incomplete combustion : complete combustion :

Free-radical substitution
70
~
CHyCHz(Hz + -320 +
4H28 + C
CHzCHzCHz + 50 >
3(0 +
4H20
-

, ,
amine
M

D initiation CE ③ termination of &

alkanenitrile , 24 Hy
+ =( >
C1CH2
+

CHzCHy CHzNHz
·
+ HBr
>
limited 110 amine
Oy 191
excesso
,
19)
1
CHzCHzCHeCN + kBr
N
② propagation CHz-CHz
⑧

·() CH CHyCHz
CHz HC) CHyCHz
heat
·

CHzCHz CHz- CHyCHzCHzCHy

+ + + >
(HzC CH2)
· o
>
>
CHyCHz
- -

+ 3 =
>
NS
T

ethane ethene ethanolic solution ~&

stea of excess
NHS test ·

CHy + x + + (
-
·
+
of

A cat
combustion +
HUR

rang ear piesbation Hz)

-

CHz-C
G

O -

CHz
↓
Electrophilic addition #
H-( H
H

Alkane
free-rad sub +
Brz/( +
UV light + HBr
~
Haloalkane ester <
! -
-

H & H -

C -

c
-

C -

H
ithr it
#
&

H-
CHzCHzCHeBr
Hzc CH

CHzCHzCHz
oNat
-
-
-

Hyd
=
20 major

↑
+
HO-CH3

S
7
Est // Con
(H20) or H product

M
M
+ alcohol
1 19 9
+ dilute acid/dilule alkali
. .

CHyOH) ↓
CHz CHBrCHz CONC
+ heat follow by
H
ABr
+
H2SO4 acidification
-

M
+
CHyOH St

-
or Conc
-

HyPOy j

pr
Lacid-base
red = name and mechanism of +
H20 I H
reaction H -
C ( H -

c -

C -

C -

Br
pink = reagents Salt

·
+
He 0 CO2 +

it it h
masore
blue = condition and catalyst

=
3

acdueente
green = by-products

-
minor

· Nucleophilic substitution
product

· CHyCHBrCHzBr
↑ Carboxylic acid neutrali
S salt
CH3 CHy
-
+
alkali +
H2011)
I 12
I fast I

·
-

sub T 1)
Syl-3 halvalkane HsC
t

CHzCHeCOOH
Bri

:
Bra
Her , Hy- + Br- S
Hs C C OH +
- -

redox

· or
e
g I
-
. 19
.

H
1) HX//kBr +

ConCHzP04 1/H2S04
E
E
reactive metal
, salt
+
Hz (g) is H its
- -

E =
+
H20
all sinenitrile

(
21 CHICH , CH, COOH
-

PCly +heat HH
+
HyPO4
E

nu hydroxynitrile It

fGeri
E I

Cha Ch (OH) ot
-
I

S
I &
carbon add from ch
2) SN2-Phaloalkane H -c -

c -

H >
-

>
-
H -
c -

C -

H
3)
P(lz ,

Litt of it
E
-
+ H() +
POCIs cyanide
⑤ 4)
50(1) + H(l
⑤
al
+ 50
,
- Hyd/NHy(l · OH- intermediate
+
dilute acid/dilute
agent g
& A
e S04

H Nucleophilic addition
. .

w V 1991
NHy
A
e
g. NaOH

i~
.

Alkene L H CN

Alcohol
-

Ot OH
-

j
on
Ela//Hydration hot steam (H20(g1) HzPOp cat -to
I
+ conc heat HyS
+

Hy)-I
.
+

<

CHzCH CH2
O >
Hsl-C-EN > =N
- -
-

CHzCHzCHiOH
=
ot↑ Hvocr
⑧
&
Eli//Dehydration (alcohol vapours + hot cat of Also Powder
it H

tion Hydroxynitriles
+
, ① nucleophilic attack ② protonation

Y
+
H20 concacide g
· Nail
or H ~
Soy

&
.

Haloalkane
.

·
theat

S
PHH acd .
19 20 alcohol
,

Creo orange
ox :
2, 4 -

DNPH AgNOs (aq) test + followed by NHs

BrackersS
I : -
green
carbonyl present test

Hs)-P-C-E
Cr2072 Cr3t
-

⑤ and
> =
deep-orange
Mno : purple colorless
or
Pani Ppt formed
. AgNOz(99) X(aq) > AgX(s) + -
+ No; 199)
->
,
·
diam
Eld Agt(aq) + X (aq) AgX(S)
-

⑳
MnO -Mn2t -

X
-

⑳ 7 Tppt =
halide
aldehyde and Ketone
o
L 1 present

jHOnC
OH USe
complete combustion :

Hy5C-CH distillation
I & dilute conc
alcohol +
0 >
(02 + H> 8
NHz
NHz
-

Testing
OX NA &
-

C ~
OH
I
OH H
I I
a
↓
·↑ acd KMn84
or
acd KiCryOf
-

~
Aldehyde HCN +
KCN
saldehyde
whiteppt =
creamppt =
CJ 199)
Bo 199)
dis

inso
dis

dis

eventio
theat
CHzCHzCOH
.

H C C C H

Ketones
-

↓
- - -

50(9) it i it L HUR + H , O
~
+ + H 0 pale yellowppt = I lag ) inso inso
carboxylic
Ketone Methyl Ketone co alcohol
.

+
,
containCr2+
+
Fehling solution
...

-
acid +...
2-did
1
iodoform//tri-iodomethane /CHIs
aldehyde * Carboxylic
,
~ acid Tollen's reagent contain -

Ag
+
L Hy) CHs neat with
- -

= NaOH (ag)
-
> theat
NaOH(ag) Fehling solution aldehyde carboxylic acid
neat with
*
akoxide Hz (9) W
+
RCOCHz ROCIs
brea-
RCOGNa
-
>
+
CHIs [u =

aldehydea
Tollen's
reagent silver mirror
while crystalline
solid carboxylic acid haloge clear
ppt. Agtr --
aldehyde
Naz coz effervescence (CO) yellow ppt formed methyl ketone present present
effervescence . =

carboxy) present
=
+ 20 alcohol