PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
What is Periodic Table (PT)?
The periodic table is a tabular array of the chemical elements organized by
atomic number, from the element with the lowest atomic number,
Hydrogen (H), to the element with the highest atomic number,
Oganesson(Og).
Table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in
rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar
chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.
Necessity of Periodic Table (PT):
Classification of Elements was necessary since many elements were being
discovered in the 19th century and the study of these elements individually
was proving difficult.
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Grade 08 Structure of an atom & Periodic Table MAT 7 August 2024
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Name the various attempts done to construct PT
There were many attempts at classifying elements
1) ‘Dobereiner’s Triads’ and
2) ‘Newland’s
3) Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
When was Mendeleev’s Periodic Table was prepared?
Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev put forth his periodic table in
1869.
Which property was used to construct Mendeleev’s Periodic Table?
Mendeleev’s observed that the properties of elements, both physical and
chemical, were periodically related to the atomic mass of the elements. This is
called as Periodic Law of elements.
Periodic Law of elements.
The Periodic Law (also referred to as Mendeleev’s Law), states that the
chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic
weights.
What is Periodicity?
Repetitions of the similar properties of the elements placed in a group and
separated by certain definite gap of atomic number are known as Periodicity.
What are Groups in PT?
The modern periodic table consists of 18 vertical columns, called
the groups (1-18)
What are Periods in PT?
Horizontal rows, called periods.
I. The first period contains two elements, Hydrogen and Helium.
II. The second period contains eight elements, from Lithium to Neon.
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III. The third period contains eight elements, from Sodium to Argon.
IV. The fourth period contains eighteen elements, from Potassium to
Krypton.
V. The fifth period contains eighteen elements, from Rubidium to
Xenon.
VI. The sixth period contains thirty-two elements.
VII. The seventh period was incomplete.
Recently Chemists have discovered new elements up to 118 and
this row is now complete.
On the basis of electronic configuration, elements are classified
into four Blocks known as s, p, d and f- blocks.
1st and 2nd group elements are called s-block elements. The
general electronic configuration is ns1-2.
13th to 18th group elements are called p-block elements. The
general electronic configuration is ns2 np1-6.
3rd to 12th group elements are called d-block elements. The
general electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-10 ns1-2.
Lanthanides and actinides elements are called f-
block elements. The general electronic configuration is (n-
2)f1-14 (n-1)d0-1 ns2.
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What is an Atom ?
An atom is defined as the structural and functional unit of a matter.
The term "atom" comes from the Greek word which means indivisible,
because atoms are the smallest things in the universe and could not be
divided.
Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and
electrons.
What is atom with one example?
Examples of atoms include single particles of the elements of the periodic
table, such as sodium, uranium, argon, and chlorine.
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM:
An atom is made up of three fundamental particles: protons, neutrons, and
electrons:
Nucleus
The centre of the atom, made up of protons and neutrons. The nucleus
is positively charged and contains over 99.9% of the atom's mass,
even though it's usually less than one ten-thousandth the size of the
atom.
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Protons
Positively charged particles with a mass of about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams,
or one atomic mass unit (amu).
Neutrons
Uncharged particles with a mass of about 1.67 × 10 -24 grams, or one
amu. The nucleus usually has a similar number of protons and
neutrons, which are together called nucleons. Hydrogen is an
exception, as it doesn't have neutrons.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus in a
cloud-like region.
Each electron has a negative charge (-1) equal to the positive charge of
a proton (+1).
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ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTION AROUND NUCLEUS
Shell
Number 1 2 3 4 5
(n).
Symbol K L M N O
No. of 2 x (1)2 = 2 x (2)2 = 2 x (3)2 = 2 x (4)2 = 2 x (5)2 =
electrons
(2n2)
2 8 18 32 50
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ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTION
Atomic
Number=
Symbol of
Name of the No. of
the First Second Third Forth
Element Protons =
Element Shell = K shell= L shell = M shell = N
No. of
electrons
Hydrogen H 1 1
Helium He 2 2
Lithium Li 3 2 1
2
Beryllium Be 4 2
2
Boron B 5 3
2
Carbon C 6 4
2
Nitrogen N 7 5
2
Oxygen O 8 6
2
Fluorine F 9 7
2
Neon Ne 10 8
2 8
Sodium Na 11 1
2 8
Magnesium Mg 12 2
2 8
Aluminium Al 13 3
2 8
Silicon Si 14 4
Phosphoru 2 8
P 15 5
s
2 8
Sulfur S 16 6
2 8
Chlorine Cl 17 7
2 8
Argon Ar 18 8
2 8
Potassium K 19 8 1
2 8
Calcium Ca 20 8 2
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