Néfesh (HALOT)
Fuente: Ludwig Koehler And Walter Baumgartner. THE HEBREW AND ARAMAIC LEXICON OF
THE OLD TESTAMENT (1994-2000 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands)
6283 vp,n<
vp,n< , SamP. naâfÝsë, 754 times, Ps 144 times (all instances in Briggs JBL Heb. 29:482ff); Sept. 600 times yuch,
(Bratsiotis VTSupp. 15 (1965):58ff; cf. Scharbert Fschr. Ziegler 1:121ff); pl. 44 times; MHeb. DSS; Ebla na-pu-usë-tu-
um (Pettinato BA 39 (1976):50); MHeb. also centre of a web (Dalman Arbeit 5:102), and gravestone; Ug. npsë (Gordon
Textbook §19:1681; Aistleitner 1826); Ph. OArm. EgArm. Nab. Palm. Hatra (Jean-H. Dictionnaire 183, for Hatra see also
Degen-M. Neue Eph. 3 (1978):92); Arm. inscr. TaimaÒÀ “funerary stela” (Degen-M. Neue Eph. 2, 88ff); JArm. Sam.
G
CPArm. Syr. Mnd. (Drower-M. Dictionary 285a); Arb. nafs, OSArb. (Conti 189a), Eth. , Tigr. (Littmann-H. Wb. 347a)
nafs; Akk. napisëtu (AHw. 738a) throat, life; Amor. napsë breath, life (Huffmon 240): basic form: nafsë (:: Brockelmann
Grundriss [Link] nafisë); Xbn Heb. inscr. (Tell Arad 24:18); Yaud. (Donner-R. Inschriften 1, 24:13), Sefire (Jean-H.
Dictionnaire 183: Dupont-Sommer p. 146f; Fitzmyer p. 187b), Palm. once aXmn , ? textual error :: Cantineau Gramm.
39: basic meaning: windpipe opened for breathing, throat, neck (Dürr ZAW 43 (1925):262ff) > desire, breath, (breath of
the) soul, life, self;
n<
—bibliography: H. W. Robinson in Peake People 353ff; Pedersen Isr. 1/2:97ff (the person as a whole who is a Å !); A.
R. Johnson Vitality 3ff; Sander ZAW 77 (1965):329ff; D. Lys Nephesh (Paris 1959); Reicke-R. Hw. 1755f; Wolff
vp,n†' yvip.n: nefsi
Anthropologie 25ff; THAT 2:71ff and 72 (bibliog.): , $'v†,p.n: (Sec. , Brönno 135), ,
Wnvep.n: Anyvep.n:
( tAvp.n: ~k,yteÆWnytevop.n: ~t'vop.n: t¿AÀvop'n>
Lam 59, see Rudolph), , , , .
hP,
—1. throat (Ug. Akk.): parallel with byxir>hi
Is 154 Ps 636; with hq'yre Is 514 Hab 25, with Is 298,
hb'[er>
with hv'bey>
Ps 1079 Pr 277, with hb'a]D†' [;[Link]
Nu 116, with Jr 3125, with Is 5811, with
h['bef. aleM'Ti
Pr 277, with $'yt,roG>r>G:
Qoh 67, parallel with npsë gngn Pr 322 cf. Ug. parallel with
a ï
(Fisher Parallels 1: p. 278 no. 387 ); bydIh'l.
Gn 4221 Nu 215 1S 233 (rd. wGE ), 289 Is 326 5123 (parallel with ),
hW"h;
552 5810 Jr 224 3112.14.25.25 Ps 4426 1079.18 11925 1436 Pr 103 (parallel with ), 1624 2525.
~yIl;g>r; Å!<-d[;
—2. neck Ps 10518 (:: ), l[; Jon 26, with Ps 692 1244f.
—3. breath (cf. Ug.) Jb 4113, inhalation, which makes a person and an animal a living being Gn 120 (so ca. 250 times),
soul (but markedly different from the Greek concept of the soul); the Å n< ~D'
is located in the blood (ï dm 1, cf. Ug. ::
npsë Fisher Parallels p. 166, no. 155) Gn 94f (Westermann BK 1/1:623), Lv 1711 Dt 1223; rf'B' d[;w> vp,N<mi
Is 1018 “body and soul”, “root and branch” (Wildberger BK 10/1:405f).
—4. hY"x; vp,n< 2
(see Johnson Vitality 19 ) living being: Gn 120.24 (referring to animals), 219 (gloss ?), 27 910.16
( rf'B'-lk'B. lKo
), Lv 1110.46 Ezk 479 ( in general).
—5. people (Ug. PRU 5: no. 106:1; Arb.): a) ~d'a' Ån< (individual) person Lv 2417 Nu 96f 1911 3135 ( ~yviN"h;-
!mi vp,n<greho
).40.46 1C 521 Ezk 2713 (slaves); someone who kills a person Nu 3119, 4 with hK,m; 3511.15.30
Jos 203.9 ï Dt 2725, with b. hn"[' bnEGO
Nu 3530, with Dt 247; tAvp'n> dBea; destroying people’s
lives Ezk 2227 1318-20 capturing people’s lives (Selbie ET 15 (1903/4):75; Zimmerli 297, :: Frazer Folklore 2:510ff; Saggs
AtyBe tAvp.n:-lK'
JSS 19 (1974):1ff); all the people in his house Gn 366, $'ybia] tyBe Å!<-lK'
!mi Ån< dx'a,
1S 2222; one individual out of each group (of five hundred) Nu 3128 (SamP. tx;a; Ån< , ? dl. );
hm'heB. Ån< Ån< hf'['
one head of cattle Lv 2418; Ån< hn"q'
to take people on (as slaves ?) Gn 125, to
vp,N<h;
purchase someone (as a slave) Lv 2211; people, human beings Gn 1421, tAvp'n> people Lv 272 Jr 234;
~d'a' Å!<-lK'
b) concerning the size of a group: any human being Lv 2417; vp,n<-lK' every soul, meaning
all people, everyone Gn 4615, ï 4622.25.27 Nu 3135 Ex 15 Jr 5229f, vp,n< ~d'a'
Gn 4618, one hundred thousand
Å n< 1C 521; tvop'n> ts;[Link] Ex 124, ~k,ytevop.n: 1616.
—6. personality (ca. 220 times; Arm. (Delcor Muséon 80 (1967):300ff), Arb.): a) yvip.n: my personal preference Gn
$'v.p.n:
274.25 Is 114 (what God hates), Ju 521 Lv 2611.30 and often; %vep.n: Gn 2719.31 Is 434 and 5123 du.,
Wnvep.n: ~k,v.p.n:
our Ps 1247; ~v'p.n: your Lv 2615; their Is 462 4714; b) expresses a reflexive, as in
Hv'p.n:-l[;
Akkadian; often emphatic, meaning oneself: Avp.n:K. she herself Nu 305-12, as (he loved) himself
Avp.n: tb;h]a;
1S 183, = Avp.n:
2017 (Frankena OTSt. 14:144), ï Is 5310 he himself (alt. his life, 7), Is 462
Åy tyBe
4714 Hos 94 for themselves (:: Hv'p.n:l. ~v'p.n:l.
, see Rudolph), Dt 2114, Jr 3416 in accordance
Ån< tAN[;
with their wishes, at their decision (Weippert BZAW 132 (1973):87, self-denial, self-mortification Nu
ï hn"['
3014, II vp,n<-lK'pi; c) rv,a] vp,n<-lK'
every person (ca. 220 times) Ex 1216, everyone
rv,a] vp,N<h;
who, meaning whoever Lv 727 1715 2329; vp,N<h; the one who Lv 720.27 Nu 1530; with
vp,n< rv,a]
participle, the person who Lv 718 Nu 1528 1922 ; yKi vp,n< someone who Lv 52 226, if anyone
vp,n<w> : vp,n< tx;a
Lv 21 42 [Link] (rd. ).21 721; x;Wran individual Lv 427 Nu 1527; d) parallel with Is
269 Jb 711 1210 Ps 1436f Pr 2910f (Fisher Parallels 2: p. 30 f. no. 57).
—7. life (ca. 280 times; THAT II 84ff), in the NT yuch, (Mark 836 !), Akk. diÒn napisëtim: ~d'a'h' vp,n< Gn
$'v†,p.n:-l[; jleM'hi
95; aWh Avp.n:B.
flee for your life Gn 1917, = Pr 723, Ån< $.yIl;l'A[
Ån< vQeBi
Lam 219, to attempt to take someone’s life 1S 201 1K 1910 Jr 430 (30 times, Is 5310 ï Ån< dBea;
6b),
Ån< xP;m;
Ezk 2227, Hv'p.n: taceB.
to breathe one’s last Jb 1120; when her soul (breath) fled away Gn
wyxia' vp,n<B.
3518, Ån< xc;r'
in exchange for the life of his brother 2S 147; to murder Dt 2226, = Å n<
hK'hi tmew" dl,Y<h;-Ån<
Gn 3721 Dt 196.11 (+ ) Jr 4014f; the breath (life) of the child 1K 1721f; Ån< af'n"
Wnvep.n:B.
to take away life (God) 2S 1414; with a threat to our life, in danger of death Lam 59 (Rudolph 258);
~t'vop.n:B. Ån< byvihe
at the cost of their lives 2S 2317 1C 1119; to restore fresh, new life Ru 415 Lam
tAvp'n>
111.16.19; %vep.n:B.
lives Pr 1130 †; only you Est 413 (Sept. :: Bardtke 327f: with your life).
—8. soul as the centre and transmitter of feelings and perceptions: a) longing, desire (THAT 2:75ff): Song 17 31-4 56 Jb
la, Ån< af'n"
2313 Qoh 63; Avp.n: ~v'p.n:
to have a craving for Hos 48 (for rd. ), with pi. Jr 2227 4414,
aF'm; ~v'p.n: passion of their soul Ezk 2425; Ån< l[;B; Ån< bx;r>
greedy Pr 232, avaricious 2825;
yb;y>ao Å!<B. Ån<
my mortal enemies Ps 179 2712; zeal, passion Pr 192; the soul loves Song 17 31-4, desires Jb 2313,
is not satisfied Qoh 63 (Dahood Biblica 43 (1962):357f parallel with Ug.), is put to silence Jr 3125; b) low morale of
someone dispirited: of the rGE Å!<-ymeg>a;
Ex 239, of beasts Pr 1210; Is 1910, Avp.n: lm;[] Is 5311, 6110
663 Jr 1317 Ezk 256; Ån< tr;c' desperation, anguish Gn 4221; c) feeling, taste Nu 215 Jr 1419 Zech 118 Jr 68 Ezk
~k,v.p.n:-ta, vyE
2317f.22; d) intent, volition: you are willing Gn 238 2K 915.
—9. dead soul, deceased person, corpse (cf. 4; Lods Vie Fut. 1:58ff; Elliger Lev. 288f; Johnson Vitality 23) actually body
!<l' jr,f,
(ï 5b > corpse, as in English, but :: Dutch <dut>lichaam): Å Lv 1928 incision to protect against the dead
(? originally against the spirit of the dead, Stade Theol. 1:§68, 1; ? apotropaic offering of blood Elliger Lev. 261f; M.
tme vp,n<
Seligson The meaning of ï bAa ~yhil{a/ tme vp,n<
(Helsinki 1951); and 3 c); Lv 2111
tAvp.n:
(cj. for Ån< Å!<-amej.
(Elliger Lev. 288), Nu 66; Å!<l'
makes unclean Lv 211, 224 Nu 910 Hg 213,
amej' Å!<l. ~yaimej. ÅN<h; l[; aj'x'
Nu 52, 96f ; sinned because of the corpse Nu 611.
yTeB' ÅN<h; ï tyB;
—10. misc. a) Is 320 I 2; b) tomb (not in OT), N. Avigad Ancient Monuments in the Kidron
Valley (1954): MHeb., 2Q 15 i 5 (DJD 3:247 no. 85) > Greekyich (= yuch,) Alt Inschr. d. Pal. Tertia (1921):25;
Nab. Palm. (Jean-H. Dictionnaire 183f), parallel with mnhmei/on, sth,lhà cf. A. Negev IEJ 21 (1971):115:
aXpn arbq :: meaning: commemorative grave :: real grave; cf. Dict. Bib. Supp. 7:951f); cf. Arb. naÒwuÒs,
Wellhausen Heid. 179; OSArb. (Conti 189b; Ryckmans Muséon 71 (1958):132ff), Yemen. Xpn (BiOr. 12:193f), Syr.
(Muséon 28:46ff).