Flow in Pipe
1
Derivation of the Energy Equation
• The First Law of Thermodynamics
The difference between the heat added to
a system and the work done by a system
depends only on the initial and final states
of the system; that is, depends only on the
change in energy E: principle of
conservation of energy.
2
E Q W
E = Change in Energy
Q = Heat added to the system
W = Work done by the system
3
E Eu Ek E p
E = Total energy of the system
Eu = Internal energy due to molecular motion
Ek = Kinetic energy
E p = Potential energy
4
The differential form of the first law of thermodynamics
express the rate of change of E with respect to time.
dE . .
Q W (1)
dt
.
Q = Rate of heat transfer to system
.
W = Rate of work being done by system
Eqn. (1) states that if dQ (heat) is added in the system
or work (dW) is done by the system, the energy (dE)
must change according to energy relation.
5
Energy Equation;
v12 v22
P1
↑
1
2g
Z1 h p
P2
2#2g
Z 2 ht hL
1 , 2 is energy correction factors;
pipe with fully developed flow 1 2 = 1
h p is loss due to pump
ht is loss due to turbine
hL is head loss (right hand side (
6
Pump (m)()()
Power delivered to fluid (or power
gained by the fluid) can be estimated as;
P gQhp (Watt or J/s)
hp is the net head rise actually gained by
the fluid flowing through the pump.
1 horsepower = 745.7 Watts
7
Pump Outlet
Pd
• Pumps are inlet
mechanical Ps
devices that
Zd
add energy to Zs
a fluid. Suction Side Delivery Side
Pump
Ps Vs2 Pd Vd2
Z s hp Z d hL
2g 2g
Pd Ps Vd2 Vs2
H hp hL Zd Zs
2g
h p The shaft work head
hL The pump head loss
H The actual head rise 8
Pump
• If the pipe diameter of the suction and the
delivery side are the same, then the velocity
heads are the same.
Pd Ps
H h p hL Zd Z s
• Power of the pump can be estimated as;
Pw QH QP
Pw is hydraulic horsepower [W]
9
Phase Diagram
Pump
• When the liquid pressure at a given location is
reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid, vapor
bubbles form called “cavitation”.
• This cavitation can cause a loss in efficiency and
structural damage to the pump.
• If the datum is at the water level at the suction side,
the net positive suction (NPSH) is;
Ps Vs2 PV
NPSH
2g
PV is the vapor pressure
* water Ph ,
water boil (vopor)
* Flight mountain Ph, 10
Drinkingico-P(1ctm (water lig-gaseous)
I
3
F S
=
< pressure (2) to compensate energy if up Ph
if hi 1 pressure (1) -
=
, ,
- there've losses along
-
was of Bernoulli effect : v
, V, -
P↑ when pipe expands
Apply Continuity Eg .
-
UPSHAL/ NPSIs
covitation : pin system susporp
isobaric line : constant P
isothermal line : constant I
* smaller size-higher vel .
-P drops lower than Pr
high velocity jet.
(Air bubble posses along pipe)
-
Higher P ,
Air bubble turns
low pressure
-
Bernoulli effect on football.
Required Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSHR)
• Required Net Positive Suction Head (NPSHR)
must be maintained or exceeded so that
cavitation will not occur.
• It is usually necessary to determine the
required NPSHR experimentally, for a given
pump. 2
Ps Vs PV
NPSH Given
2g
-
PV is the vapor pressure
get rid of elevation (2)
Ps is the pressure at the suction side
* -
Only pass horizontally
A stick to pressure Vs is the velocity at the suction side
11
Available Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSHA)
• Available Net Positive Suction Head (NPSHA)
represents the head that actually occurs for the
particular system. It can be detemined experimentally
or calculated if possible. consider it
suction now ! suction site
S ↑
Pump
Patm Vs2 Ps
X
00 Z 1 hL
Z1 2g
Tosses along the pipe
Ps Vs2 Patm
Datum
Z 1 hL
I 2g
Ps Vs2 PV
Venk NPSH
= O
R 2g
Patm Connemove
P
NPSH A Z1 hL V it is not general ~
eg.
NPSH A NPSH R -
12
it reduce
we conset ridot
* Submersible Pump .
* 1/2 can be diff.
· can adjust elevation but depends on condition
1 use bernoulliv
Potm u =
Patm
v
+ z =
Pu +h
R V +
Potm +z, n
NPSHA =
Patm + z,
-h
Pump
• Pump curve represents the flow rate and the head that
particular pump can produce.
• Pump curve is given by the pump manufacturers.
• A system curve is a graphical representation of the
pump head that is required to move fluid through a
piping system at various flow rates.
• The system curve helps quantify the resistance in a
system due to friction and elevation change over the
range of flows.
• The system curve comes from the energy equation.
13
Pump Pd
Ps
Zd
Zs
Suction Side Delivery Side
Pump
H P Z d Z s hL
H P is the actual head gained by the fluid from the pump.
14
Pump
Pump Curve
Pump Head, H
Operating Point
System Curve
Elevation Head
Flow Rate, Q 15
Two Pumps in Series
H QA QB
H P H PA H PB
X
2 identical pumps in series
Single pump
Q
16
Two Pumps in Parallel
H
Qtotal QA QB
H P H PA H PB
2 identical pumps in parallel
Single pump
5 X Q
17
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
• Osborne Reynolds was the first to
distinguish the difference between laminar
and turbulent flow using a simple
apparatus.
• For small enough flowrates, the dye streak
will remain a well-defined line with only
slight blurring due to molecular diffusion of
the dye into the surrounding water.
- Laminar-flow nicely (orderly fashion)-steady 1 Re < 2000
18
- Turbulence -
Brownian Motion
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
• For larger intermediate flowrates, the dye
streak fluctuates in time and space, and
intermittent bursts of irregular behavior
appear along the streak.
• For large enough flowrates, the dye streak
almost immediately becomes blurred and
spreads across the entire pipe in random
fashion.
19
20
Laminar
Transitional
Turbulent
21
* be objective in making decision. A groundwater > soilgrain -
pass water into it.
A use "f" of soil
void
Reynolds Number Distance
o O characteristic length - shows characteristic flow .
Fractural
VL gui
Mechanics Re =
sub
=
M M
Re = Reynolds number
Kinematic viscosity =
V = Average velocity
L = Characteristic length >
- ↓ in pipe 22
-
d in soil grein
Reynolds Number
• Reynolds found that it always becomes
laminar when Re less than 2000. In the
pipe, the flow will change from laminar to
turbulent in the range of Re between 2000
– 4000.
23
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
• For laminar flow, pressure difference
between two points in a horizontal pipe
depends on velocity, length, pipe
diameter, and dynamic viscosity.
P F (V , l , D, )
F
* PT in water supply in BKK
has been leaked at least 30 %? 24
Using dimensional analysis with 5
variables, the dimensionless numbers are
n
BAP
DP l MV
V D
>
YD
Assume that the pressure difference linearly
depends on the length of pipe.
l l
C ; C is a constant.
D D
25
We will get DP l
C (5.1)
V D
For round pipe, substitute C = 32 into
eqn.(5.1) and divide both sides of the eqn.
with V 2 2
P 32 lV D 2 l 64 l
64
1
V 2 1
V 2 VD D Re D
2 2
26
Therefore; for laminar flow, the pressure
difference between 2 points is;
64 l V 2
l V 2
laminer
P or P f
-
Re D 2 D 2 -
horizontal
P( D l )
f is called friction factor
V 2
2
64
Friction factor for the laminar flow is; f
Re
↑
only volid for Laminar flow
↑ con be derived.
27
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
• The pressure drop (p) for steady,
incompressible turbulent flow in a
horizontal round pipe of diameter D can be
written in functional form as;
p f (V , D, l , , , )
p = Pressure drop
= a measure of the roughness of the pipe wall
↓ 28
check curveness
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
• Since there are 7 variables with 3
reference dimensions, there will be 4
dimensionless groups.
p VD l
, ,
1
V 2 D D
2
29
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
• Similar to laminar flow, the functional
representation can be simplified by
imposing the reasonable assumption that
the pressure drop should be proportional
to the pipe length. (This assumption is only
supported by experiments.)
p l VD
,
1
V 2 D D
2 30
Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow
For horizontal pipe;
pD
the quantity is termed the friction factor;
l V 2
2
l V 2
p f (valid only for horizontal pipe)
D 2
where
Laminer flow
f Re,
>
-
D !e
=
sp
31
64/Re
The Moody Chart
• The energy equation for steady
incompressible flow is;
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2 hL
2g 2g
hL = head loss between section (1) and (2)
l V2
hL f (Darcy-Weibach Equation)
D 2g
This equation is valid for any fully, developed,
steady, incompressible pipe flow whether the
pipe is horizontal or on a hill. 32
The Colebrook Formula
* Turbulent Flow
1 D 2.51
2.0 log
f 3.7 Re f
8x10Y
*
Re =
0 004 33
*
2) =
.
Pipe Flow Problems
Given
Geometry Fluid Flow Head
Case Rate Loss Find
D L Q hf
A x x x x x hf
B x x x x x Q
C x x x x x D
34
Minor Losses
Minor losses due to
• Pipe entrance or exit
• Sudden expansion or contraction
• Gradual expansions or contraction
• Bends, elbows, tees and other fitting
• Values, open or partially closed
35
Minor Losses
• Head loss information for essentially all
components is given in dimensionless
form and based on experiment data. The
most common method used to determine
these head losses or pressure drops is to
specify the loss coefficient, KL.
36
Minor Losses
hL p
KL
V 2 1
2g V 2
2
1
so that; p K L V 2
2
2
V
or hL K L
2g
37
Flow from a Reservoir into a pipe
Reentrant;
KL = 0.8
38
Flow from a Reservoir into a pipe
Sharp-edged;
KL = 0.5
39
Flow from a Reservoir into a pipe
Slightly rounded;
KL = 0.2
40
Flow from a Reservoir into a pipe
Well-rounded;
KL = 0.04
41
Flow from a Reservoir into a pipe
Entrance loss coefficient as a function of rounding of the inlet edge 42
Flow from a Pipe to a Reservoir
Reentrant;
KL = 1.0
43
Flow from a Pipe to a Reservoir
Sharp-edged;
KL = 1.0 44
Flow from a Pipe to a Reservoir
Slightly rounded;
KL = 1.0 45
Flow from a Pipe to a Reservoir
Well rounded;
KL = 1.0 46
Sudden Contraction
47
Sudden Expansion
48
Elbows
Regular 90, flanged 0.3
Regular 90, threaded 1.5
Long radius 90, flanged 0.2
Long radius 90, threaded 0.7
Long radius 45, flanged 0.2
Regular 45, flanged 0.4
49
180 Return Bends
180 return bends, flanged 0.2
180 return bends, threaded 1.5
50
Tees
Line flow, flanged 0.2
Line flow, threaded 0.9
Branch flow, flanged 1.0
Branch flow, threaded 2.0 51
Union, threaded
KL = 0.08
52
Loss Coefficient k for Gate Value
w/D 0 0.25 0.50 0.75
k 0.2 0.9 4.5 24.0
53
Loss Coefficient k for a Test Tap
5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
k 0.05 0.29 1.56 5.47 17.3 52.6 206 486
54
Loss Coefficient k for Hinged and Back Value
15 20 25 30 35 40
k 90 62 42 30 20 14
45 50 55 60 65 70
k 9.5 6.6 4.6 3.2 2.3 1.7
55
Energy Equation
for Real Fluid Flow in a Pipe
p v 2
p v 2
v 2
Z Z hf k
2 g 1 2 g 2 2g
h f is the major head loss due to pipe friction
2
v
k 2 g is the sum of all minor losses between 1 and 2
56
Friction Factor
For laminar flow
64
f
Re
For turbulent flow;
use Moody chart
57
Loss Coefficient k for Globe Value
• The loss coefficient k for a fully opened globe
value is depended on the pipe inner diameter.
D (inch) 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.5
k 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.1
D (inch) 2 3 4 5 6
k 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1
58
Multiple-pipe Systems
59
Series Pipe System
60
Series Pipe System
Requires
• the sum of head losses
• the equality of flow rate
If pipes (1), (2) and (3) are in series;
h fT h f1 h f2 h f3
Q1 Q2 Q3
61
Parallel Pipe System
62
Parallel Pipe System
• The loss is the same in each pipe.
• The total flow is the sum of the individual
flow.
h f AB h f1 h f 2 h f3
QT Q1 Q2 Q3
63