Potential Application of Processed
Product Pesticide Residue Data to
IESTI Process
IESTI In-Session Working Group
Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
Haikou, China
April 9 – 14, 2018
John J. Johnston, PhD MBA
US CCPR Alternate Delegate 1
IESTI
International Estimate of Short-Term Intake
(Acute Dietary Pesticide Exposure)
2
IESTI EWG
Terms of Reference iii
• To gather relevant information on
bulking and blending, as well as other
information or data as outlined in Table
3 Appendix 2 of CX/PR 17/49/12 in
order to feed into the risk assessors
work through the JMPR Secretariat.
3
IESTI EWG
Terms of Reference iii
Status:
• The work was not completed.
• No data on bulking and blending
practices have been provided to date.
• EWG members have requested more
information on the type of data that is
being called for.
4
Presentation Objectives
• Demonstrate potential application of
Processed Product Pesticide Residue Data
to the development and validation of IESTI
equation parameters
– Emphasis on case 3 for bulked and
blended products
5
Presentation Format
• Provide an overview of the current uses
of STMR and HR in the IESTI equations
• Share illustrative examples of bulking
and blending in oranges/orange juice and
wheat/wheat flour, using real-world
monitoring data
6
Current uses of STMR and HR in
the IESTI equations
7
IESTI Equations
Case 1
Unit Weight (URAC) < 25g
Example: Green Beans
Case 2a
Unit Weight (URAC) > 25g
Edible Portion (Ue) < Large Portion
Example: Oranges
Case 2b
Unit Weight (URAC) > 25g
Edible Portion (Ue) > Large Portion
Example: Watermelon
Case 3
Bulked/Blended Commodity
Example: Orange Juice
8
IESTI Equations
Estimate of Acute Pesticide Intake (Exposure)
Intake = Pesticide Concentration X Consumption
Intake = (µg pesticide/gram commodity) X (gram commodity/kgbw)
Intake = (µg pesticide/gram commodity) X (gram commodity/kgbw)
Intake = (µg pesticide/kgbw) per day
9
IESTI Equations
Estimate of Acute Pesticide Intake (Exposure)
Intake = Pesticide Concentration X Consumption
Intake = (µg pesticide/gram commodity) X (gram commodity/kgbw)
Intake = (µg pesticide/gram commodity) X (gram commodity/kgbw)
Intake = (µg pesticide/kgbw) per day
10
Supervised Field Trials
11
12
HR & STMR
HR
STMR
13
IESTI for an Orange
Use the HR
IESTI = (Ue x HR) x v) + ((LP – Ue) x HR)
bw 14
IESTI for Bulked or Blended Commodities
IESTI = (LP x STMR-P)
bw
15
IESTI for Orange Juice
STMR
16
IESTI for Orange Juice
STMR
STMR-P
STMR-P =
STMR X Processing Factor Peel, Pulp 17
IESTI for Orange Juice
STMR
STMR-P
IESTI = (LP x STMR-P)
bw Peel, Pulp 18
Illustrative example of bulking and
blending in oranges and orange juice,
using real-world monitoring data
19
Bulking and Blending in Practice: Orange Juice
Farm Harvest Cleaning and
Sorting
Filling and
Packaging Pasteurization Extraction
20
Pesticide Residue Farm ≠ Pesticide Residue Processed Product
Production and Processing Distribution
Harvest
Consumption Handling/Preparation Retail Marketing
21
Pesticide Residue Farm ≠ Pesticide Residue Processed Product
USDA’s Pesticide Data Distribution
Program (PDP) measures
residues from samples
collected at distribution and
retail centers.
These pesticide Retail Marketing
concentrations are better for
estimating exposure than
concentrations on raw
commodities at the time of
harvest. 22
Pesticide Residue Farm ≠ Pesticide Residue Processed Product
Processing
PDP monitoring data can provide valuable
insights in to how residue concentrations may
be substantially changed under real-world
conditions, particularly during processing.
23
USDA PDP Data for Oranges
Distribution
• Oranges collected at distribution
and/or retail centers in 2009,
2010, 2015, 2016.
• 81 compounds were identified as
having Codex MRLs established
for oranges/citrus.
Retail Marketing
• PDP tested for 58 of those 81
compounds in oranges.
• Only 16 of the 58 compounds had
reported positive residue
detections in oranges.
24
USDA PDP monitoring data show
that the vast majority of oranges
have no detectable pesticide
residues.
25
Where detected, measured
residues are well below
established Codex MRLs.
MRL
26
USDA PDP Data for Orange Juice
• Orange juice collected at Distribution
distribution and/or retail centers in
2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2011,
2012.
• 81 compounds were identified as
having Codex MRLs established
for oranges/citrus.
Retail Marketing
• PDP tested for 51 of those 81
compounds in oranges.
• Only 10 of the 51 compounds had
reported positive residue
detections in orange juice.
27
Estimate of Pesticide Intake (Exposure)
USDA PDP monitoring data show
Intake = Concentration X Consumption
that residues in orange juice are
considerably lower than residues
Intake = (µg pesticide/gram orange juice)
measured X (gram
in raw orange
oranges, and juice/kg
well bw)
below established Codex MRLs.
28
MRL
Pesticide residues in orange juice are
significantly less than the Codex MRLs.
29
STMR-P
99.9% 0.1%
30
STMRoranges
STMR-Porange
juice
In this case, using the STMR
would overestimate the pesticide
concentration in orange juice.
31
STMRoranges
STMR-Porange
juice
MRLoranges
In this case, using the MRL would
grossly overestimate pesticide
concentration in orange juice.
32
Illustrative example of bulking and
blending in wheat and wheat flour,
using real-world monitoring data
33
Bulking and Blending in Practice: Wheat and Wheat Flour
Farm Elevator Processing
Weighing, Grading, Cleaning,
Blending, and Storage
Domestic Production Milling
Harvest Animal Feed
Exports Imports
34
USDA PDP Data for Wheat
• Wheat grain collected in
2005, 2006, 2012.
• 92 compounds were
identified as having Codex
MRLs established
wheat/cereal grains.
• PDP tested for 35 of those 92
compounds in wheat.
• 15 of the 35 compounds had
reported positive residue
detections in wheat.
35
(Note: Percent of mean detection to MRL (NDs = ½ LOD)
Codex MRL = 0.01 mg/kg, U.S. tolerance = 0.1 mg/kg
36
USDA PDP Data for Wheat Flour
• Wheat flour collected in 2003,
2004, 2005.
• 92 compounds were identified as
having Codex MRLs established
cereal grains.
• PDP tested for 24 of those 92
compounds in wheat flour.
• 5 of the 24 compounds had
reported positive residue
detections in wheat flour.
• No detections exceeded Codex
MRL.
37
38
39
40
USDA PDP monitoring data show
that residues in wheat flour are
considerably lower than residues
measured in wheat grain, and well
below established Codex MRLs.
41
Summary
42
IESTI Equations
Case 1
Unit Weight (URAC) < 25g
Example: Green Beans
Case 2a
Unit Weight (URAC) > 25g
Edible Portion (Ue) < Large Portion
Example: Oranges
Case 2b
Unit Weight (URAC) > 25g
Edible Portion (Ue) > Large Portion
Example: Watermelon
Case 3
Bulked/Blended Commodity
Example: Orange Juice
43
Pesticide Residue Farm ≠ Pesticide Residue Processed Product
Production and Processing Distribution
Harvest
Consumption Handling/Preparation Retail Marketing
44
45
IESTI for Bulked or Blended Commodities
IESTI = (LP x (STMR X PF)
bw
IESTI = (LP x STMR-P)
bw
46
Conclusions
• Bulking and blending will likely result in changes in the
magnitude pesticide concentration.
– The variability of pesticide residues will decrease during bulking
and blending.
• The STMR-P appears to be an appropriate estimator of
pesticide concentration in bulked and blended products.
• The changes in pesticide residues from pre-processing to
post-processing indicate the direction and magnitude of the
processing impact on pesticide concentrations.
• Finished product pesticide residue monitoring data may
provide an excellent means to validate the pesticide
concentration variables used in the IESTI equations.
• The USDA Pesticide Data Program is a potentially valuable
resource for the IESTI process 47
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Diana Haynes, Dawn Fey, and Roger
Fry of USDA’s Pesticide Data Program.
For more information visit:
[Link]
Much appreciation to my Ms. Julie Chao for
intellectual and graphics support
48
Discussion
• Are there sources of processed product pesticide
residue data other than USDA Pesticide Data
Program?
• How can stakeholders support efforts to collect
information on bulking and blending?
• Are there other data sources available for “real
world information” that can be used to inform
future work related to TOR iii?
• Are there other potential CCPR applications for
processed product pesticide residue data?
49
Thank You
Muchas Gracias
Merci Beaucoup
For more information:
[Link]@[Link]
50