TRƯỜNG ĐH BÁCH KHOA ĐỀ THI HỌC KỲ I/ 2019 – 2020

KHOA KỸ THUẬT GIAO THÔNG

BỘ MÔN KỸ THUẬT HÀNG KHÔNG Môn thi: Hệ thống lực đẩy máy bay 1
Ngày thi: (26/12/2019) - Thời lượng: 100 phút
Đề thi số: 0001

LƯU Ý:
- Sinh viên được phép sử dụng tài liệu.
- Đề thi gồm 5 câu.

Problem 1 (3 points):
A six-cylinder, four-stroke-cycle SI (spark-ignition) engine operates at 3000 rpm with an
indicated mean effective pressure of five atmospheres using octane fuel with an equivalence ratio
of 0.9. The brake torque at this condition is 250 lbf-ft., and the volumetric efficiency is 85%.
Each cylinder has a five inch bore and 6 inch stroke. Ambient conditions are 14.7 psia and 40°F.
For octane the stoichiometric reaction equation is
C 8H 18 + 12.5O2 + (12.5 ´ 3.76) N 2 = 8CO2 + 9H 2O + (12.5 ´ 3.76) N 2
Determine
a) (L.O.1.1) Indicated horsepower,
b) (L.O.1.2) Brake horsepower,
c) (L.O.1.3) Friction horsepower;
d) (L.O.2.1) Mechanical efficiency;
e) (L.O.2.2) Fuel flow rate;
f) (L.O.2.3) BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption)?

Solution
The six cylinders have a total displacement of
6p * 52 * 6
DISP = = 706.86 in 3
4
a) Then the indicated horsepower is
é 2ù é 3ù é ù
MEP * DISP * N êlbf / in ûú ëêin ûú ëêcycles / min ûú
ë
IP =
é12 * 33, 000ù éin / ft ù é ft - lbf / HP - min ù
êë úû ëê ûú ëê úû

=
(5)(14.7)(706.86)(3000 / 2) = 196.8 horsepower
é12 * 33, 000ù
ëê ûú
b) The brake horsepower, is:
2p * 3000 * 250
BP = = 142.8 horsepower
33, 000
c) Then the friction power is the difference between the indicated and brake power:
FP=196.8 - 142.8=54 horsepower
142.8
d) Mechanical efficiency is hm = = 0.726
196.8
The ambient density is
14.7 * 144
ra = = 0.0794 lbm / ft 3
é53.3 * 500ù
êë úû

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and the mass flow rate of air to the engine is
æ 3000 ö÷
0.85 * 0.0794 * 706.86 * çç ÷
çè 2 ÷÷ø lbm
ma = = 41.4
1728 min
For octane the stoichiometric reaction equation is
C 8H 18 + 12.5O2 + (12.5 ´ 3.76) N 2 = 8CO2 + 9H 2O + (12.5 ´ 3.76) N 2
The fuel-air ratio is then
0.9 * éê(8 * 12) + (18 * 1)ùú
F /A = ë û = 0.0598 lbm - fuel
é12.5 (32 + 3.76 * 28)ù lbm - air
êë ûú
e) Fuel flow rate is
lbm
m f ma (F / A) = 41.4 * 0.0598 = 2.474
min
f) Brake specific fuel consumption is
60m f 60 * 2.474 lb
BSFC = = = 1.04
BHP 142.8 BHP - hr

Problem 2 (1 point): (L.O.3.1)

A three-bladed airscrew is required to propel an aircraft at 120 m/s at sea level, with a rotational
speed of 1250 rpm. The blade element at 1.20 m radius has an absolute incidence of 6 degrees,
and the thrust grading is 2850 N/m per blade. Neglect rotational interference, sectional drag, and
compressibility. Assuming a reasonable value for the sectional lift-curve slope, calculate the
blade chord at 1.20 m radius.

Solution
V=125m/s
r=1.25m
1200rpm => n= 20rps.
dT
 4 rV 2 a 1  a 
dr
2800
 a2 + a =  0.0372
 .(1.226).(1.25).1252
 a= 0.0359.

Bỏ qua lực cản => tanγ = 0 => γ = 0.

V (1  a ) 125[1  0.0359] 0
tan  =   0,8243 =>  =39,5
r 50
V (1  a ) 125[1  0.0359]
VR    203.57 m/s
sin  sin(39.5)
dCl
CL   .  (0.1).6  0.6
d
t  CL .cos(   )  (0.6).cos(39.5)  0.463

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dT 1
 c VR2t
dr 2
2800.2
=>c =  240mm .
(1.226).(203.57) 2 .(0.463)

Problem 3 (3 points):
An aircraft flies at a speed of 250 m/s at an altitude of 5000 m. The engines operate at a
compressor pressure ratio of 8, with a turbine inlet temperature of 1200K. The compressor and
turbine efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.87, respectively, and there is a 4% pressure loss in the
combustion chamber. The inlet total pressure recovery is 0.97, and the engine-mass flow rate is
100 kg/s. Use an engine mechanical efficiency of 0.99 and a fuel heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg.
Assume that the engine has a convergent, isentropic, nozzle flow. Determine
a) (L.O.3.2) Nozzle exit area,
b) (L.O.3.2) Engine thrust,
c) (L.O.3.3) Specific thrust,
d) (L.O.3.3) Fuel flow rate,
e) (L.O.4.1) Thrust specific fuel consumption.

Solution: Turbojet engine

Flight velocity Va 250 m/s

given Altitude 5000 m
Ambient temperature Ta 255.7 K
Ambient pressure Pa 0.5405 Bar
Fuel heating value HV 43100 kJ/kg
Air heat capacity Cpa 1.005 kJ/kg
Air-gas heat capacity ratio Cpa/Cpg 0.8754
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Compressor pressure ratio r 8
Inlet mass flow rate m 100 kg/s
Inlet pressure recovery PR 0.97
Compressor efficiency hc 0.9
Compressor isentropic factor for k= 1.4 (k-1)/k 0.2857
Turbine isentropic efficiecy ht 0.87
Turbine isentropic factor for k= 4/3 (kg-1)/kg 0.25
mechanical efficiency hm 0.99
dp
Combustor fractional pressure loss
p dp/p 0.04
Turbine inlet temperature, C To3= 927 C
Turbine inlet temperature, K To3= 1200 K
Va 2
Toa = Ta +
(2 * C pa * 1000) To1=Toa= 286.79 K
ék /(k -1)ù
æT ö êë úû

Poa = Pa * ççç oa ÷÷÷

çè Ta ÷ø Poa= 0.808 Bar
Po1=Poa*inlet pressure recovery Po1= 0.783 Bar
Po2=r*Po1 Po2= 6.268 Bar
é æ dp ö÷ù
Po 3 = Po 2 * êê1 - çç ÷ú
êë çè p ÷÷øúú
û Po3= 6.017 Bar
(k -1)/k
To 2s = To1 * r To2s= 519.50 K

T02 = T01 +
(T 02s
- T01 )
hc To2= 546.65 K

To 4 = To 3 -
(C pa
/ C pg ) * (To 2 - To1 )
hm To4= 970.22 K

To 4s = To 3 -
(T o3
- To 4 )
ht To4s 935.88 K
æT ö
Po 4 = Po 3 * ççç o 4 ÷÷÷
çèTo 3 ÷ø Po4= 2.23 Bar
Nozzle flow is choked Po4/Pa 4.118
é (k + 1) ù ëê ( )ûú
ék / k -1 ù

Po 4 / Pc = êê ú
ú
êë 2
ûú Po4/Pc 1.85
IFPc>Pa,To4*2/(4/3+1),To4/(Po4/Pa)^(1/4) T5= 831.62 K
IFPc>Pa,SQRT(287*T5*4/3),SQRT(2000(To4-T5)Cpg) V5= 564.11 m/s
IFPo4/Pa>Po4/Pc,Po4/(Po4/Pc),Pa P5= 1.20 Bar
100 * P5
r5 =
(0.287 * T5 ) r5 0.50 kg/m^3
1
A5 / m5 =
(C 5 * r5 ) A5/m5= 0.0035 m^2-s/kg

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é æ ö ù
ê(V -V ) + (P - P ) * çç A5 ÷÷ * 105 ú
ê 5 a 5 a ççè m ÷÷ø ú
êë 5 úû Specific
1000 thrust 0.547 kN-s/kg
Total engine thrust thrust 54.70 kN
C pg (To 3 - To 2 )
F /A =
HV F/A= 0.0174
Fuel flow rate=m*(F/A) mf 1.740 kg/s
TSFC=(F/A)/specific thrust TSFC= 0.032 kg/kN-s
TSFC=3600*(F/A)/specific thrust TSFC= 114.5 kg/kN-hr

Problem 4 (1.5 points):

Consider the performance of the engine analyzed in problem 3 when an afterburner is added.
Assume that heat addition in the afterburner raises the nozzle entrance stagnation temperature to
2000 K, with a 5% stagnation pressure loss in the afterburner. Determine
a) (L.O.4.2) Increase in nozzle exit temperature,
b) (L.O.4.3) Jet velocity,
c) (L.O.5.1) Thrust

Solution: Turbojet analysis with afterburner

(Turbojet engine with after burner)

Flight velocity Va 250 m/s
Altitude 5000 m
Ambient temperature Ta 255.7 K
Ambient pressure Pa 0.5405 Bar
Fuel heating value HV 43100 kJ/kg
Air heat capacity Cpa 1.005 kJ/kg
Air-gas heat capacity ratio Cpa/Cpg 0.8754
Compressor pressure ratio r 8
Inlet mass flow rate m 100 kg/s
Inlet pressure recovery PR 0.97

Compressor efficiency hc 0.9

Compressor isentropic factor (k-1)/k 0.2857

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 Turbine isentropic efficiency ht 0.87
Turbine isentropic factor (kg-1)/kg 0.25

mechanical efficiency hm 0.99

dp
Combustor fractional pressure loss
p dp/p 0.04
Turbine inlet temperature, C To3= 927 C
Turbine inlet temperature, K To3= 1200 K
Va 2
Toa = Ta +
(2 * C pa * 1000) To1=Toa= 286.795 K
ék /(k -1)ù
æT ö êë úû

Poa = Pa * ççç oa ÷÷÷

çè Ta ø÷ Poa= 0.808 Bar
Po1=Poa*inlet pressure recovery Po1= 0.783 Bar
Po2=r*Po1 Po2= 6.268 Bar
é æ dp ö÷ù
Po 3 = Po 2 * êê1 - çç ÷ú
çè p ÷÷øú
êë úû Po3= 6.017 Bar
(k -1)/k
To 2s = To1 * r To2s= 519.50 K

T02 = T01 +
(T 02s
- T01 )
hc To2= 546.65 K

To 4 = To 3 -
(C pa
/ C pg ) * (To 2 - To1 )
hm To4= 970.22 K

To 4s = To 3 -
(T o3
- To 4 )
ht To4s 935.88 K
ék /(k -1)ù
é (k + 1) ù ëê ûú

Po 4 / Pc = êê ú
ú
êë 2 ûú
Po4= 2.226 Bar
fractional pressure loss - given delp 0.05
given afterburner temperature Tob 2000 K
Pob=Po4(1-delp) Pob 2.115 Bar
Nozzle flow is choked Pob/Pa 3.913
Pob/Pc=[(k+1)/2]^[k/(k-1)] Pob/Pc 1.852
IFP5>Pa,To4*2/(4/3+1),To4/(Po4/Pa)^(1/4) T5= 1714.29 K
IFP5>Pa,SQRT(287*T5*4/3),SQRT(2000(To4-
T5)Cpg) V5= 809.93 m/s
IFPob/Pa>Pob/Pc,Pob/(Pob/Pc),Pa P5= 1.142 Bar
100 * P5
r5 =
(0.287 * T ) 5 r5 = 0.232 kg/m^3
1
A5 / m5 =
(C 5 * r5 ) A5/m5= 0.0053 m^2-s/kg
é æ ö ù
ê(V -V ) + (P - P ) * çç A5 ÷÷ * 105 ú
ê 5 a 5 a ÷
ççè m ÷ø ú
ëê 5 ûú Specific
1000 thrust= 0.880 kN-s/kg

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 Total engine thrust thrust 87.99 kN
f/a=Cpg(To3-To2+Tob-To4)/HV
C pg (To 3 - To 2 + Tob - To 4 )
f /a =
HV f/a= 0.0448
Fuel flow rate=m*(f/a) mf 4.483 kg/s
TSFC=(f/a)/specific thrust TSFC= 0.051 kg/kN-s
TSFC=3600*(f/a)/specific thrust TSFC= 183.4 kg/kN-hr

Problem 5 (1.5 points): (L.O.5.2)

The Allison T56 turboprop engine is rated at 4,900 equivalent shaft horsepower at zero velocity
at sea level. Consider an airplane with this engine flying at 500ft/s at sea level. The jet thrust is
260lb, and the propeller efficiency is 0.9. Calculate the equivalent shaft horsepower at this flight
condition.
Solution
V = 500 ft / s
SHP = 4900
T = 260lb
hpr = 0.9
During flight, the equivalent shaft horse power is
TV
ESHP = SHP +
550hpr
260 * 500
= 4900 + = 5163Hp
550 * 0.9

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