sctivity 23 OsjectivE Matern Required To demonstrate the equation of a plane Two pieces of plywood of size in normal form. 10 cm x 12 cm, a thin wooden rod with nuts and bolts fixed on both sides, 3 pieces of wires, pen/pencil. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1, Fix the wooden rod in between two wooden pieces with nuts and bolts so that the rod is perpendicular to the two wooden pieces. So, it represents the normal to the plane. 2. Take three wires and fix, them as shown in Fig. 23. so that Op represents the vector a and OA represents 7. Then the wire PA represents the vector 7-4. Fig. 23 DEMONSTRATION 1. The wire PA, i.e., the vector (7-a) lies on plane 1. On representing ; as normal to plane 1, ‘4 is perpendicular to (7—a), normal to the plane. 2. Hence (F- a )-n=0 which gives the equation of plane in the normal form. 2404sOBSERVATION 1. Gis the position vector of _ , is the position vector of vector jis perpendicular to the vector 2. (ra). A=0, is the equation of the plane , in form. APPLICATION This activity can also be utilised to show the position vector of a point in space (ie., a as position vector of O, 7 the position vector of A). 16 Laboratory Manual 240418ctvity 26 To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it Mareriat Requrep A piece of plywood of size 30 cm x 20 cm, a squared paper, analytically. three wooden blocks of size 2cm x 2 cm x 2 cm each and one wooden block of size 2cm x 2cm x 4cm, wires of different lengths, set squares, adhesive, pen/pencil, ete. MEtxop or Construction . Paste a squared paper on a piece of plywood, . On the squared paper, draw two lines OA and OB to represent x-axis, and y-axis, respectively. . Name the three blocks of size 2 cm x 2. cm x 2 cmas I, II and III. Name the other wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm as IV. . Place blocks I, II, II such that their base centres are at the points (2, 2), (1, 6) and (7, 6), respectively, and block IV with its base centre at (6, 2). Other wooden block of size 2cm x 2 cm x 4 cm as IV. . Place a wire joining the points P and Q, the centres of the bases of the blocks I and III and another wire joining the centres R and S of the tops of blocks II and I'V as shown in Fig. 26. . These two wires represent two skew lines. . Take a wire and join it perpendicularly with the skew lines and measure the actual distance. 2404181. A set-square is placed in such a way that its one perpendicular side is along the wire PQ. 2. Move the set-square along PQ till its other perpendicular side touches the other wire. — Tay Ma3. Measure the distance between the two lines in this position using set-square. This is the shortest distance between two skew lines. 4. Analytically, find the equation of line joining P (2, 2, 0) and Q (7, 6, 0) and other line joining R (1, 6, 2) and S (6, 2, 4) and find $.D. using (@-a) (Bixé) [x6 OxsERVATION . The distance obtained in two cases will be the same. 1. Coordinates of point P are . Coordinates of point Q are . Coordinates of point R are . Coordinates of point S are . Equation of line PQ is . Equation of line RS is DAuwetwn Shortest distance between PQ and RS analytically = zs Shortest distance by actual measurement = The results so obtained are APPLICATION This activity can be used to explain the concept of skew lines and of shortest distance between two lines in space. anaesctvity 16 OBJECTIVE MatErIAL REQUIRED To construct an open box of maximum Chart papers, scissors, cellotape, volume from a given rectangular sheet calculator. by cutting equal squares from each corner. MEruop oF CONSTRUCTION 1, Take a rectangular chart paper of size 20 cm x 10 cm and name it as ABCD. 2. Cut four equal squares each of side x cm from each comer A, B, C and D. 3. Repeat the process by taking the same size of chart papers and different values of x. 4. Make an open box by folding its flaps using cellotape/adhesive. Dx xc * x 10cm Ax 20cm Fig. 16 DEMONSTRATION 1, When x = 1, Volume of the box = 144 cm? 2. When x = 1.5, Volume of the box = 178.5 cm* 240418. When x = 1.8, Volume of the box = 188.9 cm’. . When x = 2, Volume of the box = 192 cm’. When x = 2.1, Volume of the box = 192.4 cm’. . When x = 2.2, Volume of the box = 192.2 cm’. . When x = 2.5, Volume of the box = 187.5 cm’. 8. When x = 3, Volume of the box = 168 cm’. YAW w Clearly, volume of the box is maximum when x = 2.1. OBSERVATION V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 1.6) = . V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 1.9 . V = Volume of the open box ( when x = 2.1) = V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 2.2) =... . V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 2.4) = V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 3.2) = . Volume V, is than volume V. . Volume V, is than volume V. earn ananrawn = . Volume V, is than volume V. 10. Volume V, is than volume V. 11. Volume V, is than volume V. So, Volume of the open box is maximum when x = APPLICATION This activity is useful in explaining the concepts of maxima/minima of functions. It is also useful in making packages of maximum volume with minimum cost. Mathematics aLet V denote the volume of the box. Now V = (20 - 2x) (10 - 2x) x or V = 200x - 60x? + 40° 2 -200-120x+1287 . For maxima or minima, we have, Hence, V should be maximum at x = 2.1. tdsctivity 27 OBJECTIVE Materia REQuiRED To explain the computation of A piece of plywood, white paper conditional probability of a given pen/pencil, scale, a pair of dice. event A, when event B has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice. Metuop oF ConstRUCTION 1. Paste a white paper on a piece of plywood of a convenient size. 2. Make a square and divide it into 36 unit squares of size 1cm each (see Fig. 27). 3. Write pair of numbers as shown in the figure. 240418DEMONSTRATION 1. Fig. 27 gives all possible outcomes of the given experiment. Hence, it represents the sample space of the experiment. 2. Suppose we have to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event B has already occurred, where A is the event “a number 4 appears on both the dice” and B is the event "4 has appeared on at least one of the dice”i.e, we have to find P(A | B). 3. From Fig. 27 number of outcomes favourable to A = 1 Number of outcomes favourable to B = 11 Number of outcomes favourable to A 1 B = 1. : ‘ 4.) P(B)= 36° 1. You may repeat this activity by taking more events such as the probability of getting a sum 10 when - 1 a doublet has already occurred. Gi) P(ANB)= 36 2. Conditional _ probability P (AI B) can also be found by first P(AMB) 1 taking the sample space of event B (ii) P(AIB) = pm, = out of the sample space of the PB) “il experiment, and then finding the OBSERVATION probability A fromit. 1. Outcome(s) favourable to A : ,n(A)= 2. Outcomes favourable to B : ,n(B)= 3. Outcomes favourable to AN B : ,n(ANB)= 4. P(ANB)= 5. P(AIB)= = APPLICATION This activity is helpful in understanding the concept of conditional probability, which is further used in Bayes’ theorem. ‘Mathematics ms