Multi-Variable Calculus Practice Questions
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Dhruvi PatelMulti-Variable Calculus Practice Questions
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Dhruvi PatelCommon questions
Powered by AIMinimize the function \( d(x, y, z) = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \), the square of the distance to the origin, subject to the constraint \( g(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y - z - 5 = 0 \). Use the method of Lagrange multipliers: find \( \nabla d = (2x, 2y, 2z) \) and \( \nabla g = (2, 3, -1) \), set \( \nabla d = \lambda \nabla g \). Solve the equations \( 2x = 2\lambda \), \( 2y = 3\lambda \), \( 2z = -\lambda \) along with \( 2x + 3y - z = 5 \) to get \( (32/7, 48/7, 25/7) \) as the nearest point.
Determine critical points by setting the partial derivatives equal to zero: \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 6x + 3x^2 = 3x(2 + x) = 0 \) giving \( x = 0, -2 \). \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = -2y = 0 \) gives \( y = 0 \). Testing \( f(x, y) \) at \( (0,0) \) yields \( f(0,0) = 0 \). At \((-2, 0)\), \(f(-2, 0) = 12\). Evaluate the second derivative test at these critical points using the Hessian matrix \( H = \begin{bmatrix} f_{xx} & f_{xy} \\ f_{yx} & f_{yy} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 6+6x & 0 \\ 0 & -2 \end{bmatrix} \). \( H_{(0,0)} \) has eigenvalues \(6, -2\), indicating saddle points. At \((-2,0)\), the Hessian remains \((6, 0)\), indicating a local maximum.
To verify continuity at the origin, check if \( \lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} f(x,y) = f(0,0) \). Here, \( f(0,0) = 0 \). For points away from the origin, compute the limit: \((x^2 + y^2) \sin \left( \frac{1}{x^2+y^2} \right)\) bounded by \( -(x^2 + y^2) \leq (x^2+y^2) \sin \left( \frac{1}{x^2+y^2} \right) \leq (x^2 + y^2) \). As \( (x, y) \to (0,0) \), \( x^2 + y^2 \to 0 \), so by the Squeeze Theorem, the limit \( \lim_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} f(x,y) = 0 \), confirming continuity at the origin.
By Clairaut's Theorem, if \( u(x,y) \) is defined and both \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x \partial y} \) and \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y \partial x} \) are continuous, then \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x \partial y} = \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y \partial x} \). Compute \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = -\frac{y}{x^2 + y^2} \) and \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x \partial y} = \frac{x^2 - y^2}{(x^2 + y^2)^2} \), then evaluate \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} = \frac{x}{x^2 + y^2} \) and \( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y \partial x} \) similarly to confirm the equality as continuity and symmetry in the mixed partial satisfies the theorem.
Find the partial derivatives \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \). Each derivative involves applying the quotient rule: \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \frac{e^{x+y+z} (e^y + e^z) - e^{x+y+z}(e^x)}{(e^x + e^y + e^z)^2} \). Simplifying, \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \frac{e^{x+y+z} (e^{y} + e^{z} - e^{x})}{(e^x + e^y + e^z)^2} \). Similarly calculate \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \) and \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \), obtaining analogous results. Summing these, the non-canceling terms align to satisfy the given equation \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} = e^{x+y+z} \frac{2(e^x + e^y + e^z) - (e^x + e^y + e^z)}{(e^x + e^y + e^z)^2} = 2u \).
To determine if the limit exists, one must check its value along different paths and see if it is consistent. For instance, consider the path \( y = mx \), then the expression becomes \( \frac{x^3 - (mx)^3}{x^2 + (mx)^2} = \frac{x^3(1 - m^3)}{x^2(1 + m^2)} = \frac{x(1 - m^3)}{1 + m^2} \), which approaches zero as \( x \to 0 \). Similarly, along the path \( y = x^2 \), the expression becomes \( \frac{x^3 - (x^2)^3}{x^2 + (x^2)^2} = \frac{x^3 - x^6}{x^2 + x^4} \), which also approaches zero as \( x \to 0 \). Thus, the consistent value along these paths suggests that the limit exists and is zero.
Calculate the Hessian matrix \( H \) using second order partial derivatives: \( H = \begin{bmatrix} f_{xx} & f_{xy} \\ f_{yx} & f_{yy} \end{bmatrix} \) where \( f_{xx} = 6x \), \( f_{yy} = 6y \), and \( f_{xy} = f_{yx} = 12 \). The eigenvalues (\( \lambda_1, \lambda_2 \)) of this Hessian will indicate the nature of each critical point: if both are positive, it's a local minimum; if both negative, a local maximum; and if they differ in sign, a saddle point. Solving \( H - \lambda I = 0 \), determine \( \lambda \) values for critical points by solving characteristic polynomial induced by determinant \( \begin{vmatrix} 6x - \lambda & 12 \\ 12 & 6y - \lambda \end{vmatrix} = 0 \).
The gradient \( \nabla f \) is a vector of the partial derivatives: \( \nabla f = \left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} \right) \). Compute each partial derivative: \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = 6xy \), \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} = 3x^2 - 3y^2z^2 \), and \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial z} = -2y^3z \). Therefore, the gradient is \( \nabla f = (6xy, 3x^2 - 3y^2z^2, -2y^3z) \).
The minimum distance is the direct distance to the sphere's surface along the radial line from the origin through \((1, 2, 2)\). The scaling factor \(k\) for the direction vector \( (1, 2, 2) \) yields \( (kx)^2 + (ky)^2 + (kz)^2 = 36 \), or \( k\sqrt{9} = 6 \), giving \( k = 2/\sqrt{3} \). The closest point on the sphere is therefore \( (2, 4, 4) \) with Euclidean distance calculated from \( (1, 2, 2) \). Conversely, maximize \( k \) to \( \sqrt{15} \), using symmetry about the center of the sphere for maximum distance from the point. Calculate these distances to confirm extrema.