Introduction to Management
and Organizations
Tutorial 10 – Chapter 7
Omnia Hussein
Tutorial Agenda
01 02 03 04
GROUP ACTIVITY ON: DISRUPTIVE
TYPES OF CHANGE + PRACTICE ON CHAPTER
EXAMPLES WAY TO CHANGE INNOVATION 7
HOW TO CHANGE
MANAGING CHANGE
RESISTANCE
Discussion Question 1
From your own point of view, what could be the area(s) of change in
any given organization. In other words, what are the aspects that we
alter or change during the organizational change process? Support
your answer with examples.
Four Types of Change
Example of areas of change
1. Strategy: Modifying the approach to success
Example of areas of change
2. Structure: Modifying structure or design
Example of areas of change
3. Technology: Modifying processes or equipment
Example of areas of change
4. People: Modifying attitudes, expectations, and other individual or group beliefs
or behavior
Popular Organizational Development (OD) Techniques
WORKING TOGETHER Team Exercise
Get together in groups of three to four students. Each group will need
to create four columns and label them left to right—Project, Purpose,
Particulars, and People.
Under projects, each group should list one change you would like to
introduce at your university or workplace.
Under purpose, discuss the benefits that the change will bring.
Under particulars, list the details of what will need to change.
Under people, identify which individuals will need to change the way
they do things or actively participate the change.
Include your insights on factors like structure and culture. Be
prepared to share your ideas with the class.
Discussion Question 2
• Based on the activity you did, do you think that change process will go smoothly?
• If your answer is Yes, explain why.
• If your answer is No, define/list/discuss the factors that might cause resistance to
change.
Why Do People Resist Change?
• Uncertainty.
• Habit.
• Fear of loss.
• Belief change is inconsistent with
goals of organization.
SKILLS EXERCISE Developing Your Change-
Management Skill
Managers play an important role in organizational change. That
is, they often serve as a catalyst for the change—a change agent.
However, managers may find that change is resisted by
employees. After all, change represents ambiguity and
uncertainty, or it threatens the status quo. How can this
resistance to change be effectively managed?
Techniques for Reducing Resistance to Change
Exhibit 7.5 Techniques for Reducing Resistance to Change
Cont’d. SKILLS EXERCISE Developing Your Change-
Management Skill
Read through the following scenario. Write down some notes about
how you would handle the situation described. Be sure to refer to
the suggestions for managing resistance to change.
Change scenario
You’re the nursing supervisor at a community hospital employing both
emergency room and floor nurses. Each of these teams of nurses
tends to work almost exclusively with others doing the same job. In
your professional reading, you’ve come across the concept of cross-
training nursing teams and giving them more varied responsibilities,
which in turn has been shown to improve patient care while lowering
costs. You call the two team leaders, Sue and Scott, into your office to
discuss your plan to have the nursing teams move to this approach. To
your surprise, they’re both opposed to the idea. Sue says she and the
other emergency room nurses feel they’re needed in the ER, where
they fill he most vital role in the hospital.
Change scenario
They work special hours when needed, do whatever tasks are
required, and often work in difficult and stressful circumstances. They
think the floor nurses have relatively easy jobs for the pay they
receive. Scott, leader of the floor nurses team, tells you that his group
believes the ER nurses lack the special training and extra experience
that the floor nurses bring to the hospital. The floor nurses claim they
have the heaviest responsibilities and do the most exacting work.
Because they have ongoing contact with the patients and their
families, they believe they shouldn’t be pulled away from vital floor
duties to help ER nurses complete their tasks. Now—what would you
do?
Creativity Versus Innovation
The three variables in an environment that stimulate
innovation.
Disruptive Innovation Examples
Give me more examples of Disruptive innovation and sustaining innovation,
explaining the difference between them
Practice on chapter 7
1) Alison has an idea for improving the efficiency of her work area.
When she approached her supervisor, she was asked to shepherd the
idea through the approval, implementation, and evaluations processes.
Alison has become a ________.
A) supervisor
B) change agent
C) group leader
D) job coach
• Answer: B
Practice on chapter 7
2) Outside consultants are more likely to initiate ________
organizational changes than insiders are.
A) drastic
B) mild
C) acceptable
D) trivial
• Answer: A
Practice on chapter 7
3) Organizations need change because ________.
A) the future is unpredictable
B) the environment is stable
C) external and internal factors create the forces for change
D) employees get bored with the status quo
• Answer: C
Practice on chapter 7
4) The technology change in the manufacturing process of New Ideas,
Inc.'s products to make the process more efficient is the result of a
competitor lowering its price. Therefore, it was a(n) ________ force of
change.
A) external
B) internal
C) marketplace
D) economic
• Answer: A
Practice on chapter 7
5) When the employees express their concern about their bonus
checks, which of the following types of forces of change is in play?
A) External force of change
B) Labor market force of change
C) Internal force of change
D) Social force of change
• Answer: C
Practice on chapter 7
6) Which one of the following is an example of changing consumer
preferences?
A) Cell phone cameras have improved with each version of the phone.
B) Employers with at least 50 employees must offer health care plans.
C) A recession has caused an increase in unemployment.
D) The colors in home fashions change every year.
• Answer: D
Practice on chapter 7
7) Sales are down; unemployment is up. Evergreen Park Homes can no
longer support its current level of production. Evergreen is facing a
change in ________.
A) government regulations
B) technology
C) consumer preferences
D) the economy
• Answer: D
Practice on chapter 7
8) During his first year of employment, Arnold saw mostly white male
faces in his plant. Now he sees women and men of all ages and
ethnicities. Communication has become challenging. Arnold has
noticed a change in the ________.
A) lifestyle choices
B) workforce composition
C) employment laws
D) employee attitudes
• Answer: B
Practice on chapter 7
9) "If it's not one thing, it's another. We just get used to doing things
one way and suddenly that's not good enough anymore. It's a new
machine here, a new manager there, changing customer demands-it
never ends!" This is an example of the ________ metaphor.
A) water over the dam
B) calm waters
C) white-water rapids
D) falling water
• Answer: C
Practice on chapter 7
10) Organizational change is any alteration of ________.
A) people, structure, or technology
B) structure, management, or goals
C) technology, goals, or management
D) rules, procedures, or management
• Answer: A
Practice on chapter 7
11) During the great recession, average household discretionary
income declined. Families sought less expensive alternatives for luxury
items. Producers adjusted by offering lighter-weight, lower-cost items.
These producers changed their ________.
A) strategies
B) structures
C) people
D) technology
• Answer: A
Practice on chapter 7
12) After Body-Met acquired Uni-Dyne, the company reorganized
around geographic divisions instead of function. This action represents
changes in ________
A) strategy
B) structural components
C) structural design
D) people
• Answer: C
Practice on chapter 7
13) Changes in work processes, methods, and equipment are a part of
________ changes.
A) technological
B) structural component
C) financial
D) structural design
• Answer: A
Practice on chapter 7
14) When supermarkets and other retailers use scanners that provide
instant inventory information, they are adopting ________ changes.
A) technological
B) people
C) efficiency
D) structural
• Answer: A
Practice on chapter 7
15) ________ is the term used to describe change methods that focus
on people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work
relationships.
A) Commercial development
B) Organizational development
C) Career development
D) Comprehensive development
• Answer: B
Practice on chapter 7
16) If Kraft Foods hired a consultant to decrease group friction and
enhance cooperative work relationships, this would be an example of
managing ________ changes.
A) technological
B) people
C) financial
D) structural
• Answer: B
Practice on chapter 7
17) An individual is likely to resist change because of the feeling
________.
A) of achievement
B) of uncertainty
C) of personal gain
D) that the change is in the organization's best interest
• Answer: B
Practice on chapter 7
18) Which one of the following techniques for reducing resistance to
change assumes that much of the resistance lies in misinformation?
A) Negotiation
B) Education and communication
C) Participation
D) Facilitation and support
• Answer: B
Practice on chapter 7
19) Fred's Donuts is installing new equipment in its bakery. Many
employees are fearful they will not be able to operate it. Which one of
the following courses of actions is best for Fred to use to overcome this
employee resistance?
A) Threaten the employees who resist the change
B) Present distorted facts to the employees
C) Terminate employees who resist the change
D) Educate employees and communicate with them
• Answer: D
Practice on chapter 7
20) Back2Work is considering replacing the receptionist who answers
the phone with an automated answering system. Back2Work should
________ to reduce resistance to this change.
A) negotiate with the current receptionist
B) tell the current receptionist she is being reassigned
C) involve the current receptionist in the decision process
D) explain the benefits of this change to the current receptionist.
• Answer: C
Thank you, see you next tutorial