HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION

2
“HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION”

MR. PATRICK CABRERA, RCRIM

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POLITICAL CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The purpose of the course is to develop a concrete understanding of

human rights principles and the field of human rights education.
Students will also:

1. Understand the complex relationships among globalization, human

rights and education;
2. Examine debates such as those surrounding cultural relativism vis-à-
vis universal rights;
3. Discuss issues of provision, enforcement, and multiple meanings with
regards to the right to education and human rights education.
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Political Conceptions of Human Rights

A political conception of human rights offers an account
of what human rights are—or at least of what
contemporary human rights are at the national and
international levels. Advocates of political conceptions
of human rights are often agnostic about universal
moral rights while rejecting moral skepticism and
thinking possible the provision of sound normative
justifications for the content, normativity, and roles of
human rights.
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Political Conceptions of Human Rights

John Rawls
He introduced the idea of a political
conception of human rights in his book
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The Law of Peoples (Rawls 1999)

The basic idea is that we can understand
what human rights are and what their
justification requires by identifying the main
roles they play in some political sphere. In The
Law of Peoples this sphere is international
relations (and, secondarily, national politics).
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Theory of Justice (Rawls 1971)

He ask about the terms of cooperation that free and equal peoples
or countries would agree to under fair conditions. he imagine
representatives of the world's countries meeting to choose the
normative principles that constitute the basic international
structure. These representatives are imagined to see the
countries they represent as free (rightfully independent) and equal
(equally worthy of respect and fair treatment). These
representatives are also imagined to be choosing rationally in light
of the fundamental interests of their country, to be reasonable in
seeking to find and respect fair terms of cooperation, and impartial
because they are behind a “Veil of ignorance”
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“Veil of ignorance”

they lack information about the country they

represent such as its size, wealth, and power.
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Rawls advocated a modest list of human right

One that leaves out many fundamental freedoms, rights of
political participation, and equality rights. He did this for
two reasons.

a.) One is that he wanted a list that is not parochial to the

liberal democracies and that countries around the world
would find attractive.

b.)Second reason is that he viewed serious violations of

human rights as triggers of the permissibility of various
kinds of intervention by other countries, and only the most
important rights can play this role.
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Charles Beitz's
The focus is not on what human rights are at some deep
philosophical level; it is rather on how they work by guiding
actions within a recently emerged and still evolving
discursive practice. The norms of the practice guide the
interpretation and application of human rights, the
appropriateness of criticism in terms of human rights,
adjudication in human rights courts, and—perhaps most
importantly—responding to serious violations of human
rights.
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Beitz says that human rights are “matters of

international concern” and that they are
“potential triggers of transnational protective
and remedial action.”
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Civil and Political Right

CIVIL RIGHTS
are the rights of each person to exist in a society without
facing unfair treatment or discrimination; they ensure equal
social opportunities and equal protection under the law –
regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other
characteristic
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Civil and Political Right

Political rights
allow individuals to participate freely in the political system.
This includes voting and holding public office.
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Civil and Political Right

These rights are familiar from historic bills of rights such as
the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
(1789) and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791, with subsequent
amendments). Contemporary sources include the first 21
Articles of the Universal Declaration, and such treaties as
the European Convention, the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on
Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and
People's Rights. Some representative formulations follow:
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1.) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression.

2.)Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of

association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions
for the protection of his interests (European Convention, Article 11).

3.) Every citizen shall have the right to participate freely in the government of
his country, either directly or through freely chosen representatives in
accordance with the provisions of the law.

4.) Every citizen shall have the right of equal access to the public service of
his country

5.) Every individual shall have the right of access to public property and
services in strict equality of all persons before the law (African Charter,
Article 13).
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Most civil and political rights are not

absolute—they can in some cases be
overridden by other considerations
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Rights of Women, Minorities, and Groups

Equality of rights for historically
disadvantaged or subordinated groups is
a longstanding concern of the human
rights movement. Human rights
documents repeatedly emphasize that all
people, including women and members
of minority ethnic and religious groups,
have equal human rights and should be
able to enjoy them without
discrimination
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The Civil and Political Covenant,

According to “International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights” (ICCR) Each State Party to the present Covenant
undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within
its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights
recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of
any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national or social origin, property,
birth or other status.
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Feminists have often protested that standard lists of human

rights do not sufficiently take into account the different risks
faced by women and men.
issues like domestic violence, reproductive choice, and trafficking of
women and girls for sex work did not have a prominent place in
early human rights documents and treaties. Lists of human rights
have had to be expanded “to include the degradation and violation
of women” (Bunch 2006, 58; see also Lockwood 2006).

Violations of women's human rights often occur in the home at the

hands of other family members, not in the street at the hands of the
police.
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Minority groups
They are often targets of violence. Human rights norms call
upon governments to refrain from such violence and to provide
protections against it. This work is partly done by the right to life,
which is a standard individual right. It is also done by the right
against genocide which protects groups from attempts to destroy
or decimate them
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The Genocide Convention was one of the first human rights

treaties after World War II. The right against genocide seems
to be a group right. It is held by both individuals and groups
and provides protection to groups as groups. It is largely
negative in the sense that it requires governments and other
agencies to refrain from destroying groups; but it also requires
that legal and other protections against genocide be created at
the national level.
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SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION 2 WITH
SIMULATION TO INTERROGATION AND
INTERVIEW

“The only One who can define

yourself is you”