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Class 12 3D Geometry Overview

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
54 views233 pages

Class 12 3D Geometry Overview

Uploaded by

Sandeep Shah
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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3-Dimensional Geometry
3-Dimensional Geometry
● Introduction
● Concept of DC & DR
● Straight lines in 3D
● Planes
Introduction
In class XI, we covered geometry in 2D. Now, that we have good
understanding of vectors, we will use them to develop the geometry in
3D. Vectors here will be playing critical role in providing directions.
Concept of DC and DR
In 3-D geometry, there is no concept of “slope”. Here, vector are used to
give directions. For that we use the terms DC & DR. Lets understand the
concept of DC & DR first
Direction cosine
If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z axis
respectively then the triplet cos⍺, cos β, cos γ are called Direction cosine of
line
Z

Direction cosine are generally denoted


by (l, m, n) 𝜸
β
Y
𝛼

X
Observation

We know that we can express any vector as:

Dividing both sides by a:

So, DC of any vector , are nothing but coefficients of

Note Clearly, l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
Eg:
(a) DC of x-axis are

(b) If then

(c) DC of the line joining (1, 2, 1) & (0, 1, –1) are:


Eg:
(a) DC of x-axis are (1, 0, 0)

(b) If then

(c) DC of the line joining (1, 2, 1) & (0, 1, –1) are:


Question!

Q (a) The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the axes are
(b) The direction cosines of any normal to the xz-plane are
Question!

Q (a) The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the axes are

D None
Question!

Q (a) The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the axes are

D None
Solution :

If a line makes angles α, β, γ with the axes, we have α = β = γ

⸫ The Direction cosines of


the line are
Question!

Q (b) The direction cosines of any normal to the xz-plane are

A 1, 1, 0

B 0, 1, 0

C 1, 1, 0

D 0, 0, 1
Question!

Q (b) The direction cosines of any normal to the xz-plane are

A 1, 1, 0

B 0, 1, 0

C 1, 1, 0

D 0, 0, 1
Solution :

⸫ Direction cosines of its normal are 0, 1, 0


Question!

Q (a) The angle between the lines whose direction cosines


satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and l2 = m2 + n2, is
(b) Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are
connected by the relation l - 5m + 3n = 0 and
7l2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Question!

Q (a) The angle between the lines whose direction cosines


satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and l2 = m2 + n2, is

A JEE Main 2014

Remark
Angle between two lines is the angle between vectors parallel to them
Question!

Q (a) The angle between the lines whose direction cosines


satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and l2 = m2 + n2, is

A JEE Main 2014

D
Solution :

Given, l + m + n = 0
Solution :

Case I: Case II:


when m = 0 when n = 0
Then l = -n Then l = -m
Hence, (l, m, n) ∝ (1, 0, -1) Hence, (l, m, n) ∝ (1, -1, 0)
Question!

Q (b) Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are
connected by the relation l - 5m + 3n = 0 and 7l2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

Q Find angle between two body diagonals of a cube


Solution :

DC’s of diagonals OP and AQ are

If angle between them is θ, then


Direction ratios:
Three numbers a, b, c proportional to DC (l, m, n) are known as DR.
Basically, if line is parallel to a vector then DR of line are
(a, b, c), or better to say DR ∝ (a, b, c)
Question!

Q A line passes through the points (6, -7, -1) and (2, -3, 1).
Find the direction cosines of the line if the line makes an
acute angle with the positive direction of the x-axis.
Solution :
Straight Lines in 3D
Now, we will develop equation of a line in 3D
Line through a given point & parallel to given vector
Let be a general point on line
Clearly

i.e. r
a

This is parametric form of line


Observation

Try to observe . In particular if we


λb
use i.e. written equation as

then: r = a + λb

This idea is used when we have to move few units on the line
Eg:
The points on the line lying 2 units away from A(1, 2, 3) are:

i.e

i.e
Now, that we have equation of line in vector form, we can easily write it in
cartesian form also

i.e.

Comparing, we get:

Remark
Here a, b, c are DR of line. Obviously, few can be zero also
Eg: Cartesian equation of:

(a) is

(b) is

(c) is

(d) is
Question!

Q Equation of y-axis is:

D
Question!

Q Equation of y-axis is:

B
A

D
Solution :
Since DR of y-axis is (0, 1, 0)
⸫ Equation of y-axis is
Question!

Q Equation of line through (2, 4, 5) & (3, 6, 7) is


Solution :
Question!

Q Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR


(a) 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2
(b)
(c) x = 2y + 3; z = y - 4
Question!

Q Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR


(a) 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2
Solution :
Given, 6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2
Question!

Q Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR


(b)
Solution :
Given,
Question!

Q Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR


(c) x = 2y + 3; z = y - 4
Solution :
Given, x = 2y + 3; z = y - 4
Question!

Q The lines
are perpendicular if

D
Question!

Q The lines
are perpendicular if

D
Solution :

Given, Also,

Since angle between them is 90


Question!

Q Find the equation of a line which passes through point


A(1, 0, -1) and is perpendicular to the straight lines
Solution :
Assuming a point on line

Many times we will be required to assume a point on line. It plays very


critical role many times. So, lets see how to assume a point on line & few
examples on it
Consider a line:

A general point on this line is assumed as

Eg: General point on

(a) is taken as

(b) is taken as
Question!

Q Find point of intersection of:


(a)

(b)
Question!

Q Find point of intersection of:


(a)
Given line,
Solution :
Any point on this line is

Putting in , we get

Thus, the points of intersection are (1, 2, 3) or (2, –3, 1)


Question!

Q Find point of intersection of:


(b)

(a)

(b)
Solution :
Let given lines be

Any point on these lines are

If they intersect then they have a point in common and hence


equating them, we get
Solution :

Solving any two, we get

(It satisfies the remaining third equation)

⸫ Intersection point
Question!

Q Find equation of internal angle bisector of ∠ABC if


Solution :

Given,

Any point on these lines are


Solution : For point of intersection B

(satisfy the third equation)


⸫ B (7, 11, 15)
Solution :
Also DR of internal angle bisector

⸫ Equation of internal angle bisector


Question!

Q Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from


point A(1, 0, 3) to the join of points B(4, 7, 1) and C(3, 5, 3).
Solution :
Remark
If we know foot of perpendicular of a point, we can easily find image also
using section formula
Question!

Q Equation of line through (0, 1, 2) intersecting


perpendicularly is

D
Question!

Q Equation of line through (0, 1, 2) intersecting


perpendicularly is

D
Solution :
Given line through A intersect given line

at P
Here,
Solution :
DR of
Since they are intersecting perpendicularly

DR of or DR of

⸫ Equation of line AP is
Question!

Q From a point P(λ, λ, λ), perpendiculars PQ and PR are drawn


respectively on the lines y = x, z = 1 and y = -x, z = -1. If P is
such that ∠QPR is a right angle, then the possible value(s) of
λ is(are)

A JEE Adv 2014

B 1

C -1

D
Question!

Q From a point P(λ, λ, λ), perpendiculars PQ and PR are drawn


respectively on the lines y = x, z = 1 and y = -x, z = -1. If P is
such that ∠QPR is a right angle, then the possible value(s) of
λ is(are)

A JEE Adv 2014

B 1

C -1

D
Solution :
Solution :
Distance of a point from a Line &
Distance between two Lines
Lets understand distance of a point from line through example
Question!

Q (a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line

is

(b) Find distance of (5, 7, -2) from

measured along
Question!

Q (a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line

is

D None of these
Question!

Q (a) The distance of the point (-2, 4, -5) from the line

is

D None of these
Solution :
Question!

Q (b) Find distance of (5, 7, -2) from


measured along
Solution :

Given AP is parallel to

⸫ Equation of AP

Any point
Now, this point will lie on given line
Solution :

⸫ Distance AP
=

Thus,
Now let’s pick shortest distance between two lines
Observation
Two non-parallel lines in 3D may or may not intersect

Skew lines:
Two lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting are called
skew lines
Shortest distance between two lines is:

For skew line: For parallel line:


Question!

Q Find the shortest distance between the lines


(a)

(b)
Question!

Q (a) The shortest distance between the lines

A JEE Main 2020

D 3
Question!

Q (a) The shortest distance between the lines

A JEE Main 2020

D 3
Solution :
Question!

Q The shortest distance between the lines


(b)
Solution :
Given,

and

Since lines are parallel


Result

Two lines are coplanar if either they are


parallel or shortest distance between them is zero, which can be
summarised in one condition
Question!

If the lines and are


Q
coplanar, then k can have

A JEE Main 2013


any value

B exactly one value

C exactly two values

D exactly three values


Question!

If the lines and are


Q
coplanar, then k can have

A JEE Main 2013


any value

B exactly one value

C exactly two values

D exactly three values


Solution :

The given lines are

and

Condition for two lines are coplanar


Question!

Two lines and


Q
are coplanar. Then, 𝛼 can take values

A JEE Adv 2013


0

B 2

C 3

D 4
Question!

Two lines and


Q
are coplanar. Then, 𝛼 can take values

A JEE Adv 2013


0

B 2

C 3

D 4
Solution :
Here,
Solution :
If two straight lines are coplanar
Question!

Q Find equation of line through (1, -1, 0), intersecting


Solution :
Let required line be
Shortest distance of this line with line I is = 0
Solution :

Similarly, shortest distance with line II = 0 From (i) and (ii), we get

So, line is
Planes
Now, lets develop equations of plane. Here you will realize the
things are quite similar to line in 2-D
Equations of plane
Plane through a fixed point & normal to a given vector: n

A( a )

R( r )

a
r
O
Equations of plane
Plane through a fixed point & normal to a given vector: n
Let be a general point on plane
A( a )

a R( r )

i.e.
r
This is the required vector form of plane O
For cartesian form: Let A & R be (x1, y1, z1) & (x, y, z) respectively & DR
of be (a, b, c), then

Note
In cartesian equation of plane the coefficients of x, y & z are DR of
Observation
In particular if we use instead of then equation is called
normal form of plane.
Here is perpendicular distance of plane from origin
Question!

Q For the plane 3x - 4y - 5z = 10, find


(a) DC of normal to plane
(b) The intercepts on x, y & z axis
(c) Equation in normal form & hence find its perpendicular
distance from origin
Question!

Q For the plane 3x - 4y - 5z = 10, find


(a) DC of normal to plane
Solution : Given plane, 3x - 4y - 5z = 10

⸫ DR of the normal to plane (3, - 4, - 5)


⸫ DC of normal to plane
Question!

Q For the plane 3x - 4y - 5z = 10, find


(b) The intercepts on x, y & z axis
Solution :
Given equation of plane 3x - 4y - 5z = 10
For intercepts on axes
For x-intercept
For z-intercept
Putting y = 0, z = 0, we get
Putting x = 0, y = 0

Similarly for y-intercept ⸫ x, y & z intercept are

Putting x = 0, z = 0 respectively
Question!

Q For the plane 3x - 4y - 5z = 10, find


(c) Equation in normal form & hence find its perpendicular
distance from origin
Solution :
Given equation of plane 3x - 4y - 5z = 10

Divide by , we get

Hence this is the required equation in normal form


Also, its perpendicular distance from origin is
Question!

Q Find equation of plane through (2, -3, 4) & parallel to


-3x + y + 2z = 6
Solution :
Given, plane is parallel to -3x + y +2z = 6
Thus, DR of normal to plane is (- 3, 1, 2)
Also, given Plane passes through point (2, -3, 4)
⸫ Required equation of plane
-3(x - 2) + 1(y + 3) + 2(z - 4) = 0
-3x + 6 + y + 3 + 2z - 8 = 0
-3x + y + 2z + 1 = 0
3x - y - 2z = 1
Question!

Q is inclined to x-axis at 45°, y-axis at 60° & makes an acute


angle with z-axis. If plane passes through & is
normal to then find its equation.
Solution :

⸫ Equation of plane
Before doing more examples lets first learn deriving equation of Plane in
different situations

Remark
All the equations of plane are based on a single fundamental. Create a
vector in the plane using general point, and a vector normal to plane.
Their dot product equal to zero gives equation of plane
Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-
collinear vectors ;
.A ( a )
.A ( a )

In cartesian form:
Equation of plane passing through three points:
.A ( a )
.A ( a )

In cartesian form
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
Intercept form:
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:

[Try deriving it from previous equation i.e. plane through three points]
Now, let’s do some examples to practice these equations
Question!

Q Find equation of plane containing:


(a)

(b)
Question!

Q Find equation of plane containing:


(a)

(a)

(b)
Solution :
Method I:
Let

⸫ Equation of plane containing both lines is


Solution :
Method II:
Equation of plane having DR of normal as (a, b, c), and passing
through the point (7, 10, 13) is a(x - 7) + b(y - 10) + c(z - 13) = 0
Now, normal to plane will be normal to given lines also

⸫ Equation of plane
1(x - 7) - 2(y - 10) + 1(z - 13) = 0
⇒ x - 2y + z = 0
Question!

Q Find equation of plane containing:


(b)
Solution :
Method I:
Let
Equation of plane containing both lines is
Solution :

Method II:

Equation of plane having DR of normal as (a, b, c), and passing


through the point (3, 2, 1) is a(x - 3) + b(y - 2) + c(z - 1) = 0
Now, normal to plane will be normal to line
∴ a - 4b + 5c = 0 …..(i)
Also, B(2, -3, -1) will satisfy the plane equation
⇒ a(2 - 3) + b(-3 - 2) + c(-1 -1) = 0
⇒ -a - 5b - 2c = 0
⇒ a + 5b + 2c = 0 …..(ii)
Solution :
Solving (i) and (ii), we get

⸫ Equation of plane
Question!

Q The plane passing through the point (4, -1, 2) and parallel to
the lines
also passes through the point

A JEE Main 2019


(-1, -1, -1)

B (-1, -1, 1)

C (1, 1, 1)

D (1, 1, -1)
Question!

Q The plane passing through the point (4, -1, 2) and parallel to
the lines
also passes through the point

A JEE Main 2019


(-1, -1, -1)

B (-1, -1, 1)

C (1, 1, 1)

D (1, 1, -1)
Solution :
Question!

Q Find the equation of the plane passing through the points


(-1, 1, 1) and (1, -1, 1) and perpendicular to the plane
x + 2y + 2z = 5.
Solution :
Question!

Q The equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 1)


and perpendicular to the planes 2x + y - 2z = 5 and
3x - 6y - 2z = 7, is

A JEE Adv 2017


-14x + 2y + 15z = 3

B 14x - 2y + 15z = 27

C 14x + 2y - 15z = 1

D 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
Question!

Q The equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 1)


and perpendicular to the planes 2x + y - 2z = 5 and
3x - 6y - 2z = 7, is

A JEE Adv 2017


-14x + 2y + 15z = 3

B 14x - 2y + 15z = 27

C 14x + 2y - 15z = 1

D 14x + 2y + 15z = 31
Solution :
Question!

Q A variable plane moves in such a way that sum of reciprocals


of intercepts on axes is constant. Show that plane passes
through a fixed point
Solution : Reciprocal of intercept on axis is constant

As given

clearly satisfies the plane (1) hence the plane (1) passes
through fixed point
Question!

Q (a) Find equation of plane through P(1, 2, 3) such that P is


foot of perpendicular of origin on the plane
(b) A plane moves such that sum of its intercepts on 3 axes is
constant k. Find locus of foot of perpendicular from origin on it
Question!

Q (a) Find equation of plane through P(1, 2, 3) such that P is


foot of perpendicular of origin on the plane
Solution :
Since P is foot of perpendicular
Thus, normal to plane has DR ∝ (1, 2, 3)
Thus, equation of plane
1(x - 1) + 2(y - 2) + 3(z - 3) = 0
x - 1 + 2y - 4 + 3z - 9 = 0
x + 2y + 3z = 14
Question!

Q (b) A plane moves such that sum of its intercepts on 3 axes is


constant k. Find locus of foot of perpendicular from origin on it
Solution :
Let foot of perpendicular be (p, q, r)
Equation of plane:
Solution :

As given

⸫ Required locus is
Remark

Similar to family of lines in 2-D (i.e. L1 + λL2 = 0) we have a family of


planes in 3D.
Any plane through line of intersection of
P1 : a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 & P2 : a2x + b2y + c2y + d2 = 0 is of the form
P1 + λP2 = 0
i.e.
Question!

Q (a) Equation of plane perpendicular to 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 &


containing the line of intersection of x + 2y + 3z - 4 = 0 &
2x + y - z + 5 = 0 is
(b) A plane whose equation is 2x - y + 3z + 5 = 0 is rotated
through 90° about its line of intersection with plane
5x - 4y - 2z + 1 = 0. Find equation of plane in new position.
Question!

Q (a) Equation of plane perpendicular to 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 &


containing the line of intersection of x + 2y + 3z - 4 = 0 &
2x + y - z + 5 = 0 is

D
Question!

Q (a) Equation of plane perpendicular to 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 &


containing the line of intersection of x + 2y + 3z - 4 = 0 &
2x + y - z + 5 = 0 is

D
Solution : Required plane can be given as

Required plane is perpendicular to


Solution :

⸫ Required equation of plane is


Question!

Q (b) A plane whose equation is 2x - y + 3z + 5 = 0 is rotated


through 90° about its line of intersection with plane
5x - 4y - 2z + 1 = 0. Find equation of plane in new position.
Solution : Given family of planes

It is perpendicular to
Solution :
⸫ Equation of required plane
Question!

Q The equation of the plane containing the line 2x - 5y + z = 3;


x + y + 4z = 5, and parallel to the plane, x + 3y + 6z = 1, is

A JEE Main 2015


2x + 6y + 12z = 13

B x + 3y + 6z = -7

C x + 3y + 6z = 7

D 2x + 6y + 12z = -13
Question!

Q The equation of the plane containing the line 2x - 5y + z = 3;


x + y + 4z = 5, and parallel to the plane, x + 3y + 6z = 1, is

A JEE Main 2015


2x + 6y + 12z = 13

B x + 3y + 6z = -7

C x + 3y + 6z = 7

D 2x + 6y + 12z = -13
Solution :
Some formulae
Some formulae
Angle between two planes:

Angle between a plane and line:


Some formulae
Angle between two planes:

Angle between a plane and line:


Question!

Q If an angle between the line, and the

plane, x - 2y - Kz = 3 is then a value of K is

JEE Main 2019


A

D
Question!

Q If an angle between the line, and the

plane, x - 2y - Kz = 3 is then a value of K is

JEE Main 2019


A

D
Solution :
Remark
Distance of a point from plane, distance between two parallel planes, foot
of perpendicular, image of a point in plane, bisector of acute and obtuse
angle between two planes all are generalisation of 2-D results for straight
lines
(1) Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from ax + by + cz = d

(2) Distance between two parallel planes


(3) Foot of perpendicular of (x1, y1, z1) on ax + by + cz = d

(4) Image of a point (x1, y1, z1) in (ax + by + cz = d)


(5) Bisector of angle containing a given point
Consider a point (⍺, β, γ)

(a) If then required bisector is:

(b) If then required bisector is


(6) Bisector of acute and obtuse angles:

(a) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0, then origin lies in obtuse angle

⸫ Obtuse angle bisector is

(b) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 < 0, then origin lies in acute angle and
equation of acute angle bisector:
(7) Ratio in which plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides join of A and B

ax + by + cz + d = 0

B (x2, y2, z2 )
Question!

Q The perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane


containing the two lines.

A JEE Main 2019

C 11

D
Question!

Q The perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane


containing the two lines.

A JEE Main 2019

C 11

D
Solution :
Question!

Q Find distance between x + 2y - 2z + 1 = 0 and


2x + 4y - 4z + 4 = 0
Solution :
They are parallel planes
⸫ we are basically finding distance between

and


Question!

Q Find image of (3, -2, 1) in the plane 3x - y + 4z = 2


Question!

Q Find image of (3, -2, 1) in the plane 3x - y + 4z = 2

Ans: (0, –1, –3)


Solution :

So,
Question!

Q Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line


to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet of
perpendicular lie on the line

JEE Adv 2013


A

D
Question!

Q Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line


to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet of
perpendicular lie on the line

JEE Adv 2013


A

D
Solution :
Solution :
Question!

Q Find equation of projection of


x - 2y - z + 1 = 0
on
Solution :
Let’s take any two points on line

General point on line is


For 𝜆 = 0, 1, we have

Foot of perpendicular of these two points on plane

…….(i)
Solution :

…….(ii)

Now, for equation of projection, we need line equation

passing through
Nature of planes and & symmetrical form of line
First let’s pick “Nature of planes”. Given three planes, they can be parallel
or they can form a prism or they can meet in a line or they can intersect at a
point. We can comment upon the nature using number of solutions
Question!

Q Find nature of following planes


(a) 2x + 5y + 3z = 0, 7y - 5z + 4 = 0, x - y + 4z = 2
(b) x + y + z = 1, 4x + 2y + z = 8, 5x - y - 4z = 4
Question!

Q Find nature of following planes


(a) 2x + 5y + 3z = 0, 7y - 5z + 4 = 0, x - y + 4z = 2
Solution :
Given, equation of planes

Here,

Hence system has infinitely many solutions


⸫ They intersect in a line
Question!

Q Find nature of following planes


(b) x + y + z = 1, 4x + 2y + z = 8, 5x - y - 4z = 4
Solution : Given equation of planes

Here,

⸫ No solution
As planes are not parallel, hence they form a prism
Question!

A Intersect at a point

B Meet in a plane

C Form a prism

D Are parallel
Question!

A Intersect at a point

B Meet in a plane

C Form a prism

D Are parallel
Solution : Given, equation of planes

Here,

⸫ They have a unique solution


Thus, they intersect at a point
Now, Lets understand what is symmetrical form of a line

Lets understand it through example


Question!

Q Reduce in symmetrical form, the following equation of line

Remark
Primarily they asking line of intersection of given two planes
Solution : Given,
Let a, b, c be the DR of line of intersection
Thus normal to plane will be normal to line

⸫ DR of line
Solution : Now, for passing point, can keep one of x, y or z as zero
Let’s take z = 0

Solving both we get

⸫ Equation of line
Question!

Q Line of intersection of x + y - z + 1 = 0 & 2x + y + z - 1 = 0

D
Question!

Q Line of intersection of x + y - z + 1 = 0 & 2x + y + z - 1 = 0

D
Solution : Given,
and
Let a, b, c be the DR of line of intersection
Thus, normal to plane will be normal to line
Solution :
⸫ DR of line

Lets take y = 0, we get

Solving both we get


x = 0, z = 1, y = 0
⸫ Equation of line
Question!

Q The equation of plane containing the line 2x - 5y + z = 3;


x + y + 4z = 5 & parallel to the plane x + 3y + 6z = 1 is

A JEE Main 2015

D
Question!

Q The equation of plane containing the line 2x - 5y + z = 3;


x + y + 4z = 5 & parallel to the plane x + 3y + 6z = 1 is

A JEE Main 2015

D
Let equation of plane containing the line
Solution :
be

This plane is parallel to the plane

On taking first two equalities, we get


Solution : On taking last two equalities, we get

So, the equation of the required plane is


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