Class 12 3D Geometry Overview
Class 12 3D Geometry Overview
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3-Dimensional Geometry
3-Dimensional Geometry
● Introduction
● Concept of DC & DR
● Straight lines in 3D
● Planes
Introduction
In class XI, we covered geometry in 2D. Now, that we have good
understanding of vectors, we will use them to develop the geometry in
3D. Vectors here will be playing critical role in providing directions.
Concept of DC and DR
In 3-D geometry, there is no concept of “slope”. Here, vector are used to
give directions. For that we use the terms DC & DR. Lets understand the
concept of DC & DR first
Direction cosine
If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z axis
respectively then the triplet cos⍺, cos β, cos γ are called Direction cosine of
line
Z
X
Observation
Note Clearly, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
Eg:
(a) DC of x-axis are
(b) If then
(b) If then
Q (a) The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the axes are
(b) The direction cosines of any normal to the xz-plane are
Question!
Q (a) The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the axes are
D None
Question!
Q (a) The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the axes are
D None
Solution :
A 1, 1, 0
B 0, 1, 0
C 1, 1, 0
D 0, 0, 1
Question!
A 1, 1, 0
B 0, 1, 0
C 1, 1, 0
D 0, 0, 1
Solution :
Remark
Angle between two lines is the angle between vectors parallel to them
Question!
D
Solution :
Given, l + m + n = 0
Solution :
Q (b) Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are
connected by the relation l - 5m + 3n = 0 and 7l2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
Q A line passes through the points (6, -7, -1) and (2, -3, 1).
Find the direction cosines of the line if the line makes an
acute angle with the positive direction of the x-axis.
Solution :
Straight Lines in 3D
Now, we will develop equation of a line in 3D
Line through a given point & parallel to given vector
Let be a general point on line
Clearly
i.e. r
a
then: r = a + λb
This idea is used when we have to move few units on the line
Eg:
The points on the line lying 2 units away from A(1, 2, 3) are:
i.e
i.e
Now, that we have equation of line in vector form, we can easily write it in
cartesian form also
i.e.
Comparing, we get:
Remark
Here a, b, c are DR of line. Obviously, few can be zero also
Eg: Cartesian equation of:
(a) is
(b) is
(c) is
(d) is
Question!
D
Question!
B
A
D
Solution :
Since DR of y-axis is (0, 1, 0)
⸫ Equation of y-axis is
Question!
Q The lines
are perpendicular if
D
Question!
Q The lines
are perpendicular if
D
Solution :
Given, Also,
(a) is taken as
(b) is taken as
Question!
(b)
Question!
Putting in , we get
(a)
(b)
Solution :
Let given lines be
⸫ Intersection point
Question!
Given,
D
Question!
D
Solution :
Given line through A intersect given line
at P
Here,
Solution :
DR of
Since they are intersecting perpendicularly
DR of or DR of
⸫ Equation of line AP is
Question!
B 1
C -1
D
Question!
B 1
C -1
D
Solution :
Solution :
Distance of a point from a Line &
Distance between two Lines
Lets understand distance of a point from line through example
Question!
Q (a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line
is
measured along
Question!
Q (a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line
is
D None of these
Question!
Q (a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line
is
D None of these
Solution :
Question!
Given AP is parallel to
⸫ Equation of AP
Any point
Now, this point will lie on given line
Solution :
⸫ Distance AP
=
Thus,
Now let’s pick shortest distance between two lines
Observation
Two non-parallel lines in 3D may or may not intersect
Skew lines:
Two lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting are called
skew lines
Shortest distance between two lines is:
(b)
Question!
D 3
Question!
D 3
Solution :
Question!
and
and
B 2
C 3
D 4
Question!
B 2
C 3
D 4
Solution :
Here,
Solution :
If two straight lines are coplanar
Question!
Similarly, shortest distance with line II = 0 From (i) and (ii), we get
So, line is
Planes
Now, lets develop equations of plane. Here you will realize the
things are quite similar to line in 2-D
Equations of plane
Plane through a fixed point & normal to a given vector: n
A( a )
R( r )
a
r
O
Equations of plane
Plane through a fixed point & normal to a given vector: n
Let be a general point on plane
A( a )
a R( r )
i.e.
r
This is the required vector form of plane O
For cartesian form: Let A & R be (x1, y1, z1) & (x, y, z) respectively & DR
of be (a, b, c), then
Note
In cartesian equation of plane the coefficients of x, y & z are DR of
Observation
In particular if we use instead of then equation is called
normal form of plane.
Here is perpendicular distance of plane from origin
Question!
Putting x = 0, z = 0 respectively
Question!
Divide by , we get
⸫ Equation of plane
Before doing more examples lets first learn deriving equation of Plane in
different situations
Remark
All the equations of plane are based on a single fundamental. Create a
vector in the plane using general point, and a vector normal to plane.
Their dot product equal to zero gives equation of plane
Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-
collinear vectors ;
.A ( a )
.A ( a )
In cartesian form:
Equation of plane passing through three points:
.A ( a )
.A ( a )
In cartesian form
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
[Try deriving it from previous equation i.e. plane through three points]
Now, let’s do some examples to practice these equations
Question!
(b)
Question!
(a)
(b)
Solution :
Method I:
Let
⸫ Equation of plane
1(x - 7) - 2(y - 10) + 1(z - 13) = 0
⇒ x - 2y + z = 0
Question!
Method II:
⸫ Equation of plane
Question!
Q The plane passing through the point (4, -1, 2) and parallel to
the lines
also passes through the point
B (-1, -1, 1)
C (1, 1, 1)
D (1, 1, -1)
Question!
Q The plane passing through the point (4, -1, 2) and parallel to
the lines
also passes through the point
B (-1, -1, 1)
C (1, 1, 1)
D (1, 1, -1)
Solution :
Question!
B 14x - 2y + 15z = 27
C 14x + 2y - 15z = 1
D 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
Question!
B 14x - 2y + 15z = 27
C 14x + 2y - 15z = 1
D 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
Solution :
Question!
As given
clearly satisfies the plane (1) hence the plane (1) passes
through fixed point
Question!
As given
⸫ Required locus is
Remark
D
Question!
D
Solution : Required plane can be given as
It is perpendicular to
Solution :
⸫ Equation of required plane
Question!
B x + 3y + 6z = -7
C x + 3y + 6z = 7
D 2x + 6y + 12z = -13
Question!
B x + 3y + 6z = -7
C x + 3y + 6z = 7
D 2x + 6y + 12z = -13
Solution :
Some formulae
Some formulae
Angle between two planes:
D
Question!
D
Solution :
Remark
Distance of a point from plane, distance between two parallel planes, foot
of perpendicular, image of a point in plane, bisector of acute and obtuse
angle between two planes all are generalisation of 2-D results for straight
lines
(1) Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from ax + by + cz = d
(a) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0, then origin lies in obtuse angle
(b) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 < 0, then origin lies in acute angle and
equation of acute angle bisector:
(7) Ratio in which plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides join of A and B
ax + by + cz + d = 0
B (x2, y2, z2 )
Question!
C 11
D
Question!
C 11
D
Solution :
Question!
and
⇒
Question!
So,
Question!
D
Question!
D
Solution :
Solution :
Question!
…….(i)
Solution :
…….(ii)
passing through
Nature of planes and & symmetrical form of line
First let’s pick “Nature of planes”. Given three planes, they can be parallel
or they can form a prism or they can meet in a line or they can intersect at a
point. We can comment upon the nature using number of solutions
Question!
Here,
Here,
⸫ No solution
As planes are not parallel, hence they form a prism
Question!
A Intersect at a point
B Meet in a plane
C Form a prism
D Are parallel
Question!
A Intersect at a point
B Meet in a plane
C Form a prism
D Are parallel
Solution : Given, equation of planes
Here,
Remark
Primarily they asking line of intersection of given two planes
Solution : Given,
Let a, b, c be the DR of line of intersection
Thus normal to plane will be normal to line
⸫ DR of line
Solution : Now, for passing point, can keep one of x, y or z as zero
Let’s take z = 0
⸫ Equation of line
Question!
D
Question!
D
Solution : Given,
and
Let a, b, c be the DR of line of intersection
Thus, normal to plane will be normal to line
Solution :
⸫ DR of line
D
Question!
D
Let equation of plane containing the line
Solution :
be
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