NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD

By
A. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Jasim M.
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD TO SOLVE POWER
FLOW PROBLEMS

The procedures of using this method in load flow problems

In this method, symbols of
k is the counter of iteration.
i is the counter of bus number.
j is the counter of summation.
n is the total number of buses.
Newton-Raphson Decoupled Newton-Raphson

 Calculation of Ybus matrix  Calculation of Ybus matrix

 Initial assumption of |V|∠𝛿 at load and 𝛿 at  Initial assumption of |V|∠𝛿 at load and 𝛿 at
P|V| bus. P|V| bus.
Newton-Raphson Decoupled Newton-Raphson
 For load and P|V| buses, find
 For load and P|V| buses, find
𝑛
𝑛
(𝑘)
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + δ𝑗 ) (𝑘)
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + δ𝑗 )
𝑗=1
𝑗=1
𝑛
𝑛
(𝑘)
𝑄𝑖 =− 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )) (𝑘)
𝑄𝑖 =− 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ))
𝑗=1
𝑗=1
 Find
 Find
(𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑃𝑖 , (𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑃𝑖 ,
(𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑄𝑖 (𝑘)
∆𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑠𝑐h − 𝑄𝑖
(𝑘)
 Newton-Raphson Decoupled Newton-Raphson

 Find all elements of Jacobian matrix [𝐽] as  Find only 𝐽1 and 𝐽4 of Jacobian matrix as
follows follows
(𝑘) (𝑘)
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
(𝑘) 𝐽1 0 (𝑘) 0
(𝑘) 𝐽1 𝐽2 𝜕𝛿 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝛿
[𝐽] = = 0 𝐽4 =
𝐽3 𝐽4 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄
0
𝜕𝛿 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
−1 −1
(𝑘) (𝑘) (𝑘)
∆𝛿 (𝑘) 𝐽1 𝐽2 ∆𝑃 (𝑘)
∆𝛿 (𝑘) 𝐽1 0 ∆𝑃 (𝑘)
 Find = ×  Find = ×
∆𝑉 (𝑘)
𝐽3
(𝑘)
𝐽4 ∆𝑄 ∆𝑉 0
(𝑘)
𝐽4 ∆𝑄
 For both methods, calculate active and reactive power of the slack bus using the
following equations.
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 COS(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝑗=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 = − 𝑉𝑖 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 SIN(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 )
𝑗=1

 Calculate line flows using flowing equations

∗
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖 × 𝐼𝑖𝑗
where 𝐼𝑖𝑗 = 𝑦𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑗
𝑆𝑗𝑖 = 𝑉𝑗 × 𝐼𝑗𝑖∗
 Calculate line losses as follows
𝑆𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 + 𝑆𝑗𝑖
Example/ In the two-bus power system shown below, bus 1 is a slack bus with V1=1∠0°pu and
bus 2 is a load bus with S2=100MW+j50MVAr.
Using Newton-Raphson method, calculate voltage magnitude and phase angle of bus 2 for two iterations.
1 2
Z12=0.12+j0.16 100 MW
50 MVAr
V1=1∟0ᵒ

Solution /
For this example
Sbase = 100𝑀𝑉𝐴,
k is 1 and 2 because (two iterations) are given.
i is 2 because load is at bus 2.
j is 1 and 2 because the number of buses is 2.
n is 2 because the total number of buses is 2.
Step 1.
5∠ − 53.13° 5∠126.87°
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
5∠126.87° 5∠ − 53.13°
Step 2.
(0)
𝑉2 = 1∠0° pu
Step 3.
𝑃2 = 5 𝑉2 𝑉1 cos 126.87° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 + 5|𝑉2 |2 cos(−53.13°)
𝑄2 = −5 𝑉2 𝑉1 sin 126.87° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 − 5|𝑉2 |2 sin(−53.13°)
Step 4.
(0) 0
∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃2
= −1.0 − 5 cos 126.87° + 5 cos −53.13°
= −1.0pu
(0) 0
∆𝑄2 = 𝑄2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑄2
= −0.5 − −5 sin 126.87° − 5 sin −53.13°
= −0.5pu

Step 5.
𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕 𝑉2
[𝐽] =
𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕 𝑉2
 5 𝑉2 𝑉1 sin 126.87° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 5 𝑉1 cos 126.87° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 + 10|𝑉2 | cos(−53.13°)
[𝐽] =
5 𝑉2 𝑉1 cos 126.87° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 −5 𝑉1 sin 126.87° − 𝛿2 + 𝛿1 − 10 𝑉2 sin(−53.13°)

Elements of Jacobin matrix are evaluated as follows.

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2
5(1)(1) sin 126.87° 55(1) cos 126.87° + 10(1)cos(−53.13°)
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕 𝑉2
𝐽 = =
𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2
5(1)(1) cos 126.87° −5 1 sin 126.87° − 10(1)sin(−53.13°)
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕 𝑉2
(0) 4 3
⇒ 𝐽 = , by using equation (3.10), the following form will be acquired.
−3 4
 (0)
−1 4 3 ∆𝛿2
=
−0.5 −3 4 ∆ 𝑉 (0)
2

(0)
∆𝛿2 4 3
−1
−1 −0.1
⇒ (0) = =
∆ 𝑉2 −3 4 −0.5 −0.2

Step 6.
(1)
∴ 𝛿2 = 0 + −0.10 = −0.10 Radian
(1)
& 𝑉2 = 1 + −0.2 = 0.8 pu
Similarly, the second iteration is solved as follows.
(1) 1
∆𝑃2 = 𝑃2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑃2 = −1.0 − −0.7875
= −0.2125pu
(1) 1
∆𝑄2 = 𝑄2𝑠𝑐ℎ − 𝑄2 = −0.5 − −0.3844
= −0.1156pu
(1)
−0.2125 2.9444 1.4157 ∆𝛿2
=
−0.1156 −2.7075 2.7195 ∆ 𝑉2(1)

(1)
∆𝛿2 −0.035
⇒ (1) =
∆ 𝑉2 −0.077
(2)
∴ 𝛿2 = −0.1 + −0.035 = −0.135 Radian
(2)
& 𝑉2 = 0.8 + −0.077 = 0.723 pu