CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Machinery is a imortant part of construction industry.

Transportation of heavy materials is done by machinery on construction
[Link] project planner or the engineer decides the right machine to the job
which will save time & money.

• Planning & Selection of construction equipment

Basically there are two aspects for the selection of construction equipments in a
project.
The first aspect deals with the type, size and other particulars of the
equipment and the second aspect whether it is to be purchased, hired or to be
procured under hire cum purchase agreement.
Planning is very important for selecting the right kind of equipment. While
selecting construction equipment things comes under consideration are type of
work and various types of equipments that can be used for the work, various
equipments are available in the market, capacity and cost of the equipment,
probable life of the equipments, equipment which has minimum maintenance,
standardization and minimum inventory cost.

The following factors must be taken into account before having a final
choice
• Existing equipments
• Availability of the equipments

• Standard equipments.

• Operating cost.

• Indigenous equipment

• Obsolescence.

• Economic life.

• Cost benefits analysis

• Suitability of equipment for future.

• Study of site condition

• Size of equipment

• Scope of work to be carried out, apart from the evaluation of the quantities
of various items of work and the time frame within which the work is
required to be carried out, the specification for work will have a bearing on
the selection of the equipment. The equipments already available may not
suit for the project being evaluated.

• The money spend on purchase of construction equipment shall be treated

as an investment which is expected to recover with profits during the
useful life of the equipment. The equipment must pay for itself. Thus it is
prudent to think of investing in equipment only when it can be established
in advance that the equipment will earn more than the cost.

• Following is the classification of Construction Equipments

 EARTHWORK CONCRETING MATERIAL SPECIAL SUPPORT &
EQUIPMENT PLANT HOISTING PURPOSE HEAVY UTILITY
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENTS CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
PLANT & EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
Earth cutting & Production Hoists Aggregate Pumping &
Moving Equipment production Dewatering
equipment: equipment Equipment

Bulldozers, Batching plants, Fixed,Mobile, Crushing Plant,

Scrapers, Concrete Mixers Fork lifts Rock blasting
Front load loaders, equipment,
Motor Graders Screening Plants

Excavation & Transportation Mobile Cranes Concerte paving Pipe laying

lifting equipment: Equipment equipment equipment

Backhoes , Power Truck Mixers, Crawler mounted, Concrete paver

Showels , Concrete Dumpers self propelled finishers
Draglines , rubber tyred,
Clamshells Truck Mounted

Loading Placing equipment Tower Cranes Pile driving Generators

equipment Equipment

Loaders, shovels, Concrete pumps, Stationary, Pile Driving

excavator Conveyors, Travelling type hammers
Hoists,Grouting
Equipment
Transportation Concrete Asphalt mix Welding
Equipment Vibrating production & equipment
equipment placement
equipment

Tippers,Dump Needle Vibrator, Asphalt Plants &

Trucks,Scrapper, Plate Compactor Asphalt pavers
Conveyors

Compaction Tunneling
equipment Equipment

Tamping foot Drill Jumbos,Muck

rollers,Smooth hauling
wheel rollers, equipment,Rock
pneumatic bolters,Tunnel
rollers,Vibratory boring Machines
Rollers,Plate
Compactors
 EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT

• Production equipment
• Equipement used for digging & moving
• Service Equipment
• Dozer & Motor Girder

TRACTORS

Main components of tractor are

Engine,
Clutch,
transmission system,
Ground drive & controls.
TRACTORS :- Tractors which change the engine energy into
tractive energy. It is used for pull or push the [Link] are used as
cleaning, excavating, hauling & conveying machinery.
• It is multipurpose machine.
• It is used for short haulage work

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF TRACTORS

• 1)The size required for the given job.
• 2)The type or kind of job for which the tractor is to be used as pulling or
bulldozing, scraper or ripper or as pulling wagon etc.
• 3)The type of footing over which it will travel as wheeled or crawler unit
low or high tractive power unit
• 4)The smoothness & firmness of the haul road
 • 5)The slope of haul road & the length of haul
• 6)The type of work to be done after the completion of this job.

• TYPES OF TRACTOR
• Crawler or Tyre type
• Rubber tyred or wheel tired

WHEEL TRACTOR CRAWLER TRACTOR

CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
WHEEL UNITS CRAWLER UNITS
1) These can travel faster 1)These are more compact
advantageous for long distances & [Link] can handle
where high speeds are required heavier jobs.
2) Used for light work 2)Used for heavy duty work
where more tractive power is
required
3) speedy jobs 3)Speed of movement is required
 is less
5) These are less costly 5)It has large number of [Link]
wear & tear of these parts
increase the operating cost of
crawler tractor.
6) These have wheel 6)These have stick control for
Steering control & can be steering & need greater skill in
measured easily. Operation.
7) These can move on 7)If these are moved on pavement
tarred roads with speed with & tarred roads will damage them
out any damage the road unless lifted with special shoes
or device.
8) These can be self driven 8)Transportation over long distances
driven over long distances. is done on trailers due to their
low speed of travelling & to avoid
excessive load over the tracks.
9) These are liable to slip over 9)These can pass over smooth &
Smooth loose spots when loose spots as it moves on its own
increased power to be applied tracks & the grousers on the tracks
to the wheels. have a better grip on the road.
10) These tractors need less 10)It requires more skill in
maintenance & repair also operation & also need more
Need less skill to drive. maintenance.
RIM PULL :- It is the force between the types of the driving wheels of the
tractor & the surface on which the tractor travels is called Rim pull. It can be
calculated by the following
RIM PULL (F.P.S) = 375 X efficiency x h.p. of tractor
Speed in miles per hour
In MKS = 268.5 x efficiency x metric h.p.
Speed in kmph.

DOZER

Dozers is a most important machine on construction projects & are pushing

units. Dozer is a tractive power unit which has a blade attached to the front of
the Machine, the amount of material that a dozer can move depends on the
quantity of material that will remain infront of the blade during the push.
Dozers are classified on the basis of running gears are classified as
[Link] dozers [Link] Dozers.
Crawler dozers are excellent machines for land clearance as special clearinng
blades are attached.
SPECIFICATION OF DOZER
1) Size of a dozer for a given job.

2) The type of work expected from dozer.

3)The type & condition of haul road.

4) Gradient of haul road.
5) Distance to be moved.
6)Type of work expected to be taken from the equipment.

Universal Blade Cushion blade

Landfill Blade

V Blade
 Raking Blade

Cushion Blade
TYPES OF BLADES USED ON DOZERS

TYPES OF BLADES USED ON DOZERS

Straight Blades,Angle blades, Universal Blades, Semiuniversal Blades, Cushion
blades
• Straight or S- blade :-This blade has no curvature in their length
mounted in fixed position & is small in size hence used for penetration of
 [Link] versatility increases because of addition of tilt cylinder & can
move heavy materials efficiently.
• Angle Blade:- This blade is mounted Straight or angled on either side. It is
designed to move material towards the sides of cut as required in road
construction, back filling or cutting ditches.
• Universal U blade:-This blade is selected for moving large amount of
materials over long distances & are used for stockpile work, trapping for
loaders & land reclamation.
• Landfill Blade :- It is curved so impart rolling motion to the material & is
pushed, thus reduces horsepower demand. There is screen mounted on the
top of the blade offers good visibility & protects the radiator.
• Clearing Blade :- This blade is used for clearing operations & for cutting
tree, cutting drainage ditches.
• V- blade :- The two cutting edges are form a ‘V’ sharp [Link] is used for
cutting stumps, bushes.
• Rake :- It is used for land clearing operation e.g. cutting trees, removing
vegetation.
• Cushion blade :- These are used for push loading scrappers. The C blade
is shorter than S blade to avoid pushing the blade into & cutting the rear
tires Of the scrapper while push [Link] shorter length facilitates
maneuvering into position behind the scrappers.
• Semi -Universal blade :-It has littile curve & has side wings due to which
reduce spillage thus improves carrying [Link] is not as wide as U
blade,At the lower back portion of the blade with angled stabilizing braces
S U blade is attached to the [Link] penetration is achieved by
the angled Braces & allow greater versaltality of the blade’s
[Link] type of blades are attached to the bulldozer when soft to
medium sand & soil are to be pushed also used in application such as
backfilling, ditching,stripping, stumping,levelling, crowning
CRAWLER MOUNTED DOZER WHEEL MOUNTED DOZER

CRAWLER DOZERS
Crawlers have continous track or linked shoes that moves in the horizontal
plane across fixed rollers. At the rear of machine,the track passes over a
vertically mounted sprocket (It is a wheel having row of teeth around it). As
the sprocket turns it forces the track forward or backward imparting motion to
the [Link] the front of the machine, the track passes over vertically mounted
idler wheel (It only transmit rotation) which is connected to a recoil device
having adjustable tension.& maintains the proper tension in the track &
enables it to absorb heavy [Link] linked shoes are made of heat treated
steel designed to resists the wear & abrasion.
The ground pressure exerted is about 21 to 28 x 103 Pascal & these machines
are not used for hard & rocky conditions.
It can operate upto 450 slope.

WHEEL MOUNTED DOZERS

This machine is mounted on wider tyres as per requirement which provide
greater contact area & increase movement. Larger tyres reduce the rim pull
developed.
[Link] CRAWLER MOUNTED DOZER WHEEL MOUNTED DOZER

1 It delivers greater tractive effort especially in soft It provides higher travel speed from 13 to 42

grounds as Loose Or muddy soil Kmph on the job or from one job to another job.

2 It has capacity to travel over muddy surfaces. It can It eliminates the necessity of hauling

work On muddy surfaces. It can work on variety of equipment required to transport the dozer to the job

Soils

3 It has the ability to operate in rocky formation, where Greater out put, especially when considerable travel

Rubber tires might be damaged seriously is necessary

4 It has the ability to travel on rough surface, which Less fatigue to operator. It is good for long travel

may reduce the cost of maintaning the hauling roads. distances.

5 Greater floatation due to lower pressure under the track It can travel on paved highways without damaging

.It is good for short distance jobs. the surface.

6 Greater use on versatility jobs i.e greater use on different types It is best for handling loose soils.

Of jobs

7 Can push large blade loads. It can push moderate blade load

8 Its speed is low about 8 to 16 kmph

USE OF DOZER ON A PROJECT:-
Stripping :- The removal of a thin layer of top soil is known as [Link]
dozers have been found economical for moving the material upto about 100 m
(300 ft).The economical push distance decreases as the size of the dozer
decreases. Also economical push distance depends on the nature of the push
material.
Side hill:-It is difficult to develop initial table for excavation made on steep
ground. Excavated material from such a cut usually is pushed over the side of
the [Link] first pushes are made perpendicular to the long direction of the
[Link] from higher side, short passes are made to push the material across
the central line & over the [Link] perpendicular passes being short, the dozer
usually is not able to a full blade [Link] a bench is developed the dozer starts
pushing in the long direction of the work developing a full blade load.(should be
started from top & then worked downward)
Ditching :- Ditching by dozer can be done in very rough ditches, the machine
pushes the material out of the cut by working perpendicular to the line of the
[Link] shallow ditches usually are cut with a motor grader.
Back Filling :- A dozer can efficiently accoplish the work of back filling by
drifting material side ways with angle blade.
Spreading :- It is the common task of [Link] spreading is achieved by
keeping the blade of the dozer straight & at the desired height above the
previously fill [Link] uniform spreading can be achieved in two passes of
the dozer over the dumped area. The second pass should be made at right angle
to the first.
Slot Dozing :-Side walls hold the material infront of the dozer blade on
subsequent [Link] increase the production this method is [Link] increase in
the production depends on the slope of the push & nature of material to be
pushed.
To move rocks or frozen ground:- Rocks or frozen ground can be moved by
dozers. This can be achieved by lifting the corner of the [Link] maximize the
driving force of the blade, hook only the tilted end under the rock or ground.
Once the blade is in contact underside or beneath the rock & the dozer is driving
forward the operator should lift the blade to split or remove up the rock.
USES OF DOZERS
1. Spreading earth or rock fill

2. Back filling trenches.

3. Cleaning construction sites of debris.

4. Maintaining haul roads.

5. Clearing the land of timber & stumps.

6. Helping Load tractor pulled scrapers.

7. Opening up pilot roads through mountains & rocky terrain.

8. Moving earth for haul distances upto approximately 100m.

[Link] the floor of borrow & quarry pits.

RIPPER
 RIPPER
Ripper is relatively narrow implement. It penetrates into the earth & is pulled
to loosen & split the hard [Link] rocks, or old pavements etc. Heavy
ripping is accomplished by crawler dozers equipped with a rear mounted rippers.
Power & tractive force is available from such machines. For light duty works
motor graders can also be equipped with rippers.
The rippability of rocks depends on type of rock & its density.
Igneous rocks are difficult to rip than sedimentary rock, as they don’t have
cleavage planes & stratification. Sedimentary rocks are layered structure so are
easy to rip where as metamorphic rocks can be ripped depending on the degree
of cleavage.

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF RIPPER

1. Size required for a given job.

2. Kind of job for which it will be used.

[Link] of haul road

4. Slope of haul road.
[Link] of haul road
6. Type of footing over which it travel or its require high or low tractive
efficiency.
CLASSIFICATION OF RIPPER
These are of towered units, Integrated units, Backripper,

TOWERED UNITS INTEGRATED UNITS

1)Cable operated 1)Hydraulically operated
2)Compact & efficient unit
3)Hard to move 3)Easy to move
 Types of Integrated Units
1)Hinge or parallel
2)Backripper

CLASSIFICATION OF RIPPER

1) Fixed Multiple Shank Ripper2)Variable Multiple shank Ripper3) Fixed Giant Ripper 4)Varible Giant Ripper

(For simple ripping) (Where there are many boulders

Angle can be changed according

To ground condition)

Hinged Ripper & Parallellogram Ripper Parallellogram Ripper

Vibratory Ripper
 MAINTENANCE & REPAIR COST
The repair & maintenace cost includes the cost of replacement
parts,labour charges & the cost of setting up & operating facilities
to carry out major Repair & maintenance operation.
The repair & maintenance cost varies from one year to another over
the Service Life of equipment, however it increases with age of
equipment.
The annual repair & maintenace cost can be calculated as a percentage
of annual depreciation cost of the equipment.
USES OF RIPPER
Excavation for foundation.
Removing deposits of clay & gravel
It is used for excavation of drain pipes.
It is useful in cutting roads in hills,
It is used for cutting dithes.
 SCRAPPER

SCRAPER
A scraper is a digging & carrying device which picks up its own load
through scraping the ground, transports it to the required site & after
discharging & spreading the load. Scraping means removing soil in
layers of small thickness. The digging, hauling & finishing operations
are accomplished with one [Link] has great utility in hauling gravel
& reclaiming [Link] is unique machine for excavating & long disatnce
hauling of plowable materials. It cannot be used for small jobs as it
requires large area.
Advantage of scraper over the other machines is that digging & loading
are done [Link] is to be used on hard soils.
 SCRAPERS ARE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO RUNNING

CRAWLER TRACTOR SCRAPER WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPER

ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF LOADING

PUSHER LOADED SELF LOADING

1)SINGLE POWERED AXLE 1) PUSH PULL TANDOM AXLE
2) TANDOM POWERED AXLE 2)ELEVATING
3) AUGER
TYPES OF SCRAPER
1)CRAWLER TRACTOR SCRAPER 2)WHEELED TIRED TRACTOR
SCRAPPER 3) PUSHER LOADED SCRAPER 4) PUSH PULL SCRAPPER
5)ELEVATING SCRAPPER 6) AUGER SCRAPER

1)CRAWLER TRACTOR SCRAPER

It consists of linked shoes that moves in the plane across the fixed rollers. At the
rear of the machine the track passes over a vertically mounted sprocket drive
wheel. As the sprocket turns, It forces the track forward or backward, imparting
motion to the machine. In front of the machine the track passes over a vertically
mounted idler wheel, that is connected to a recoil device having adjustable
[Link] idler wheel maintains in the track & enables it to absorb heavy
[Link] linked shoes are made of steel & designed to resist wear & abrasion
etc. These are effective for short haul situations.
Wheeled tired tractor :-These move earth economically for long haul
[Link] cannot carry for long haul distance at high speed about 50
kmph.
PUSHER LOADED SCRAPER

PUSHER –LOADED SCRAPER

1) They travel with high speed on favourable haul roads.
2) They attain speed upto 54 kmph when fully loaded.
3) It has high speed haulage.
4) It provide less tractive effort while loading on units because of which
the use of it is uneconomical.
5) Coefficient for rubber tires is less than tracks hence the supplement
the loading power of these scrapers is [Link] loading power
is crawler tractor [Link] pusher provide Operating up a week
or a job.
Working in extremly adverse grades.
For working in soft soils.
The single powered axle pusher loaded wheel tractor scrappers have
been uneconomical under following situations.
1) If haul grades are greater than 5%
 2) If return grades are greater than 12 %
PUSH PULL SCRAPPER

PUSH PULL SCRAPER

In this case two scrapers work together in loading [Link]
machines are basically powered axel units
Following are the features
1. A cushioned push block hail mounted on the front.
2. A hook on the rear above the usual back push block.
3. These features enables the two scrappers (push & pull scrappers)
to assist each other during load operation by hooking together, The
trailing scrapper pulls the lead or front scrapper to assist in
[Link] this manner the two scrapper work with out the
assistance from a push [Link] can also work individually
with the help of pusher. When these scrapers are used in abrasive
or materials or rocks, they will suffer more tier wear due to more
slippage than four wheel drive action.
 ELEVATING SCRAPPER

ELEVATING SCRAPPERS
This is a totally self contained loading & hauling [Link] this
scrapper a chain elevator serves as the loading [Link]
scrappers are found economical in short haul situation, where the ratio
of load time to load time is [Link] scrapers are used for utility work
as dressing up behind high production spreads or shifting materials
during fine grading operations. They are good for small quantity
works. A no pusher is required in these scrappers, problems of
mismatch between the pusher & the number of scrappers does not arise.
DISADVANTAGES
1) Due to elevation mechanism, they can not be used to handle rocks
or materials having rocks.
2) The weight of elevator loading assembly is a dead weight during
the haul cylcle of the scrapper.
 AUGER SCRAPPER

AUGUR SCRAPPERS
Scrappers are totally self contained in loading & [Link]
scrappers can self load in difficult conditions such as in granular
materials or laminated or stratified rocks.
In the center of the bowl an independent hydrostatic system that powers
the scrapper.
TYPES OF SCRAPERS :-
1)MOTORISED 2) TOWED

MOTORISED TOWED
It is self powered.
Requires extra power. Requires extra power.