66 3.

SOLUTIONS

3.10. Tutorial sheet 10

(1) Let
γ(t) = (a cos t, a sin t, ct).
′ √
Then γ ′ (t) = (−a sin t, a cos t, c) and ∥γ (t)∥ = a2 + c2 . Hence
Z tp p
u(t) = a2 + c2 dt = ( a2 + c2 )t.
0
Thus the arc length parametrization is
     
u u cu
γ̃(u) = a cos √ , a sin √ ,√ .
a2 + c2 a 2 + c2 a2 + c2
(2)
+1 Z +π/4
x2 dx
Z Z
1
=− 2 )2
=− sin2 θ = −π/4 + ,
C1 −1 (1 + x −π/4 2
Z Z +1 Z +π/4
dy
=− 2 )2
=− cos2 θdθ = −π/4 − 1/2,
C2 −1 (1 + y −π/4
Z +1 2
−x2 dx
Z
1
= 2
= −π/4 + ,
C3 −1 (1 + x ) 2
Z +1
−dy
Z
= = −π/4 − 1/2.
C4 −1 (1 + y 2 )2
Hence Z Z Z Z Z
= + + + = −π.
C C1 C2 C3 C4
(3) A parametrization of C is
γ(t) = (cos t, sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Also,
∇(x2 − y 2 ) = (2x, −2y).
Thus I Z 2π
∇(x2 − y 2 ) · ds = (2 cos t, −2 sin t) · (− sin t, cos t)dt
C 0
Z 2π
= (−2 sin 2t)dt = 0.
0
(4) Parameterize C as
γ(t) = (t, t3 )
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2. Then γ ′ (t) = (1, 3t2 ). Since ∇(x2 − y 2 ) = (2t, −2t3 ),
Z Z 2
∇(x2 − y 2 ) · ds = (2t − 6t5 )dt = 4 − 64 = −60.
C 0
(5) The required integral is
Z Z Z Z
dx + dy dx + dy dx + dy dx + dy
= + + + .
C1 |x| + |y| C2 |x| + |y| C3 |x| + |y| C4 |x| + |y|
Along C1 : x + y = 1 and |x| + |y| = x + y = 1. Thus
Z Z 0 Z 0
dx + dy
= dx − dx = 0.
C1 |x| + |y| 1 1
 3.10. TUTORIAL SHEET 10 67

Along C2 : −x + y = 1 and |x| + |y| = −x + y = 1. Thus

Z Z −1 Z −1
dx + dy
= dx + dx = −2.
C2 |x| + |y| 0 0

Along C3 : x + y = −1 and |x| + |y| = −x − y = 1. Thus

Z Z 0 Z 0
dx + dy
= dx − dx = 0.
C3 |x| + |y| −1 −1

Along C4 : x − y = 1 and |x| + |y| = x − y = 1. Thus

Z Z 1 Z 1
dx + dy
= dx + dx = 2.
C4 |x| + |y| 0 0

Hence
Z
dx + dy
= 2 − 2 = 0.
C |x| + |y|

(6) The work done W is

Z
xydx + x6 y 2 dy
R
F · ds = C
C
R1 R1
= 0
axb+1 dx + 0
(a2 x2b+6 )(abxb−1 )dx
a a3 b
= b+2 + 3b+6
 
a a2 b
= b+2 1+ 3
 
3+a2 b
=a 3(b+2) .

q
(b+2)a2 −(3+a2 b)
This will be independent of b iff dW
db = 0 iff 0 = (b+2)2 iff a = 3
2 (as a>
0).
(7) First we observe that the cylinder is given by

 a 2 a2
x− + y2 = .
2 4

From the equations of the sphere and the cylinder we have that, on the intersec-
tion C,

z 2 = a2 − ax.

Noting the requirement z ≥ 0, a parametrization of C is given by

a a a θ
x= + cos θ, y= sin θ, z = a sin ; 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
2 2 2 2
 68 3. SOLUTIONS

Then
Z Z 2π  2 
a a θ a
F · ds = [ sin2 θ (− sin θ) + (a2 sin2 )( cos θ)
C 0 4 2 2 2
 2
a2 a2

a a θ
+ + cos2 θ + cos θ ( cos )]dθ
4 4 2 2 2
2π
a3 a3 a3 θ a3
Z
θ θ
= [− sin3 θ + sin2 cos θ + cos + cos2 θ cos
0 8 2 2 8 2 8 2
a3 θ
+ cos θ cos ]dθ
4 2
πa3
= − .
4
∂P ∂Q
(8) = 3x, = 3x2 y where (P, Q) = F. Now
∂y ∂x
∂P ∂Q
= iff 3x = 3x2 y
∂y ∂x
iff either x = 0 or xy = 1.
Since the sets {(x, y)|x = 0}, {(x, y)|xy = 1} are not open, F (x, y) is not the
gradient of a scalar field on any open subset of R2 .

(9)
∂P y 2 − x2 ∂Q
= = on R2 \ {(0, 0)}.
∂y (x2 + y 2 )2 ∂x
However, F ̸= ∇f for any f . Indeed, let C to be the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1,
oriented anticlockwise. Then one has
I Z 2π
F · ds = (− sin t, cos t) · (− sin t, cos t)dt
C 0
= 2π ̸= 0
(10) Suppose F = ∇ϕ for some ϕ.
Then
∂ϕ
= 2xy + z 3 ⇒ ϕ(x, y, z) = x2 y + z 3 x + f (y, z)
∂x
for some f (y, z). Assuming f has partial derivatives, we get
∂ϕ ∂f
= x2 + = x2
∂y ∂y
∂f
so that = 0
∂y
and f (y, z) depends only on z
∂ϕ
Let f (y, z) = g(z). Then ϕ(x, y, z) = x2 y + z 3 x + g(z) ⇒ = 3z 2 x + g ′ (z) =
∂z
3z 2 x ⇒ g ′ (z) = 0. Let us select g(z) = 0. It can be checked that ϕ(x, y, z) =
x2 y + z 3 x satisfies ∇ϕ = F.
Hence
I
F · ds = 0
C
 3.10. TUTORIAL SHEET 10 69

for every smooth closed curve C.

(11) F (x, y, z) = f (r)r = (f (r)x, f (r)y, f (r)z). Since

r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 ,
∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
= , = , = .
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
If F is to be ∇ϕ for some ϕ, then we must have ϕx = f (r)x, ϕy = f (r)y, ϕz =
f (r)z; that is,
x ∂r
ϕx = xf (r) = rf (r) = rf (r),
r ∂x
y ∂r
ϕy = yf (r) = rf (r) = rf (r),
r ∂y
z ∂r
ϕz = zf (r) = rf (r) = rf (r).
r ∂z
Z r
Now it can be seen that ϕ(x, y, z) = tf (t)dt, with some t0 fixed, satisfies all
t0
the desired equations.