Faculty of engineering and technology
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Course: PEG2102 Basic logging
Lecturer: Sir Indar Narace
ASc. In Petroleum Engineering
Student: Rayanna Ward
USI: 1045611
Assignment #2
1. Determine the top and bottom of any sandstone present
Top of the Sandstone: 3590ft
Bottom of Sandstone: 3610ft
2. Determine the net sand thickness of the sandstone
The net sand thickness of the sandstone is: 20ft (3610-3590)
3. What possible fluids are present in the sandstone?
Possible fluids are present in the sandstone: hydrocarbons – Oil and gas since the log has a high
resistivity reading. Rdeep > Rshallow “formation pore fluid is more resistive than the mud
filtrate.”
4. At a depth of 3600 feet, determine the following:
i. The temperature
At a depth of 3600 feet:
The temperature:
Geothermal Gradient:
BHT = 128℉
Surface temperature: 75℉
BH depth= 4285ft
𝑇2−
𝑇1
128−75
G.G= 𝐷2−
𝐷1
=
4285−0
= 0.01237℉/ft, 1.237℉/100ft
Temperature at 3600’= 0.01237℉/ft × 3600’
= 44.5℉ + 75℉
= 119.5 ℉
ii. The gamma-ray reading
The gamma-ray reading: 55 API units:
iii. The volume of shale
𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔−𝑦𝑐𝑛 5−50
5 5
The volume of shale:𝑉𝑠ℎ= 𝑦𝑠ℎ−𝑦𝑐𝑛
= 97−50 = 47 = 0.106,
=10.6%
iv. The True (deep) resistivity reading:
= 25 ohm-m
5. Is the sandstone permeable? Give reason(s) for your answer
Yes, the sandstone is permeable. On the log presented where there is sandstone, there is a
separation between the deep and shallow curves under the resistivity log. The deep resistivity
curve measures the formation, and the shallow curve measures the filtrate therefore the filtrate
has invaded the formation and is permeable.
6. Given the value of𝑅𝑤 at surface temperature is 0.3 ohm-m, determine the following:
i. The salinity of the formation water
The salinity of the formation water is 20,000ppm
ii. The value of𝑅𝑤 at a depth of 3600 ft.
BHT Temperature at 3600ft= 120℉
Therefore𝑅𝑤=
0.3ohm-m at 120℉=0.131 ohm-m
7. Given a porosity value of 30%, determine the following:
i. The formation resistivity factor at a depth of 3600 feet
𝑎 0.62
The formation resistivity factor at a depth of 3600 feet FF= ∅𝑚 = 2.15 = 8.25 ohm-m
0.30
ii. The water saturations the sand at a depth of 3600 feet
𝑅𝑤(0.62) (0.18)(0.62)
The water saturation Is the sand at a depth of 3600 feet: 2.15 = 2.15 = 0.243 ×
ϕ 𝑅
𝑡 (0.30) (25)
100 = 24.4%
iii. Based on the water saturation obtained, what possible fluid
is present in the sandstone at a depth of 3600 feet?
The percentage of water saturation was 24.4% at 3600’ this indicates that 24.4% of the sandstone
is saturated with water, since this is significantly less than 100% the remaining 75.6% of fluids
could be hydrocarbons oil, and gas.