1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Surveying can also be defined as the art, science and technology of making

measurements with a view to determine the position, shape and size of portions of the earth

surface (Gruszczyński et al., 2017).

The measurements are subsequently computed, plotted or process in other way to

represent the acquired information in a suitable form. The commonest method of presentation

of surveyor Geo-data is by way of a plan, a true to scale representation of an area in two

dimensions, which form the horizontal plan. The third dimension (elevation) is normal to the

horizontal plane and can be shown on the plan in various ways (Sarkar et al., 2020).

Clancy, (2013) defined surveying as the art of making measurement of the relative

position of natural and man-made features on the earth surface and the plotting of these

measurements to some suitable scale to form a map or plan. Based on the true shape of the

earth, surveying is classified into two types which are:

i. Plane surveying which assume the earth’s surface is plane and the curvature of the

earth is ignored. It extends only over small areas, the lines connecting any two points

on the surface of the earth are treated as straight lines and angles between these lines

are taken as plane angles.

ii. Geodetic surveying which assumes the curvature of the earth is taken into account and

higher degree of accuracy in linear and angular observations is achieved. This type of

surveys extends over large areas. So, the lines connecting any two points on the

earth’s surface are treated as arcs.

Furthermore, there are various division of surveying some of which are:

i. Archaeological surveying.

ii. Astronomical surveying.

iii. As-built surveying.

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 iv. Cadastral surveying

v. Chain surveying.

vi. City surveying.

vii. Compass surveying

viii. Engineering surveying

ix. Estate surveying (Topographic surveys made at large scale).

x. Hydrographical surveying.

xi. Mining surveying.

xii. Plane table surveying.

xiii. Remote sensing surveying.

xiv. Tacheometric surveying

xv. Theodolite surveying

xvi. Topographical survey

Cadastral layout survey is the actual survey operation carried out in marking on

ground and marking all necessary measurement to obtain coordinate of layout plots and all

details in a layout plan. In other word it could seen as the setting out of layout plan.

Therefore, cadastral layout surveying can be defined as an aspect of geo-spatial matrix

showing pre-survey plans of subdivided landmass into contiguous plot ownership and

registration. (Sam, 2016).

Cadastral survey plan showing landed property and boundary together with details in it,

accurately defined by a survey points permanently marked on the ground. In this case survey

has a legal force. (Basal, 2005).

Cadastral Survey refers to the survey and demarcation of land to define legal property

boundaries. This type of survey mandates professional registration in all states. Some of the

applications of cadastral survey involve its use in construction layout services, road widening

projects and creation of utility corridors (Nyandwi et al., 2019).

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 Cadastral surveying is the sub-field of Cadastre and surveying that specializes in the

establishment and re-establishment of real property boundaries. It is an important component

of the legal creation of properties. A cadastral surveyor must apply both the spatial-

measurement principles of general surveying and legal principles such as respect of

neighboring titles (CLOVER, 2007).

One of the primary roles of the land surveyor is to determine the boundary of real

property on the ground. That boundary has already been established and described in legal

documents and official plans and maps prepared by attorneys, engineers, and other land

surveyors. The corners of the property will either have been monumented by a prior surveyor,

or monumented by the surveyor hired to perform a survey of a new boundary which has been

agreed upon by adjoining land owners (Robillard and Wilson 2004). A common use of a

survey is to determine a legal property boundary. The first stage in such a survey, known as a

resurvey, is to obtain copies of the deed description and all other available documents from

the owner. The deed description is that of the deed and not a tax statement or other

incomplete document. The surveyor should then obtain copies of deed descriptions and maps

of the adjoining properties, any records from the municipality or county, utility maps, and

any records of surveys. Depending on which region the survey is located in, some or most of

this information may not be available or even exist (Thakur et al., 2020).

Whether the information exists or not, a thorough search should be conducted so that no

record is overlooked. Copies of deeds usually can be located in the government recorder's

office, and maps or plats can usually be found at the recorder or surveyor's office. These

arrangements will vary state-to-state and survey-system-to-survey system, so some

familiarity may be needed. When all the records are assembled, the surveyor examines the

documents for errors, such as closure errors. When a metes and bounds description is

involved, the seniority of the deeds must be determined. The title abstract usually gives the

order of seniority for the deeds related to the tract being surveyed and should be used if

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available. After this data is gathered and analyzed the field survey may commence (Pandey et

al., 2021).

The initial survey operations should be concentrated on locating monuments. In urban

regions, monuments should be sought initially; but in the absence of monuments, property

corners marked by iron pins, metal survey markers, iron pipes, and other features possibly

establishing a line of possession should be located. When the approximate positions for the

boundaries of the property have been located, a traverse is run around the property. While the

control traverse is being run, ties should be measured and all details relevant to the

boundaries should be acquired. This includes but is not limited to locating the property

corners, monuments, fences, hedge rows, walls, walks, and all buildings on the lot. The

surveyor then takes this collected data and compares it to the records which were received

(Monmonier, 2010).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problem addressed in this absence of a detailed, accurate, and professionally conducted

layout survey that provides essential spatial data for infrastructure development in The

Oke Ogun Polytechnic, Saki. There is a need to establish a precise layout that accounts for

the site’s terrain, legal boundaries, and development plans, which will serve as a reference for

planners, engineers, and developers.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 Aim of the Study

This project aims to perform a layout survey using modern surveying equipment and

techniques to produce detailed maps and plans that will support effective site planning,

construction, and land management.

1.3.2 Objectives of the study

These are the step-by-step activities carried out in order to achieve the aim. The specific

objectives of the project to be executed are as follow:-

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 i. To carryout reconnaissance

ii. To carry out the data collection

iii. To carryout data processing

iv. To present the information

v. To carryout layout design

vi. To set design information for proper planning

vii. Report writing.

1.4 Project specification

The project specification refers to the requirements to be satisfied while carrying out

surveying operation of any order. The specification considered for this project are:

i. The traverse legs should not be longer than 250m specification.

ii. Linear measurement should be done only by steel band.

iii. Horizontal length should be done in three decimal places.

iv. The linear accuracy should not be less than 1:5000

v. Angular accuracy should not be more than plus or minus 30’’ √ n where n is the

number of legs or stations.

vi. The project area should cover at least 5hectares of land.

1.5 Scope of the project

The scope of the project assignment covered the following:

1. Reconnaissance

2. Control check

3. Test of instrument

4. Selection of station

5. Third order survey

6. Data processing or computation

8. Information presentation

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 9. Subdivision of plot

10. Setting out

1.6 Personnel

The following names are my group members who participated fully and contributed

towards the success of the project.

NAME MATRIC. NUMBER

i. Ibraheem Bisoye 22NSG017

ii. Ogundele Fathia Omolola 22NSG006 (polewumen)

iii. Alhazan Fawas Dimeji 22NSG016 (booker)

iv. Oyewole Toheeb 22NSG005 (chain man)

v. Adelowo Abdullah 22NSG013 (chain man)

vi. Sulaimon Fuhad 22NSG004 (pole man)

vii. Akinyode Mathew Olayemi 22NSG018 (poleman

viii. Adetoro Ridwan Adedolapo 22NGS003 (pole man)

ix. Asimi badmos adetayo 22PSG004 (observer)

1.7 Study area

The study area for the project was part of The Oke-Ogun polytechnic Saki, Saki West Local

Govt. Oyo State. It covered approximately 5hectares of land. Situated between latitude &

longitude 080 37’ 35.33”E 8 37’ 28.04”E and 030 24’ 09.37”N 3°24’ 02.9N respectively.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE VIEW

2.1 Surveying over view

Surveying is as old as civilization. It began in this world long ago, to say Egypt in particular.

The Egyptians used stones to mark boundaries of their farmland, along the NILE valley, but

the boundary stone were often shifted away later. This led to proper demarcation of

boundaries by surveying method (Jame,1967).

Surveying, being as old as man, may defined as the science of determining the

position in three dimensions of natural and man-made features on or beneath the surface of

the earth. These features may be represented in the analogue form as a contoured map, plan

or chart, or in digital form such as a digital ground model (DGM). (Schofield, 2007)

Surveying is defined as the science and art of making measurements of relative positions of

points above, on or beneath the earth surface and plotting of these measurements to a suitable

scale to form map, plan or chart (Ramsay, 2000). Furthermore surveying can also be referred

as the art of determining the relative position of distinctive features on the earth’s surface or

beneath the surface of the earth by means of measurement of distances, directions and the

plotting of the measurement to a suitable scale to form a plan and map or section (Agor

2002).

Today the importance of measuring and monitoring our environment is becoming

increasingly critical as our population expands, land values appreciate, our natural resources

dwindle, and human activities continue to stress the quality of our land, water, and air. Using

modern ground, aerial and satellite technologies, and computers for data processing,

contemporary surveyors are now able to measure and monitor the Earth and its natural

resources on literally a global basis.

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 Land is a solid part of the earth’s surface. It is the foundation of all forms of human

meaningful developmental activities. It is man’s most valuable resource without which man

could never exist and on which his continued existence and progress depends upon (Adeoye,

1998).

Surveying, which is also interchangeably called geomatics, has traditionally been defined as

the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or

beneath the Earth’s surface, or of establishing such points. In a more general sense, however,

surveying (geomatics) can be regarded as that discipline which encompasses all methods for

measuring and collecting information about the physical earth and our environment,

processing that information, and disseminating a variety of resulting products to a wide range

of clients.

Cadastral Layout Survey, is the process of interpreting construction plans and

marking the location of proposed new structures such as roads or buildings.

Cadastral layout survey is the actual survey operation carried out in marking on the

ground and marking all necessary measurements to obtain coordinate of layout plots and all

details in layout plan. In other word it could be seen as the setting out of a layout plan

2.1.1 Objective of cadastral and layout

The followings are the aims or purpose of cadastral layout:

(a) To make out design plans on the use of available lands

(b) To ease administration of land in such ways

(I) It enables proper allocation of land to citizens or cooperate body for development

(ii) To enable government collect taxes from land owners

(iii) To Enables government control land development.

2.1.2 Preparation for cadastral and layout

Basic procedures: The following steps are normally taken in carrying out if a cadastral layout

surveys.

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(a) Planning: This is the act of knowing what exactly the survey to be carried out involves.

The surveyor ascertain the provision of initial controls for orientation, getting adequate

equipment to be used and the costing of the entire job.

(b) Reconnaissance: The surveyor visits the site, i.e the land marked for development in order

to have a good picture of the site. As he/she goes over the land, he/she mark out points on

ground in the perimeter of the land, that would enable field roper survey of the area. Other

points that would later serve as control could be established and traversed.

(c) Fieldwork: A tertiary theodolite is run over established perimeter points. Other selected

points are traversed to make the area sufficiently provided with controls for the setting out. In

addition details found on ground are survey as well.

(d) Computations and plotting: After the fieldwork, all necessary reduction of field data and

computations are done in the office. Therefore a plan of the area is drawn up showing all

necessary details like scale, north point and existing access routes. Its the drawn up plan that

is used for layout design needed to develop the area.

2.1.3 Basic equipment for cadastral and layout

They are:

(I) Theodolite and its tripod

(ii) compass and it's tripod

(iii) Tapes

(iv) Ranging poles

(v) Cutlass

(vi) field books and writing pen

(vii) wooden pegs

Note: Field assistances are needed to work with the surveyor.\

2.1.4 Layout design

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 Layout design of a surveyed area normally called a base map form the basis for layout

design. Before embarking on layout design, the surveyor needs to work with a town planner.

The design is aimed at providing space for roads, building plots, social space, market,

religion centres, schools and industrial area on the base map. In doing this, a working

knowledge of the following is necessary:

(1) Width specification for roads

(2) Minimum or maximum size specification of building plots including provision for

building line regulation in low, medium and high density areas.

(3) Maximum and minimum distance to social cenplanmerica.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

The term methodology in this field of discipline (land surveying) refers to the processes

adopted to carry out a particular project. The field operation therefore entailed all the

necessary procedures taken to achieve objective by executing the project with strict

adherence to survey rules and departmental instructions

The survey operations below were carried out during the execution of the project

(a) Reconnaissance

(b) Test of instrument

(c) perimeter theodolite traversing

3.1 Methodology Flow chart

Cadastral and Layout

survey

Project Planning

Field work Office Planning

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 1. Station selection [Link] of instrument
2. Pegging to be used
3. Monumentation 2. Method of survey
4. In-situ check to be used
5. Test of Instrument 3. Data acquisition
6. Control check 4. Data Processing
7. Third order control 5. Data Analysis
8. Subdivision of Plot

Information presentation
and report writting
Figure 3.0: Methodology Flow chart

3.2 Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance is the activity of getting information about an area. It is pre-requisite for

any survey project to be carried out. It entails the study of the subject matter as regard the

particular area of land to be surveyed. It involves visiting the site in order to have a good

picture of the site, the drawing of reconnaissance diagram and the collection of every

necessary data about the project site. All these were done to acquire necessary information

concerning the project site for proper planning and execution of the project. During

reconnaissance, the purpose, specification and required accuracy of the survey were closely

examined thereby effecting the choice of instruments and method of survey employed.

The reconnaissance survey features in two forms; namely:-

i. Office reconnaissance

ii. Field reconnaissance

3.2.1 Office Planning

Office planning is also known as office reconnaissance. It involves knowing the type of

instruments, purpose and accuracy required of the survey to be carried out. It involves the

collection of equipment needed for the project, test of the instrument, mission planning,

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assembling and studying of all available data relevant to the project. The costing of the

operation was also done in the office. In executing the project, necessary information related

to the project given such as the coordinates of the control use were obtained from the

practical unit of the school. The prefix number of the controls used and their corresponding

coordinates are listed in the table 3.0 below: -

Table 3.0: The coordinates of the controls used for orientation

STATIONS NORTHINGS (m) EASTINGS (m) HEIGHT (m)

TOPS001 953791.394 544787.925 510.303

TOPS002 953679.931 544811.823 510.716

TOPS003 953567.315 544567.313 509.373

Source: -Surveying & Geo-informatics Department (TOPS).

3.2.2 Field Reconnaissance

The field reconnaissance was first carried out before the actual operation. The project

site was visited by the group in order to have a preliminary knowledge as well as the true

picture of the site and to ascertain the information collected during the office planning. The

boundaries were marked with wooden pegs driven into ground to avoid disturbance or

removal by any one, taking into consideration the following factors:-

i. Inter-visibility of the selected traverse stations.

ii. Safety of the selected stations for future reference.

iii. Accessibility of the stations.

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At the end of this operation, a working plan known as ‘Recce diagram’ of the site was

produced and it’s as shown in figure 3.0 in the next page.

3.3 Monumentation

This is the act of identifying the selected points and marking them with wooden pegs or

nails/bottle corks during the execution of the project. This could be temporary or permanent,

depending on the nature of the job specifically for the project. The wooden pegs or bottle

corks were 3cm in diameter and about 15cm long with nail on top for easy identification of

the points. These were driven into the ground leaving about 2cm above the ground

3cm
Nail

2cm Wooden pegs

Ground level

13c
m

Figure: 3.1 –A typical monument used

3.3.1 Selection of stations

The stations were selected in such a way that they were intervisible to each other

likewise their accessibility being taken into consideration. The stations were numbered

consecutively according to the survey rules and regulations.

3.3.2 Data Acquisition

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 Data acquisition is the process of obtaining raw data from the field as well as a result

of observations made in conjunction with some surveying instruments such as theodolite,

level, EDM. Also, it is the process of capturing available and required data on the field.

The data acquired during the field measurement were distances and coordinates

relative to the horizontal and vertical planes.

In acquiring data, the following surveying procedure were adopted

i. Test of instrument

ii. Checks on control

iii. Theodolite traverse

iv. The choice of scale.

3.3.3 Equipment Used

The following are the equipment used in executing the project: -

i. One Theodolite

ii. One steel tape (100m)

iii. one plumb bobs

iv. Field books (traverse field books)

v. One cutlass

vi. Writing materials

vii. Red flag

viii. Bottle cork and nails

ix. Microsoft word (2010)

x. Auto CAD

3.4 Test of Instrument

Before any project execution is done, the instruments to be used need to be tested. In

executing this project, all the instruments collected were tested for in order to know their

15
working condition and to ascertain if they are fit for the project. The instrument test carried

out for level instrument are shown below.

3.4.1 Theodolite Test

Figure 3.2 below shows the diagram of theodolite test

Theodolite Target

Tripod Tripod

Figure: 3.2 –Diagram of theodolite test

The digital theodolite was set up such that vertical axis coincides with the ground

mark; it was then fastened well to ensure that the instrument could not fall off from its tripod.

The temporary adjustments (i.e. centering, leveling and focusing) were carried out. A target

was set up centrally on a station mark of about few meters away from the instrument station.

The target was sighted with the telescope and focused to bisect the target on face left. The

horizontal and vertical circle readings were taken and recorded.

The theodolite was transited, whereby the same target was as well bisected on face

right. Both the horizontal and vertical circle readings were taken and well recorded. These

were done to test whether the instrument has collimation error or not. The result of the

observation is shown in the table 3.1 below:

Table 3.1 Horizontal and vertical collimation reading.

STN SIGHT FACE H. C. R DIFFERENCE ERROR V.C.R SUM

A B L 231⁰ 09’ 30” 92⁰ 32’ 45”

A B R 51⁰ 09’ 45” 179⁰ 59’ 45” 0⁰ 0’ 267⁰ 27’ 20” 360⁰ 00’ 05”

15”

Source: Field and office Work 2024.

HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION ERROR

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 = 231⁰ 09’ 30” - 51⁰ 09’ 45” = 179⁰ 59’ 45”

= 180⁰ 00’ 00” - 179⁰ 59’ 45”

00⁰ 00’ 15”

= 00⁰ 00’ 7.5”

VERTICAL COLLIMATION ERROR

= 267⁰ 27’ 20” + 92⁰ 32’ 45”

= 360⁰ 00’ 05”

= 360⁰ 00’ 05”- 360⁰ 00’00”

= 00⁰ 00’ 05”

= 00⁰ 00’ 05’’

=+ 00⁰ 00’ 2.5”

Therefore, the expected result of the order of job executed (3 rd) order theodolite

traversing was 30’’√n where n is the number of set up. The expected result is 30’’ and the

obtained result was 7.5’’.

In conclusion it was discovered that the instrument had a negligible error difference;

therefore it could be used for the project execution.

3.5 Control check

Before embarking on angular measurement observation was carried out on the control

pillars. The Theodolite was set on TOPS002 and all the necessary temporary station

adjustment were carried out. Targets were also set up on TOPS001 and TOPS003

respectively.

Target on TOPS001 was back sight to obtain the horizontal circle reading on face left

and reading were recorded, the theodolite was transited to face right and the horizontal circle

reading was obtained. Also, target on TOPS003 was focused and bisected on foresight, the

17
 same process was repeated, but in this case the horizontal and vertical circle reading was

taken both on face left and face right. All readings taken were booked in the field book.

The observation procedure is shown with the below figure 3.3:

TOPS003

TOPS002 257⁰ 22’ 24”

TOPS001

Figure 3.3: Diagram of control check observation

This is the control check to which the job was connected. The Theodolite and steel

tape readings as well as the angle reduction were shown in the table 3.2 below:

Table 3.2: Control check observation.

STN SIGHT FACE H. C. R REDUCTION MEAN DIST.

TOPS001 L1 276⁰ 09’ 18” 113.997m

TOPS002 TOPS003 L2 173⁰ 31’ 23” 257⁰ 22’ 05” 269.185

TOPS003 R2 353⁰ 30’ 257⁰ 22’ 43”

15’’

TOPS002 R1 96⁰ 08’ 13” 257⁰ 22’ 24”

Source: Field and office work 2024.

Table 3.3 below shows the back computation of the three sets of control used.

Table 3.3: Back computation of the control pillars

STN BEARING DIST.(m) ∆N ∆E NORTHING (m) EASTING (m) STN TO

FROM

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 953791.394 544787.925 TOPS001

TOPS001 167 ̊ 53’ 56’’ 113.996 -111.463 23.898 953679.931 544811.828 TOPS002

TOPS002 245 ̊ 16’ 13’’ 269.200 -112.616 -244.512 953567.315 544567.313 TOPS003

Source: Office Work 2024.

From table 3.2 and table 3.3 above:

Internal angle

Backward bearing – forward bearing

(167 ̊ 53’ 56’’ + 180 ̊) - 245 ̊ 16’ 13’’

= 347 ̊ 53’ 56’’ - 245 ̊ 16’ 13’’

= 102 ̊ 37’ 43’’

External angle = 360 ̊ - Internal angle

= 360 ̊ - 102 ̊ 37’ 43’’

= 257 ̊ 22’ 17’’

Angular Discrepancy

Computed angle from coordinate = 257 ̊ 22’ 17’’

Observed angle from control = 257 ̊ 22’ 24’’

Discrepancy = Computed angle from coordinate - Observed angle from control

= 257 ̊ 22’ 17’’ - 257 ̊ 22’ 24’’

= -00 ̊ 00’ 07’’

Measured distance from TOPS002 to TOPS001 = 113.996

Computed distance from TOPS002 to TOPS001 = 113.997

Difference between the two distances = 0.001

Since the misclosure is between the allowable limit, it was confirmed that the control points

are in-situs.

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3.6 Field observation

These are various survey operations in data acquisition but this depends on the survey

project at hand. The survey operations carried out for the execution of this project are:

i. Angular measurement

ii. Linear measurement

All these operations were carried out in accordance with the theoretical concepts and

survey rules and departmental instructions. It gives account of operation as carried out on the

field to acquire all the necessary data needed for a sequent computation and plotting.

3.6.1 Angular measurements (perimeter traversing)

This is to establish a boundary points on the surface of the earth by taking the bearing

or angles between successive lines and their distances so as to define the points with co-

ordinates value on a plane form.

These observations were carried out with the aid of theodolite instrument and its

accessories. In theodolite instruments, the adjustments are of two categories and they are:

i. Temporary adjustment and,

ii. Permanent adjustment

Permanent adjustment is only carried out by professionals when the instrument

suffers permanent maladjustments while temporary adjustments is the adjustment

carried out on every set up of the instruments, it is also known as station adjustments.

This adjustment entails:

i. Setting up and centering the instrument to enable the vertical axis coincide

with the ground mark using plumb bob device method.

ii. Levelling of the plate bubble to make bubble axis perpendicular to the

vertical axis.

iii. Focusing the telescope to prevent or eliminate parallax error.

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 Therefore, the following so called ‘Temporary adjustment’ were made to the

instrument before angular observations was made at each set up on the station.

Having set the theodolite on TOPS003 and targets were set onTOPS002 as back

station and Nail1 as fore station. All temporary adjustments were carried out i.e. (centering,

levelling, and focusing). The back station was observed on a face left and the horizontal

circle was read and recorded, the instrument was rotated clock wisely to fore station on face

left, the horizontal circle and vertical circle was read and recorded. The instrument base was

changed by locking the horizontal screw and turned it 90 degree and unlocked the horizontal

circle reading screw, the base was been changed on every station in order to make the

readings independent of each other.

The instrument was then transited to face right and bisected the fore station where

both the horizontal and vertical circle readings were taken and recorded. It was turned clock

wisely to the back station, and the horizontal circle reading was read and recorded, this gave a

complete set of readings and observation. The processes were repeated on other stations until

it got to the last of the boundary line and close back on the same starting control i.e.

TOPS003.

3.6.2 Linear measurement

This measurement could be carried out by various methods depending on the accuracy

expected and the purpose needed. These methods are:

i. Direct linear measurement method (taping on the ground or catenary).

ii. Electronic distance measurement method.

In this project, direct linear measurement was used for traversing.

The linear measurement was carried out with use of ranging poles placed in between

the theodolite and the target station (i.e traverse line) at the tape length and those poles was

properly aligned with the instrument in order to have perfect straight line before taken the

21
measurement with the steel tape. This direct measurement was taken and recorded in the field

book.

The process continued at every instrument station until the last traverse line was

measure. Hence, all the measurement recorded were later corrected with the slope correction

to obtain the true horizontal distance.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULT

Data processing is also referred to as the computation stage; it is the intermediary

operation between the field observation and the data presentation stage. At this stage, all the

data(s) acquired from the field were processed and analyzed in order to proceed to the final

stage.

Data processing and analysis comprises of the following.

i. Traverse field book reduction

ii. Traverse computation

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See the above results are presented in the Appendixes.

4.1 Traverse field book reduction

The initial back bearing was computed from the coordinates of the controls. The

computed bearing from the control was used in computing the observed angle, forward

bearings of the respective lines.

Angular measurement made on the field were reduced thus: the face left observation

taken to the back station was deducted from the left reading taken to the fore station, so as to

obtain the angle between the line on face left. The face right reading taken to the back station

was deducted from the face right observation taken to the fore station, so as to obtain the

angle between the line on face right. If the reduced angle on face left or face right is greater

than 3600, then 3600 were subtracted from the reduced angle, the mean of the angle was

obtained to give the angle at that station. The differences between the reduced angles are

always negligible since angles measured on each face were measured in different zeros. The

vertical circle reading was reduced by subtracting 90 0 or 2700 from face left or face right of

the vertical circle reading on which is close in magnitude to the measured vertical reading.

This was done at every station observed:

L2 – L1 = L, R2 – R1 = R

Horizontal angle = L + R

Where L1 is observation to back station on face left

L2 is observation to foresight on face left

R1 is observation to back station on face right

R2 is observation to foresight on face right

For vertical angle, the formulas below were used:

90° - L2 (if L2 is less than 90°)

270° - R2 (if R2 is less than 270°)

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L2 - 90° (if L2 is greater than 90°)

R2- 270° (if R2 is greater than 270°)

The value deduced from the two formulae will be summed up and divided by two the

L2 + R2 / 2 = vertical angle

This vertical angle is used to correct the measured distances.

Table 4.0: Sample of Horizontal angle reduction

Station Sight Face H. C. R Horizontal Mean

reduction

NL1 L1 0800 46’ 04”

PL1 PL2 L2 1240 03’ 16” 0930 17’ 12”

PL2 R2 3540 02’ 27” 0930 16’ 14”

NL1 R1 2600 46’ 13” 0930 16’ 43”

Source: Field and office Work 2024.

Table 4.1: Sample of Vertical angle reduction

Station Sight Face V.C.R Vertical Mean

reduction

NL1 L1

PL1 PL2 L2 890 06’ 18” 000 53’ 42”

PL2 R2 2700 48’ 58” 000 48’ 58”

NL1 R1 000 51’ 20”

Source: Field and office Work 2024.

4.1.1 Linear measurement

24
 The distance was measured using tape for measured distance with the vertical (slope)

angle taken simultaneously. The corrected horizontal distance was obtained having applied

the slope correction.

H = -L (1 – cos Ø)

Where H = Corrected distance

L= Measured distance

Ø= Slope angle observed. The linear accuracy will be discussed in section 4.2.3.

4.2 Computation

Computation is the operation carried out after obtaining the data from the field. The

data obtained were processed to obtain final results from which plans are produced. The

various computation procedures carried out in this project are analyzed as follows:

4.2.1 Forward computation

The forward computation was used to determine the final coordinate of each of the

traverse station, with the use of the corrected bearing and the true horizontal distance. The

initial bearing of the control to which the traverse was connected was being used to start the

forward computation. To obtain the back bearing of a traverse line, 180 0 was added or

subtracted from the initial bearing of the control used. The back bearing was then added to

the observed angle of the station to obtain the forward bearing of the line, whereas 360 0 will

be subtracted from the forward bearing if it is greater than 360 0. The final closing bearing was

then compared with the computed bearing so as to obtain the angular misclosure i.e

(0650 16’ 13’’ – 0600 16’ 13’’= 40 38’ 10’’) and the angular misclosure obtained was 04 0

38’ 10’’, which was distributed evenly to the unadjusted forward bearing to get the final

forward bearing of each traverse line.

4.2.2 Provisional coordinates

In order to obtain the coordinate of each station, the provisional coordinate were calculated

using the formula

25
∆Northing = LCOS Ø

∆Easting = LSIN Ø

After which the ∆Northing and ∆Easting were computed with the coordinate of the initial

controls, the coordinate of new pillars were obtained using the formulae below:

NN = IN ± ∆Northing

NE = IE ± ∆Easting

Where L is corrected distance in meters

Ø is corrected bearing in degree, minutes and seconds

NN is coordinate of new northing

NE is the coordinate of new easting

IN is the coordinate of initial northing

IE is the coordinate of initial easting

The computed closing coordinate was compared with the initial coordinate of the control

used and the error was distributed using the formulae below:

For northing coordinate

Misclosure∈northing
X arithmetic sum of each station in northing
Total arithmetic ∑ of northing

For easting coordinate

Misclosure∈easting
X arithmetic sum of each station in easting
Total arithmetic ∑ of easting

Therefore to get the final coordinate, the error was added or subtracted from initial coordinate

of each station.

After the forward bearing and distance was obtained, the partial coordinates N and E was

derived by using this formulae:

∆Northing = L COS Ø

∆Easting = LCOS Ø

26
 Where,

∆N = change in northing

∆E = change in easting

L = corrected distance

Ø = corrected bearing

For instance the partial coordinate of station TOPS 003 to NL1 i.e (coordinate of point B

refereed to point A) is derived thus:

L = 141.997, Ø = 2320 04’ 09”

∆N = L cos Ø

= 141.997cos 2320 04’ 09” = -87.287

∆E = Lsin Ø

= 141.997sin 2320 04’ 09”

= -112.001

4.2.3 Linear accuracy

The linear accuracy was determined so as to know the linear accuracy of the job

which was compared with the standard of the job which was third order theodolite traverse.

Linear accuracy was obtained using the formula below:

Linear Accuracy = 1

√(ΔN)² + (ΔE)²

∑D

Where ΔN = Error in Northing Coordinates and,

ΔE = Error in Easting Coordinates

∑ D = Total horizontal distance

The linear accuracy obtained for this project is calculated below: -

√(ΔN)² + (ΔE)²

27
 ∑D

Where; ΔN = Misclosure in northing = -0.113

ΔE = Misclosure in easting = -0.172

∑D = Total distance of traverse = 1166.059

= 1

√(-0.113)² + (-0.172)²

1166.059 = 1: 5363.076

Linear accuracy = 1: 6000

Since the accuracy was found to be within the allowable limit, the linear misclosure

was distributed to adjust the coordinate in order to have a final coordinate.

4.2.4 Back computation

From the final coordinate of points on the boundary, the latitude and departure,

distances and bearings of the traverse lines were determined. The bearing and distance

determined here were written against each corresponding lines on the plan.

Latitudes and departure were obtained by subtracting the preceding corrected

coordinate from the next coordinate and taking into consideration their sign (+ve and –ve).

These latitude (∆N) and departure (∆E) were used to compute for the bearing and distances

using the formula.

To calculate this, the following formulae were used

Bearing = tan-1 ∆ E / ∆ N (θ = tan-1 (∆ E / ∆ N)

Where θ = bearing between station observed.

Distance = √ (∆ E) 2 + (∆ N) 2

∆ N = Latitude

∆ E = Departure or longitude

Where ∆ N = Difference between Northings (N2 – N1)

Difference between Eastings (E2 – E1)

28
However, the table below was considered

4th Quadrant 1st Quadrant

∆ N = +VE ∆ N = +VE
∆ E = - VE ∆ E = -+VE

3rd Quadrant 2nd Quadrant

∆ N = -VE ∆ N = -VE

∆ E = -VE ∆ E = +VE

Figure 4.0: Quadratic formula

Table 4.2: Back computation

STN BEARING DISTANCE ΔN ΔE NORTHING EASTING STN

FROM (m) (m) (m) TO

‘ ‘’ 953463.231 544394.802 PL1

PL 1 168 37 11 104.748 -102.689 20.669 953360.542 544415.471 PL2

PL 2 167 52 29 138.073 -135.035 28.806 953225.507 544444.277 PL3

PL 3 271 52 12 128.094 04.180 -128.026953229.687 544316.251 PL 4

PL 4 272 01 32 105.638 03.734 -105.572953233.421 544210.679 PL 5

PL 5 352 52 36 147.524 146.385 -18.294 953379.806 544192.385 PL 6

PL 6 357 53 24 98.320 98.253 -3.620 953478.059 544188.765 PL 7

PL 7 98 14 15 74.086 -10.615 73.322 953467.444 544262.087 PL 8

PL 8 91 49 06 132.782 -04.213 132.715 953463.231 544394.802 PL 1

Source: Office Work 2024.

4.3: Area computation

The area of the traverse was calculated using Double latitude method.

Double latitude method

29
-102.689 × + 20.669 = -2122.478941

-102.689

-205.378

-135.035

-340.413 × + 28.806 = -9805.936878

-135.035

-475.448

04.180

-471.268 × - 128.026 = + 60334.55697

04.180

-467.088

03.734

-463.354 × -105.572 = - 48917.20849

03.734

-459.620

146.385

-313.235 × - 18.294 = + 5730.32109

147.385

-166.850

98.253

-68.597 × + 03.620 = 248.32114

+98.253

29.656

-10.615

19.041 × 73.322 = 1396.124202

-10.615

30
 08.426

-04.213

04.213 x 132.715 = 559.128295

00.000

2A= (Ʃ Product)

105257.2444

AREA :- 52628.622m²

10,000

HECTERS = 5.263 × 2.471

ACRES = 13.157

4.4 Result analysis

In accordance with the specification on third order traverse; the required accuracy was

compared with the result obtained, the analysis is shown in the table 4.2 below:

Table 4.3: Analysis of result.

S/n Operation Formulae NO. of Total Result Result Remark

Station Distance. Expected Obtained

1 Angular 30”√n where n = 11 1166.059 0⁰1’39.5’’ 4⁰ 38’10’’ Acceptable

Misclosure no of station

2 Linear 1 11 1166.059 1: 5,000 1: 6000 Acceptable

Accuracy √(ΔN)²+(ΔE)²

Total distance

Source: Office Work 2024.

31
Note: no any statistical analysis was used, hence the result was compared to surveying

specification and standard.

In conclusion it was obvious that from table 4.2 above, the results were accurate and

acceptable.

4.5 Information presentation in graphical form

This is the graphical presentation of all the processed information with a suitable scale

using appropriate conventional signs and symbols.

This also involves preparation of plan showing all the features in their proper position

with a suitable scale, and uses the appropriate symbols to depict such information on the plan.

This was done after obtaining the final adjusted coordinate of each point, and then the

coordinate method was used to draw the plan.

The plan was produced in two forms namely

i Analogue

ii Digital

4.5.1 Analogue plan production

i PREPARATION OF THE PLOTTING SURFACE

The material used was a cardboard, which was placed on a drawing table with the use

of paper tape so as to enhance the stability of the plotting.

ii GRIDING OF THE SHEET

Based on the method of plotting used (coordinate method), and scale used, the sheet

was gridded at an equal interval of 50m, along the northings and eastings axis. Searching for

the highest and the lowest northing coordinate as well as the highest and lowest easting

32
coordinate so as to determine the extent of the grid that will contain the plotting of the

gridding.

iii PLOTTING OF THE TRAVERSE POINTS

Coordinate system of plotting was adopted and plotting of the traverse point. The positions of

each point were plotted in their appropriate position on the grid. The coordinate used for the

plotting were presented in the table 4.3 below:

Table 4.4: Final coordinate used for plotting.

Station Northing Easting

PILLAR 1 953463.231 544394.802

PILLAR 2 953360.542 544415.471

PILLAR 3 953225.507 544444.277

PILLAR 4 953229.687 544316.251

PILLAR 5 953233.421 544210.679

PILLAR 6 953279.806 544192.385

PILLAR 7 953478.059 544188.765

PILLAR 8 953467.444 544262.087

Source: Office Work 2022.

v INKING, TRACING AND PRINTING

The plan was inked with each conventional symbols and colours representing each elements

using water proof ink. Boundary lines were inked red, Pegs in blue, e.t.c. The plan was then

later traced and printed.

4.5.2. Digital plan production

The digital plan was produced using AUTOCAD 2010 software, the under listed

procedures were carried out

i The computer was switched on to allow boot

33
ii The start menu was clicked on

iii Programs was clicked whereby notepad was selected

iv After the notepad was launched, a script file was prepared i.e _Pline, then the eastern

and northern coordinate were inputed accordingly.

v The file was saved with an extension i.e. scr

vi AutoCAD was launched

vii The file menu was clicked and “new” was selected

viii Format was clicked and the necessary settings were set

ix Tools was selected and “run script” was clicked on

x The file save with an extension on notepad was then clicked on

xi Escape key, was clicked. “Z” enter and “E” enter was pressed and the diagram was

displayed

xii Then all the necessary details were fixed on the plan and the plan was prinred.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

This project covers the aspect of surveying which included Traversing, Levelling, and

Detailing. The traversing aspect of survey was to coordinate the newly establish point. While

leveling was used to obtain the height of the station

Tacheometry was used in fixing detail. The coordinate and height were adjusted. The

corrected adjusted coordinate were then used to plot the plan

34
The final plan was produced, showing the boundary point the details as appear on the project

area, also the scale at which the plan was drawn, the area of the project site in hectares, true

north, origin and other information were show on the plan to conform with the requirement

and accuracy of this project.

5.2 Problem encountered

There was much problem during the execution of the project except, that the pegs

marked on the ground were removed by the students of the school at the project location.

The intervisibility of point been obstructed by students. And this problem

encountered was resolved by going the project site during weekend

5.3 Recommendation

(i) It is hereby recommended that project work should be released to students early enough to

enable wide consultations and to obtain necessary information relating to the project work

which will in turn facilitate successful completion of the project work on time.

(ii) I also recommend that the school should provide enough instruments to avoid delay on

the progress of the work.

(iii) The school authority should encourage the use of more digital surveying and geo-

informatics instrument for ND student because of the advancement in the technology of

surveying.

5.4 Conclusion

The aim of the project was achieved due to proper planning, coupled with and valid

information obtained from a reliable source.

I hereby conclude that this project was carried out in accordance to surveys rules and

regulations, and departmental and supervisory instructions. The results obtained were found

to be within the expected accuracy. This project has exposed me to various field experiences

35
and provided knowledge on estate survey. The result obtained in this project could serve as a

reference for any development in the area.

REFERENCES

ACSM (2014) [Link] American Congress of Surveying and Mapping. Date

visited 03/11/2016 Time 03:00pm

Agor R (1992) “Surveying levelling 6th Edition, Shri Romphsh Chlander Khaima Indian

Pp .612-690

Bannister A. and Raymond S. (2000): “Surveying”, 7th Edition, Pitman Publishing

36
Basak (2000): Surveying and Leveling, 4th Edition, Vol 1London, Van Nostra Pp 155-157

Brinka, R .C and Wolf, P.R(1977): Land Surveying” 3rd Edition, Pp. 321-322

Charles D. Ghilani and Paul R. Wolf [2008]; Elementary Surveying, 12th Edition,

United States of America.

Desmond whyte (2006): Elementary Surveying for practice, fourth Edition, Longman

Publishers, New York, p. 169

Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok K. Jain &Arun K. Jain (2005); Surveying, 17th Edition, Vol.

1, Delhi - 110002.

Duggal (2006): “Elementary Surveying” 6th Edition, New York, p. 167

Houlton Mifflin (2012): “Surveying”4th Edition, Vol 1

John Wilfred (2014): Surveying {Civil Engineering} Britannica Ultimate.

Reference Suite Chicago

Ramsay, J (1971): Land surveying 4th Edition, chancer press limited Bungay, London,

Pitman styles (2011): Land and survey,5th Edition, Queens Publishers Wisklor London,

P.119.

Schofield W and M. Breach, (2007): Engineering 6th Edition, P. 1Bonford (1984)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX1. Traverse field book

APPENDIX2. Traverse computation sheet

APPENDIX3. Back computation

APPENDIX4. Leveling computation sheet

APPENDIX5. Estate survey plan.

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