ) + 6𝑟 3 𝑠 3 𝑡 5 ]
𝑡

12. A right circular cylinder is changing in such a way that its radius is increasing at the rate of 3 in./min
and its height is decreasing at the rate of 5 in./min. At what rate is the volume changing when the
radius is 10 in. and the height is 8 in.?

[Ans: -62.8 𝑖𝑛3 /min]


𝜕𝑦
13. Find if 𝑦 an implicit function of 𝑥 defines the given equation, 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑥 = 3 ln 2
𝜕𝑥
2
(𝑒 𝑦 +2𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 + )
𝑥
[Ans: − 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 +𝑒 2𝑥
]
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
14. Find 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 if 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) defines the equation 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 2 + (𝑥𝑦)2 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑦 2

𝜕𝑧 3𝑧+2𝑥𝑦 2 +2𝑥𝑧 3 −3𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 2 −2𝑥 2𝑦+2𝑦


[Ans: 𝜕𝑥 = − 3𝑥−2𝑦𝑧+3𝑥 2𝑧 2
, 𝜕𝑦
= − 3𝑥−2𝑦𝑧+3𝑥 2𝑧 2 ]

15. Suppose 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑒 implicitly defines 𝑧 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) as function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

a) Find 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 .
b) Estimate 𝑓 (1.01,0.99) using linear approximation
𝑦𝑧𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
[Ans: a) 𝑓𝑥 = − 1+𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ; 𝑓𝑦 = − 1+𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 , b) 1]

2
BERR 1113 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

16. Find all the critical points of the following functions. Use the Second Derivative Test to determine
(if possible) whether each critical point corresponds to a local maximum, local minimum, or saddle
point.

a) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2
b) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −4𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 2 − 3
c) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦
d) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
𝑥−𝑦
e) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 21+𝑥 +𝑦
f) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑦

[Answer]:

a) Local minimum at (0,0)


b) Saddle point at (0,0)
c) Saddle point at (0,0), local min at (1,1) and at (-1,-1)
d) Local min at (2,0)
1 1 1 1 1 1
e) Saddle point at (0,0), local max at ( ,− ) and (− ,− ), local min at ( ,− ) and
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
1 1
(− , )
√2 √2
1 1 1 1
f) Local max at ( ,− ), local min at (− , )
√2 √2 √2 √2
Saddle point at (0,0)

Common questions

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Convergence is evaluated via limits along different paths towards the same point. Disparities arise where distinct paths yield divergent outcomes. For example, analyzing lim (x,y)→(0,0) of expressions like (x²−y²)/(x²+y²) demonstrates how path variance from straight lines or curves causes non-existence of a unified limit, requiring multi-path assessments for convergence validity.

Implicit differentiation involves differentiating with respect to independent variables while treating others as functions. For the equation y𝑧−ln𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦, finding ∂z/∂x reveals the differentiation strategy, leading to the result ∂z/∂x = z/(y𝑧−1). The derivative accounts for the chain rule and manages dependence between variables.

To evaluate the limit of a multivariable function near a point, we inspect the behavior of the function's value as it closely approaches the given point from various paths in the domain. For instance, a problem might ask for lim (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,1) (𝑥𝑦² + 𝑥²𝑦 + 5), which evaluates to 7, as confirmed when directly substituting the point coordinates into the expression.

Challenges arise in verifying limits in multivariable calculus due to potential path dependence. For example, lim (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥²−𝑦²)/(𝑥²+𝑦²) does not exist because the value depends on the approach path, leading to different results via different paths (e.g., approaching along y = x gives zero, but y = -x yields a different result). Resolving such issues often requires exploring multiple paths and leveraging tools like polar coordinates to seek path independence.

Non-zero lower derivatives, notably first derivatives not vanishing at critical points, influence the slope of the function, affecting local extrema determinations. For example, to examine f(x,y)=x⁴+2y²-4xy, finding a saddle point at (0,0) employs the Hessian determinant and confirms the differentials' effect as mixed derivatives indicate inflection through sign changes.

The chain rule in multivariable calculus aids differentiation of functions composed of nested functions. Consider z = x² + y², where x = 1/t and y = ln t; ∂z/∂t is derived using the chain rule, giving -2/t³ + 2 ln t/t, by differentiating each function component alternative to the independent variable.

The rate of change in volume, V, of a cylinder depends on rates of change in its dimensions. If radius increases at 3 in./min and height decreases at 5 in./min, while V = πr²h, the volume rate of change is computed as dV/dt = π(2rh dr/dt + r² dh/dt), which results in -62.8 in³/min when evaluated with specific dimension values, showing how dimension changes directly impact volume.

The Second Derivative Test involves computing the Hessian matrix at critical points and evaluating its determinant. For example, for f(x,y) = 4 + 2x² + 3y², the critical point (0,0) is a local minimum since the Hessian determinant is positive and all eigenvalues are positive. This test determines whether the critical point is a saddle point, local maximum, or minimum.

To find points of discontinuity in multivariable functions, we analyze where the function is not defined or the limit does not equal the function value. For example, for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln√(𝑥² + 𝑦²), the function is discontinuous at (0,0) because the expression inside the logarithm reaches zero, making it undefined.

Linear approximation employs the function's tangent plane at a known point to estimate nearby values. Using z=f(x,y) from the function exyz+z=1+e, estimating f(1.01,0.99) leverages partial derivatives at the point (1,1), leading to an approximate value of 1. This method efficiently predicts slight deviations by assuming linear behavior close to the point.

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