Introduction:

Wetlands provide a number of ecological, hydrological, and social benefits by acting as transitional
areas between land and aquatic ecosystems. Wetland ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots that
provide essential ecological processes, including water filtering, nutrient cycling, and habitat
supply, for a variety of species (Blackwell, 2011).One of the most important biological parts of
freshwater environments is periphyton, which is made up of bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa
that live on rocks, sediments, and aquatic plants that are submerged. (Gulzar, Agric and 2017, no
date). Periphyton establishes the foundation of aquatic food webs and makes a substantial
contribution to primary productivity, nutrient dynamics, and the regulation of water quality by
functioning as a primary producer(Kumar, 2017).Periphyton is ubiquitous in diverse aquatic
environments, inhabiting water bodies from diminutive ponds to expansive seas (Rojo et al., 2017).
These communities flourish under many trophic circumstances, ranging from nutrient-deficient,
oligotrophic systems to nutrient-abundant, eutrophic waters. These communities are useful These
communities are useful bioindicators for evaluating the trophic state and ecological health of
aquatic systems because they are extremely sensitive to changes in the environment (Baba et al.,
2011; Moss, 2017; Bahuguna, undefined Rajani, et al., 2021a; Gulzar, Agric and 2017, no date;
SAGIR, of and 2020, no date)
Periphyton density and diversity are influenced by several physico-chemical factors, including
water temperature, pH, nutrient concentrations, dissolved oxygen, current velocity, and
turbidity(Tariq, Kotnala, Dobriyal, Tabassum, et al., 2021). Variations in these parameters can lead
to significant changes in periphytic communities, affecting both their structural composition and
functional roles. An optimum level of all the factors is very important for the proper growth and
development of periphytic communities, and any perturbation in these factors can have negative
consequences(Tariq, Kotnala, Dobriyal, Tabassum, et al., 2021). For instance, an increase in
nutrient levels, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, can lead to eutrophication, resulting in
increased algal blooms, which disrupt the natural balance of aquatic ecosystems. Conversely,
pristine conditions with stable hydrology and nutrient levels foster a diverse and healthy periphyton
community that supports the overall ecological integrity of the system.
The Asan Wetland is an important freshwater wetland in Uttarakhand's Dehradun district. It's
known for its diverse flora and fauna and as a stopover for migrating birds. Because of its
significance in sustaining species of global conservation concern, it has been named a Ramsar
site.(Khanna and Natural, 2013) However, the wetland is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic
activities, such as agricultural effluent, pollution, and habitat modification, Tourism, Boating which
may have an impact on its ecological health and water quality(Kumar et al., 2018). However, there
is a dearth of research on the periphytic communities that are found inside the Asan Wetland,
particularly with regard to their density, variety, and responsiveness to environmental stressors.
This is despite the fact that the wetland is of importance to the ecosystem.
Periphytic communities are a very important biological indicator of water pollution and are used for
the assessment of water quality(Sabater et al., no date a) by several researchers all over the world.
Although a substantial body of literature exists on the limnology at the international & national
level (Lai et al., no date; Ruggiero et al., no date) (Angeli et al., no date; Solak, Journal and 2012,
2012; Chauhan, Scientific and 2015, 2015; Kheiri et al., 2018, no date; Solak et al., 2021, no
date),(Aude et al., no date) ,(indicators and 2009, no date; Kaonga, Access and 2012, no date; Vis
et al., 2016)(DeNicola, Science and 2014, no date; Sabater et al., no date b; Hill et al., 2000;
Montuelle et al., 2010),(Wetzel, 1983),(Trbojević et al., 2017),(Goldsborough, LG, 2005),(Weitzel,
1979; Azim, Verdegem and Dam, 2005; Wetzel, 2005),(R. J. Stevenson, 1998; R. Stevenson,
1998; Stevenson, Pan and For, 1999; Sgro and Reavie, ED, 2007; Sgro et al., 2007; Feio et al.,
2009; Walsh and Sa, 2009; Kireta et al., 2012; Wu, Cai and Fohrer, 2012; DeNicola and Kelly,
2014),(Kelly, Penny and Whitton, 1995; Stevenson, Pan and H Van Dam, 1999; Hill et al., 2001;
Fore and Grafe, 2002; Feio et al., 2007; Kelly et al., 2009; Rimet, 2012; Lavoie and Campeau, S,
2014; E. A. Lobo et al., 2016; E. Lobo et al., 2016),(Kennish, 2002; ME, 2005; Alam, Boggs and A
Rahman, 2017; Mengesha, 2017; Newton, Icely, Cristina, Gerardo M. E. Perillo, et al., 2020;
Newton, Icely, Cristina, Gerardo M.E. Perillo, et al., 2020; M. Asgher et al., 2021; M. S. Asgher et
al., 2021; Zainulabdeen and Nagaraj, 2022),(Lone, Pandit and Dev, 2012; Dutta, Dutta and N
Bhagobaty, 2018a)(Mustfa et al., 2015; SAGIR and AK Dobriyal, 2020),(Kumar, Mishra and Singh,
2013; Gogoi et al., 2021),(Khare and Srivastava, 2009; Mustfa et al., 2023d),(Jagadeshappa,
2011; Manikannan, Asokan and Ali, 2011; KC Jagadeeshappa, 2013; SV and WR Bhandarkar,
2013; Yadav and Yadav, VK, 2013)
Research on periphyton in Uttarakhand state especially in the regions of Himalayas, Notable
contributions in this area include the works of (Chauhan and Sharma, 2016a; Baluni et al., 2018;
Chauhan and Sharma, no date),(Sharma et al., 2007; Rashid et al., 2013; Chauhan and Sharma,
2015; Chauhan and RC Sharma, 2016; Srivastava et al., 2019a; Bahuguna, undefined Rajani, et
al., 2021b; Tariq et al., 2022a; Baluni et al., no date a),(Mustfa et al., 2015; SAGIR and AK Dobriyal,
2020),,(Badoni, Nautiyal and Bhatt, JP, 1997; Nautiyal and A Kumar, 2001; Nautiyal, Verma and
Mishra, 2014; Bisht, Dobriyal and Singh, 2019),(Lohani and Pant, B, 2017; Yadav et al.,
2018),(Tariq, Kotnala, Dobriyal and Tabassum, 2021),(Gupta, Sharma and AK Tripathi, 2008),
These studies show that periphyton is very sensitive to changes in water quality factors and can
show signs of ecological damage early on. The objective of this study is to address the knowledge
deficit about the ecological status of the Asan Wetland and its resilience to environmental
pressures by evaluating the periphyton density and diversity.
Therefore, it is imperative to comprehend the structure and function of periphyton in freshwater
ecosystems, including the Asan Wetland, in order to preserve water quality, support ecological
functions, and preserve biodiversity. This investigation will not only offer a foundation for future
research on the function of periphyton in wetland conservation and management, but it will also
provide valuable insights into the health of the Asan Wetland.

Material & Methods

STUDY AREA
A major freshwater habitat in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India's Doon Valley is the Asan Wetland
situated at an altitude of roughly 403.3 meters MSL, with coordinates (30°26′N) and (77°40′E), it
is at the junction of the Asan and Yamuna Rivers, about 40 kilometers west of Dehradun city. This
wetland originally came into being in 1967 when the Asan Barrage, a small dam, was constructed
to redirect river water for agricultural use and power generation. As a Ramsar site, the Asan
Wetland is acknowledged for its global significance as a home for migrating waterbirds. This 4.44-
square-kilometer marsh is an important resting place for a number of endangered and threatened
bird species, particularly during winter [Link] plants, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and
invertebrates are only a few of the many plant and animal species that call this place their home.
Summer (April–June), monsoon (July–September), and winter (October–March) are the three
main seasons in the subtropical climate that defines the Asan Wetland. On a yearly basis, the area
receives between 250–275 cm of rainfall, most of which falls during the monsoon season. The
wetland's water level fluctuates with the seasons, mostly due to the flow of the Asan and Yamuna
Rivers and the monsoon rains.
.
Notwithstanding its biological importance, the Asan Wetland is experiencing more stress from
anthropogenic activities. Agricultural runoff, habitat alteration, and pollution from adjacent
settlements, together with tourism driven by birdwatching, are contributing to the deterioration of
water quality and the decline of biodiversity. Moreover, modifications in water management
strategies for hydropower production have transformed the hydrological cycle of the marsh,
affecting the fragile equilibrium of the ecosystem. Due to its significance as a biodiversity hotspot
and susceptibility to human impacts, the Asan Wetland serves as an optimal site for examining the
dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, especially the periphyton communities that are crucial for
sustaining water quality and supporting aquatic food webs. To better understand the ecological
health of the wetland and guide conservation efforts, the current study aims to evaluate the density
and diversity of periphyton in this wetland as well as the link between periphyton composition and
important physico-chemical parameters. Figure 1 and Table 1 illustrate the chosen sampling sites
within the Asan Wetland in the Doon Valley, along with their corresponding descriptions. In order
to ensure that the study remained practical and yet captured a thorough picture of the wetland's
general state, logistical, financial, and geographic constraints led to the decision to limit the number
of sample sites to three.

[Link] SAMPLING ID DESCRIPTION

SITES NO.
1. SITE-1 S-1 GMVN ASAN
CONSERVATION
RESORT
2. SITE-2 S-2 CONFLUENCE
OF RESERVOIR
& YAMUNA
CANAL
3. SITE-3 S-3 ASAN BARRAGE
BIRD
SANCTUARY

FIG 1: SHOWING SAMPLING SITES TABLE 1: DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING SITES

SAMPLING PROCEDURE:
[Link]-Chemical Collection & Analysis:
The physico- Chemical Analysis at three selected sites was conducted monthly from November
2021 to October [Link] water sample for the selected parameters were collected from the
selected sites and were analyzed in the department laboratory as per standard Method
recommended by APHA (2012) & Welch (1948). Whereas some of the parameters like
Temperature, pH, DO, free CO2 , were analyzed on site.

Periphyton collection & Analysis:

The physicochemical analysis at three designated sites was performed monthly from November
2021 to October [Link] water samples for the specified parameters have been collected from
the designated sites and tested in the departmental laboratory according to the standard methods
recommended by APHA (2012) and Welch (1948). Certain factors, such as temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen, and free carbon dioxide, were analyzed [Link] samples, including
two to three replicas, were obtained from bottom substrates wherever feasible, as well as from
peripheral sources including pebbles, cobbles, stones, and macrophytes within a 1 cm² region
utilizing a scraper. The collected periphyton was then transferred into sample tubes and stored in
4% formalin to ensure sample integrity throughout transit. The conserved samples were later
transported to the Department of Zoology's laboratory, where they were assessed using a Stereo
Zoom Trinocular Microscope for both quantitative and qualitative assessments. The primary
morphometric characteristics analyzed encompassed overall body structure, chloroplast
morphology, cell wall attributes, and symmetry systems. In instances necessitating improved
clarity for diatom identification, dilute HCl was utilized. Before analysis, the conserved samples
were carefully agitated, and 1 ml of the sample was placed onto a Sedgewick-Rafter counting
slide. In the lab, a Microscopic Image Processing System (MIPS) was used to identify different
algae taxa using standard taxonomic keys and monographs, including the APHA (2012)
standards, Ward and Whipple (1992), and Edmondson's Freshwater Biology (1992).Further the
analysis of periphyton was conducted using the following formula:

Eq 1 n = a x1000 x c

Where,
n = is the number of units of periphyton in a specified area (1 cm2),
a = average number of periphyton in 1 chamber of 1 mm3 capacity and
c = total amount of preservative used (20 ml).

Statistical Analysis:
The data obtained after laboratory procedure was analyzed using statistical techniques. several
statistical techniques such as Average,minimum, maximium, standard deviation, Anova were
employed. Multivariate statistical analysis like Sorenson index, Shannon-Weiner diversity index,
Margelef index, CCA, PCA, Cluster analysis was employed using PAST software to analyze and
interpret the relationship between environmental factors and the distribution of periphyton
communities across different sites in the Asan Wetland

Result
For a better understanding of the overall water quality and environmental conditions in the Asan
Wetland, we examined periphytons and other physicochemical factors at three different sites (S1,
S2, and S3) from November 2021 to October 2023. The average monthly fluctuations in physico-
chemical parameters at the three locations (S1, S2, and S3) in the Asan Wetland are illustrated in
Tables 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Water temperatures at all locations exhibited analogous trends,
with the lowest temperatures observed in January (11.80±0.43 °C at S1, 12.25±0.22 °C at S2, and
11.35±0.22 °C at S3), while peak temperatures were noted in June (26.2±0.15 °C at S1, 25.9±0.22
°C at S2, and 26.0±0.08 °C at S3).The pH was consistently recorded as slightly alkaline across all
three sites, with the highest values (8.55±0.08 at S1, 8.35±0.15 at S2, 8.75±0.08 at S3) generally
occurring in January, while lower values (7.15±0.08 at S1, 7.25±0.08 at S2, 7.30±0.15 at S3) were
noted in July-August. Turbidity levels were lowest in December (29.5±0.71 NTU at S1, 24.5±0.71
NTU at S2) and in January at S3 (20.5±0.71 NTU), with a significant rise observed in July
(211±1.42 NTU at S1, 201±1.42 NTU at S2, 203.5±2.13 NTU at S3). Transparency exhibited an
inverse correlation with turbidity, with the highest transparency recorded in January across all
locations (60.6±0.43cm at S1, 57.2±1.42cm at S2, 63.6±0.29cm at S3) and the lowest
transparency occurring during the monsoon in August (19.05±1.35cm at S1, 18.65±0.64cm at S2,
20.9±0.85cm at S3). The total dissolved solids (TDS) levels were minimal in January (164±5.66
mg/L at S1, 173.5±2.13 mg/L at S2, 178±2.83 mg/L at S3) and escalated during the monsoon,
reaching a maximum in August (308.5±4.95 mg/L at S1, 311±4.25 mg/L at S2, 272±4.25 mg/L at
S3). Electrical conductivity mirrored the trends of total dissolved solids (TDS), with peak values of
240.9±1.98 ms/cm at S1, 250.75±0.78 ms/cm at S2, and 262.4±4.11 ms/cm at S3 during the
monsoon months of August, with the lowest values recorded in January (122.4±2.55 ms/cm at S1,
122.85±0.64 ms/cm at S2 & 126.05±1.35 ms/cm at S3).Higher conductivity during the monsoon
reflects increased ionic content in the water due to runoff and mineral dissolution Dissolved oxygen
levels were highest in the month of January with values (10.2±0.57 mg/l at S1, 10.6±0.22mg/l at
S2, & 10.4±0.08 mg/l at S3) while lower values were recorded during the warmer and monsoon
month, especially in August (7.6±0.36 mg/l at S1, 7.7±0.15 mg/l at S2, 7.4±0.08 mg/l at S3). Total
hardness at all sites was generally higher in December ( 178.5±0.71 mgl-1 at S1, 181.5±0.71 mgl-
1 at S2 & 184±1.42 mgl-1 at S3) and dropped during the monsoon season, with values (141±2.83

mgl-1 at S1, 127±5.66 mgl-1 at S2, 146±1.42 mgl-1 at S3) in July and August. Total Alkanity was
found to be maximum in the month of January at all sites (129.5±2.13 mg/l at S1, 125.5±0.71 mg/l
at S2, 131.5±2.13 mg/l at S3) while minimum values were observed in the month of July & August
(76±8.49 mg/l at S1, 78±2.83 mg/l at S2 & 85±7.08 mg/l at S3). BOD & COD values were found
to be higher in the month of August ( 3.50±0.29 mg/l at S1, 3.60±0.00 mg/l at S2 3.75±0.22 mg/l
at S3) & (4.75±0.08 mg/l at S1, 4.85±0.08 mg/l at S2 & 4.80±0.15 mg/l at s3) respectively while
lowest in the month of January with values of BOD ( 1.65±0.08 mgl-1 at S1, 1.80±0.15 mgl-1 at S2,
1.90±0.15 mgl-1 at S3) & COD ( 2.40±0.15 mgl-1 at S1, 2.95±0.08 mgl-1 at S2, 2.45±0.08 mgl-1 at
S3).Phosphorus is a key nutrient that promotes algal growth and is often a limiting factor in
freshwater systems. The phosphorus levels at all three sites indicate a moderate to high nutrient
load, with almost similar values that were found to be higher in the month of August (1.20±0.15
mgl-1 at S1, 1.25±0.08 mgl-1 at S2, 1.20±0.15 mgl-1 at S3) while fall down in the month of January
with values (0.65±0.22 mgl-1 at S1, 0.45±0.08 mgl-1 at S2, 0.35±0.08mgl-1 at [Link] levels
across all three sites are moderate with relatively similar nitrate concentrations at all sites with
values higher in the month of December (1.50±0.15 mgl-1 at s1, 1.55±0.08 mgl-1 at s2, 1.40±0.15
mgl-1 at s3) & lower in July ( 0.35±0.04 mgl-1 at S1, 0.25±0.08 mgl-1 at S2, 0.33±0.03 mgl-1 at S3.
Potassium is a vital element for plant growth; however it is less prone to induce eutrophication
than nitrogen and phosphorus. Although there is no explicit regulatory limit for potassium in aquatic
environments, potassium concentrations in natural waters generally vary from 0 to 10 mg/L.
Potassium concentrations were measured at 2.73±0.02 mgl-1 at S1, 2.50±0.15 mgl-1 at S2, and
2.85±0.08 mgl-1 at S3, while Sodium levels were recorded at 4.65±0.78 mgl-1 at S1, 4.10±0.15
mgl-1 at S2, and 4.05±0.06 mgl-1 at S3. Both elements exhibited elevated levels in July and
August, followed by a decline in January and February, with Sodium values of 2.52±0.04 mgl-1 at
S1, 2.70±0.05 mgl-1 at S2, and 2.60±0.02 mgl-1 at S3, and Potassium values of 1.69±0.08 mgl-1
at S1, 1.69±0.03 mgl-1 at S2, and 1.69±0.02 mgl-1 at S3.
Free CO2 in water results from the breathing of aquatic organisms and the breakdown of organic
waste. It is a crucial element for photosynthesis in aquatic flora and algae. Free CO2
concentrations were nearly uniform across all sites, peaking in February (2.93±0.25 mgl-1 at S1,
2.35±0.22 mgl-1 at S2, 2.55±0.08 mgl-1 at S3) and declining in September (1.10±0.15 mgl-1 at
S1, 0.80±0.15 mgl-1 at S2, 0.75±0.08 mgl-1 at S3).

Table 2. Average Monthly variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the Asan

Wetland during two years of study (November 2021 to October 2023) at site S1.

NOV DE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AU SEP OCT
C E G
Water 18.9 15.1 11.8 12.4 16.4 19.4 22.7 26.2 25.7 22.5 22.9 20.9
Temp('C) 5±0. 5±0. 0±0. 0±0. 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.5 5±0. 5±0.
22 08 43 15 5 9 5 5 5 7 36 22
PH 7.80 8.25 8.55 8.00 7.9± 7.7± 7.45
7.35 7.15 7.25 7.3± 7.4±
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 0.15 0.15 ±0.0
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 0 0
5 8 8 5 8 8 8 8
Turbidity(N 48±1 33± 34.5 29.5 37.5 40±1 49.5
121 211 189. 162. 99.5
TU) .42 1.42 ±2.1 ±0.7 ±0.7 .42 ±2.1
±1.4 ±1.4 5±0. 5±3. ±0.7
3 1 1 3 2 2 71 54 1
Transpare 45.5 51.6 60.6 48.9 44.6 36.8 34±0
23.2 20.1 19.0 26± 33.3
ncy(cm) ±0.4 5±0. ±0.4 ±0.5 5±0. ±0.4 .295±0. 5±0. 5±1. 0.29 ±0.4
3 5 3 7 78 3 36 5 35 3
TDS(mg/l) 188. 179 164 171 179. 202± 199±
243. 284. 308. 216 192±
5±3. ±4.2 ±5.6 ±1.4 5±2. 2.83 2.83
5±4. 5±6. 5±4. ±4.2 4.25
54 5 6 2 13 95 37 95 5
Electrical 123. 130. 122. 138. 142. 179. 186. 205 212. 240. 165. 127.
Conductivi 95±4 9±0. 4±2. 5±2. 45±1 85±3 85±3 ±0.7 5±2. 9±1. 3±5. 35±3
ty(ms/cm) .88 85 55 69 .63 .75 .61 1 55 98 94 .05
Dissolved 8.8± 9.4± 10.2 9.3± 8.8± 8.4± 8.2± 8.1± 7.7± 7.6± 7.5± 8.2±
Oxygen(m 0.15 0.15 ±0.5 0.15 0.29 0.57 0.64 0.36 0.71 0.36 0.15 0.15
g/l) 7
Total 172. 178. 167 166. 166± 161± 156± 150 147 141 156. 166±
hardness( 5±0. 5±0. ±1.4 5±2. 4.25 1.42 4.25 ±11. ±2.8 ±2.8 5±2. 1.42
mg/l) 71 71 2 13 32 3 3 13
Total 112± 121. 129. 116 96±5 90.5 82.5 81.5 76± 90.5 95.5 106.
Alakalinity( 2.83 5±0. 5±2. ±1.4 .66 ±3.5 ±10. ±7.7 8.49 ±0.7 ±0.7 5±2.
mg/l) 71 13 2 4 61 8 1 1 13
BOD 1.85 1.75 1.65 1.95 2.20 2.55 2.85 2.90 3.35 3.50 2.60 2.45
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.4 ±0.0
8 8 8 8 5 2 8 0 2 9 3 8
COD 2.75 2.55 2.40 3.00 3.20 3.65 3.85 4.00 4.70 4.75 4.15 3.45
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.2
8 8 5 5 2 8 5 9 8 8 2
Chlorides 21.5 19.7 18.1 17.9 17.3 19.0 20±0 20.7 21.6 23± 22.1 20.9
±0.4 5±0. ±0.1 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. .15 ±0.1 ±0.1 0.29 ±0.9 ±0.8
3 64 5 22 9 22 5 5 9 5
Total 0.80 0.75 0.65 0.70 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.90 1±0. 1.20 1.1± 0.95
Phosphoro ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0 ±0.0 ±0 ±0.1 ±0 15 ±0.1 0.15 ±0.2
us 5 2 2 8 5 5 2
Nitrate-N 1.25 1.50 1.35 1.04 1.52 1.16 0.88 0.44 0.35 0.93 1.09 0.98
±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.5 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0
8 5 4 3 4 8 5 3 4 8 6 4
Sodium 2.91 2.88 2.52 3.12 3.89 3.66 3.42 3.40 4.3± 4.65 3.86 3.06
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.4 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.6 ±0.8 0.29 ±0.7 ±0.0 ±0.0
2 3 4 3 8 9 3 5 8 1 7
Free CO2 1.15 1.65 1.85 2.93 2.60 2.05 1.70 1.15 1.55 1.35 1.10 1.40
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.8
8 8 8 5 9 6 0 8 8 8 5 5
Potassium 1.99 2.07 1.83 1.69 2.07 2.20 1.93 2.15 2.73 2.45 2.19 2.27
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0
1 8 8 8 3 5 1 5 2 5 8

Table 3. Average Monthly variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the Asan

Wetland during two years of study (November 2021 to October 2023) at site S2.
 NOV DE JAN FEB MAR APR MAYJUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
C E
Water 19.5 15.7 12.2 13.2 17.1 18.8 22.3 25.9 24.4 23.9 23.0 20.8
Temp('C) ±0.5 5±0. 5±0. 0±0. 5±0. ±0.4 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. 5±1. ±0.2 ±0.9
7 22 22 43 36 3 08 22 08 21 9 9
PH 7.60 7.85 8.35 7.90 7.75 7.65 7.65 7.55 7.40 7.25 7.35 7.45
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.3 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0
5 8 5 5 8 8 6 8 5 8 8 8
Turbidity( 46.5 35.5 34.5 24.5 31.5 39±1 53.5 121 201 186± 155. 100±
NTU) ±2.1 ±0.7 ±2.1 ±0.7 ±2.1 .42 ±2.1 ±1.4 ±1.4 1.42 5±4. 1.42
3 1 3 1 3 3 2 2 95
Transpare 46.2 49.2 57.2 46.5 41.5 34.7 31.8 21.7 19.1 18.6 27.7 31.8
ncy(cm) 5±1. ±1.2 ±1.4 ±2.8 ±2.6 5±1. 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. 5±2. 5±0.
49 8 2 3 9 35 64 64 08 64 06 78
TDS(mg/l) 189± 181 173. 176. 181. 206. 209± 240. 262. 311± 247 195±
1.42 ±1.4 5±2. 5±2. 5±2. 5±4. 4.25 5±3. 5±3. 4.25 ±2.8 4.25
2 13 13 13 95 54 54 3
Electrical 125. 127. 122. 141. 152. 181. 193. 209. 219. 250. 161. 147.
Conductivi 85±2 9±3. 85±0 35±1 05±2 75±2 75±2 4±1. 1±2. 75±0 1±0. 75±3
ty(ms/cm) .34 68 .64 .35 .06 .06 .06 28 41 .78 43 .61
Dissolved 9.1± 9.8± 10.6 9.2± 9.1± 8.9± 8.7± 8.5± 7.8± 7.7± 7.7± 8.1±
Oxygen(m 0.08 0.15 ±0.2 0.08 0 0 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.15 0.08 0.22
g/l) 2
Total 175. 181. 172± 168± 147± 152. 137. 131 127 132± 144 147±
hardness( 5±0. 5±0. 2.83 4.25 2.83 5±0. 5±2. ±1.4 ±5.6 2.83 ±5.6 2.83
mg/l) 71 71 71 13 2 6 6
Total 108± 119 125. 114. 111± 100± 89.5 83.5 79± 78±2 93± 99.5
Alakalinity 1.42 ±1.4 5±0. 5±3. 1.42 1.42 ±0.7 ±2.1 1.42 .83 1.42 ±0.7
(mg/l) 2 71 54 1 3 1
BOD 2.40 1.95 1.80 2.45 2.25 2.45 2.65 2.90 3.20 3.60 2.90 2.85
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.5 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.0
5 8 5 8 8 2 5 5 0 9 8
COD 3.55 3.90 2.95 3.60 3.10 3.70 3.85 4.15 4.50 4.85 4.10 4.05
±0.2 ±0.4 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.2
2 3 8 9 9 8 8 8 9 2
Chlorides 23.9 21.7 20.3 19.0 18.4 19.0 21.4 22.6 22.7 23.2 22.7 21.9
5±0. 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. ±0.2 ±0.2 5±0. ±0.2 ±0.2 5±0. ±0 5±0.
08 78 9 22 9 9 22 9 9 22 08
Total 0.55 0.65 0.45 0.80 0.70 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.00 1.25 1.10 1.00
Phosphor ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.4 ±0.2
ous 8 8 8 5 8 8 8 5 8 3 9
Nitrate-N 1.20 1.55 1.39 1.15 1.61 1.06 0.83 0.30 0.25 0.85 0.89 0.91
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.7 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.4 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1
5 8 3 2 6 1 1 3 8 8 2 3
Sodium 2.93 2.83 2.70 3.29 3.56 3.33 3.27 2.09 2.91 4.10 4.02 2.71
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.4 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0
7 8 5 6 4 1 3 3 2 5 3 2
Free CO2 1.05 1.25 1.40 2.35 2.20 1.80 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.80 1.30
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.1
8 8 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Potassium 1.94 1.98 1.79 1.69 1.87 2.15 2.20 2.23 2.50 2.45 1.79 2.19
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0
6 3 2 3 2 8 0 8 5 2 1 2
Table 4. Average Monthly variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the Asan
Wetland during two years of study (November 2021 to October 2023) at site S3.
NOV DEC JAN FEB MA APR MAY JUN JUL
AU SEP OCT
R E G
Water 19.1 15.8 11.3 13.6 19.1 21.0 23.6 26.0
25.0 23.7 24.2 20.8
Temp('C) ±0.1 0±0. 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. ±1.1 5±0. ±0.0
±0.1 5±0. ±0.4 5±0.
5 15 22 22 5 4 22 8 5 64 3 5
PH 7.95 8.50 8.75 8.5± 8.05 7.85 7.50 7.35
7.35 7.30 7.35 7.65
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 0.15 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0
±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.2
8 0 8 8 8 5 8 8 5 8 2
Turbidity( 39.5 31.5 28±1
20.5 25.5 35.5 51.0 193±
203. 174 131. 80.5
NTU) ±0.7 ±0.7 .42±0.7 ±0.7 ±2.1 ±1.4 1.42
5±2. ±2.8 5±0. ±0.7
1 1 1 1 3 2 13 3 71 1
Transpare 55.3 60.6 63.6 61.4 54.8 40.4 37.7 23.5 23.5 20.9 25.5 31.8
ncy(cm) ±0.2 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. ±0.1 5±0. ±0.1 ±0 ±0 ±0.8 5±0. ±0.4
9 64 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 3
TDS(mg/l) 191. 187. 178± 182 190. 211. 216. 248. 265± 272 211 196±
5±2. 5±0. 2.83 ±2.8 5±2. 5±4. 5±6. 5±12 1.42 ±4.2 ±1.4 2.83
13 71 3 13 95 37 .03 5 2
Electrical 134. 152. 126. 143. 158. 184. 189. 236. 236. 262. 164. 127.
Conductivi 75±0 75±0 05±1 9±5. 9±0. 25± 35±1 15±5 15±5 4±4. 5±0. 55±2
ty(ms/cm) .78 .36 .35 1 57 2.9 .21 .87 .87 11 71 .06
Dissolved 9.6± 10.2 10.4 9.1± 8.6± 8.4± 8.2± 7.6± 7.6± 7.4± 7.65 8.1±
Oxygen(m 0.15 ±0.1 ±0.0 0.08 0.29 0.22 0.15 0 0 0.08 ±0.3 0.08
g/l) 5 8 6
Total 174. 184± 181. 178. 179. 164. 161. 156± 146± 152. 155. 163±
hardness( 5±0. 1.42 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. 5±4. 2.83 1.42 5±2. 5±0. 1.42
mg/l) 71 71 71 71 71 95 13 71
Total 114± 127± 131. 122 117. 111 100± 88±4 88±4 85± 85± 105±
Alakalinity( 1.42 1.42 5±2. ±2.8 5±0. ±1.4 2.83 .25 .25 7.08 1.42 2.83
mg/l) 13 3 71 2
BOD 2.35 2.20 1.90 2.45 2.65 2.15 2.75 2.95 3.35 3.75 3.25 2.4±
±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.3 0.57
8 5 5 2 2 8 8 8 2 2 6
COD 3.10 2.65 2.45 3.65 3.80 3.80 3.95 4.15 4.55 4.80 4.45 3.45
±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.0
5 8 8 2 0 5 8 2 8 5 2 8
Chlorides 21.9 20.5 18.7 18.3 17.9 18.6 19.9 21.2 21.2 21.7 22.5 22.0
5±0. 5±0. 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. 5±0. 5±0. ±0.2 5±0. 5±0.
36 36 22 9 08 9 5 08 08 9 08 22
Total 0.50 0.55 0.35 0.75 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.01 1.01 1.20 0.65 0.55
Phosphoro ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0
us 5 8 8 8 5 5 2 2 5 8 8
Nitrate-N 1.35 1.40 1.86 1.61 1.79 0.96 0.73 0.33 0.33 0.99 1.2± 1.01
±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 0.29 ±0.1
8 5 8 1 4 5 2 3 3 1 4
Sodium 2.81 2.74 2.60 2.89 3.51 3.29 3.15 3.99 3.99 4.05 3.83 3.15
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0
2 1 2 2 2 2 8 1 1 6 8 8
 Baccilariophyceae Chlorophyceae Myxophyceae
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
NOV 146±8.49 243±1.42 250±11.32 7±4.25 24±5.66 29±4.25 2±0 6±0 3±1.42
DEC 170±2.83 267±7.08 289±21.22 5±1.42 27±1.42 17±7.08 1±1.42 6±5.66 10±0
JAN 197±1.42 310±25.46 332±2.83 20±11.32 42±2.83 44±11.32 4±2.83 8±0.00 11±1.42
FEB 139±12.73 259±12.73 281±24.05 6±2.83 26±14.15 28±8.49 3±1.42 6±5.66 9±1.42
MARCH 90±8.49 228±28.29 225±24.05 0±0.00 15±15.56 15±9.90 1±1.42 3±4.25 5±4.25
APRIL 60±2.83 161±9.90 167±9.90 0±0.00 6±2.83 10±2.83 0±0 2±0 3±4.25
MAY 46±8.49 127±1.42 125±18.39 1±1.42 3±4.25 2±0 0±0 0±0 2±2.83
JUNE 27±9.90 54±14.15 77±29.7 6±5.66 2±2.83 0±0 0±0 0±0 1±1.420
JULY 18±0 22±5.66 36±16.98 1±1.42 12±14.15 2±2.83 0±0 0±0 1±1.420
AUG 5±4.25 12±5.66 20±2.83 7±1.42 7±1.42 3±4.25 0±0 0±0 0±0
SEP 20±25.46 27±35.36 39±18.39 11±9.90 6±2.83 9±7.08 1±1.42 1±1.42 3±1.42
OCT 60±5.66 135±4.25 133±4.25 9±7.08 10±2.83 23±7.08 3±1.42 4±2.83 4±2.83

Free CO2 1.25 1.35 1.45 2.55 2.40 2.05 1.75 1.45 1.15 0.85 0.75 1.20
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0
8 8 8 8 5 2 2 2 8 8 8
Potassium 1.94 1.98 1.87 1.69 2.1± 2.17 1.92 2.55 2.85 2.58 2.20 2.18
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 0.01 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.0
2 1 3 2 5 5 8 8 5 8

TABLE:6 Total density of all genera (at sites S1, S2, S3) & overall density of Asan wetland
during the two year of study (November 2021 to October 2023) (units x 103. cm-2).

MEAN DENSITY of all OVERALL DENSITY

genera OF ASAN
WETLAND
S1 S2 S3
NOV 155 273 282 236.67±70.87
DEC 176 300 316 264±76.63
JAN 221 360 387 322.67±89.08
FEB 148 291 318 252.34±91.36
MARCH 91 246 245 194±89.21
APRIL 60 169 180 136.34±66.34
MAY 47 130 129 102±47.64
JUNE 33 56 78 55.67±22.51
JULY 19 34 39 30.67±10.41
AUG 12 19 23 18±5.57
SEP 32 34 51 39±10.45
OCT 72 149 160 127±47.95

Table 5. Monthly Average density of periphyton of the of the Asan Wetland during two
years of study (November 2021 to October 2023) at sites S1, S2, S3. (units x 103. cm-2)
 Baccilariophyceae Chlorophyceae Myxophyceae
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
NOV 146±8.4 243±1.4 250±11. 7±4.25 24±5.6 29±4.2 2±0 6±0 3±1.4
9 2 32 6 5 2
DEC 170±2.8 267±7.0 289±21. 5±1.42 27±1.4 17±7.0 1±1.4 6±5. 10±0
3 8 22 2 8 2 66
JAN 197±1.4 310±25. 332±2.8 20±11. 42±2.8 44±11. 4±2.8 8±0. 11±1.
2 46 3 32 3 32 3 00 42
FEB 139±12. 259±12. 281±24. 6±2.83 26±14. 28±8.4 3±1.4 6±5. 9±1.4
73 73 05 15 9 2 66 2
MARCH 90±8.49 228±28. 225±24. 0±0.00 15±15. 15±9.9 1±1.4 3±4. 5±4.2
29 05 56 0 2 25 5
APRIL 60±2.83 161±9.9 167±9.9 0±0.00 6±2.83 10±2.8 0±0 2±0 3±4.2
0 0 3 5
MAY 46±8.49 127±1.4 125±18. 1±1.42 3±4.25 2±0 0±0 0±0 2±2.8
2 39 3
JUNE 27±9.90 54±14.1 77±29.7 6±5.66 2±2.83 0±0 0±0 0±0 1±1.4
5 20
JULY 18±0 22±5.66 36±16.9 1±1.42 12±14. 2±2.83 0±0 0±0 1±1.4
8 15 20
AUG 5±4.25 12±5.66 20±2.83 7±1.42 7±1.42 3±4.25 0±0 0±0 0±0
SEP 20±25.4 27±35.3 39±18.3 11±9.9 6±2.83 9±7.08 1±1.4 1±1. 3±1.4
6 6 9 0 2 42 2
OCT 60±5.66 135±4.2 133±4.2 9±7.08 10±2.8 23±7.0 3±1.4 4±2. 4±2.8
5 5 3 8 2 83 3
The periphyton was represented in this study by 18 different periphytic taxa that belong to three
different classes. These classes include Bacillariophyceae (Cymbella, Navicula, Nitzschia,
Fragilaria Meridion, Synedra, Gomphonema, Tabellaria, and Diatoma). Ulothrix, Spirogyra,
Cosmarium, Microspora, Chlorella, Oedogomium, Zygnema, and Cladophora are members of the
Chlorophyceae family, while Phormidium is a member of the Cyanophyceae. The average monthly
variations in the density of periphyton threec lasses at sites S1, S2, and S3 of the Asan Wetland
over a two-year study period (November 2021 to October 2023) are illustrated in Table 5. The total
density of all classes at sites S1, S2, and S3, as well as the overall density of the Asan wetland
throughout the two-year study period from November 2021 to October 2023, is given in Table 6.
The peak periphytic density (individuals/cm2) recorded was 322.67±89.08 x 103 in January, with
all three classes exhibiting maximum values at S3: Bacillariophyceae ( 197±1.42 x 103 at S1,
310±25.46 x 103 at S2, 332±2.83 x 103 at S3), Chlorophyceae( 20±11.32 x 103 at S1, 42±2.83 x
103 at S2, 44±11.32x 103 at S3) and Cyanophyceae ( 4±2.83 x 103 at S1, 8±0.00 x 103 at S2,
11±1.42 x 103 at [Link] monsoon months (June to August) had the lowest densities, most likely
as a result of increased sedimentation and water turbidity, which hinder light penetration and have
an impact on periphyton growth. The minimum periphytic density (individuals/cm²) recorded was
18±5.57 x 10³ in August, with Bacillariophyceae values of 5±4.25 x 10³ at S1, 12±5.66 x 10³ at S2,
and 20±2.83 x 10³ at S3; Chlorophyceae values of 1±1.42 x 10³ at S1, 2±2.83 x 10³ at S2, and
0±0 x 10³ at S3; and no Cyanophyceae detected at any site. The
current study illustrates the annual percentage composition of periphytic flora in Asan wetland
over two years, as depicted in FIG:2, indicating that Bacillariophyceae constituted the predominant
group (89-90%), succeeded by Chlorophyceae (7-9%) and Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae (1-
4%) across various sites.
 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
OF PERIPHYTON AT SITE S1
OF PERIPHYTON AT SITE S2
Chloro Chloro
Myxop
phycea phycea Myxop
hyceae
e e hyceae
4% Baccilariophy Baccilariophy
7% ceae 9% 1% ceae
Baccila Chlorophycea Chlorophycea
riophyc e Baccilario e
eae phycea…
Myxophyceae Myxophyceae
89%

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF PERIPHYTON AT SITE S3

Myxophyceae
2%

Chlorophyceae
8%
Baccilariophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Baccilariophyce
ae Myxophyceae
90%

FIG 2: the annual percentage composition of periphytic flora of Asan

wetland during the two years of study at different sites(S1,S2,S3).

Table8: Average values of the Sorenson similarity index at S1 of Asan wetland during the
two years of study period.
 N D J F M A M J J A S O
N 1 1 0.814815 0.916667 0.9 0.842105 0.8 0.695652 0.666667 0.4 0.615385 0.8
D 1 0.814815 0.916667 0.9 0.842105 0.8 0.695652 0.666667 0.4 0.615385 0.8
J 1 0.896552 0.72 0.666667 0.64 0.714286 0.608696 0.56 0.83871 0.866667
F 1 0.818182 0.761905 0.727273 0.72 0.6 0.454545 0.714286 0.888889
M 1 0.941176 0.888889 0.761905 0.75 0.444444 0.666667 0.782609
A 1 0.941176 0.8 0.8 0.470588 0.608696 0.727273
M 1 0.857143 0.75 0.555556 0.666667 0.695652
J 1 0.736842 0.761905 0.814815 0.846154
J 1 0.5 0.545455 0.666667
A 1 0.666667 0.608696
S 1 0.827586
O 1

Table8: Average values of the Sorenson similarity index at S2 of Asan wetland during the
two years of study period.
N D J F M A M J J A S O
N 1 0.86666 0.90909 0.90322 0.82758 0.84615 0.72 0.72 0.78571 0.58333 0.8 0.86666
7 1 6 6 4 4 3 7
D 1 0.90909 0.83871 0.96551 0.84615 0.8 0.8 0.78571 0.66666 0.93333 0.93333
1 7 4 4 7 3 3
J 1 0.94117 0.875 0.75862 0.71428 0.71428 0.83871 0.66666 0.90909 0.90909
6 1 6 6 7 1 1
F 1 0.86666 0.81481 0.69230 0.61538 0.82758 0.56 0.83871 0.83871
7 5 8 5 6
M 1 0.88 0.83333 0.75 0.81481 0.60869 0.89655 0.89655
3 5 6 2 2
A 1 0.85714 0.76190 0.75 0.4 0.76923 0.76923
3 5 1 1
M 1 0.9 0.78260 0.52631 0.8 0.72
9 6
J 1 0.69565 0.63157 0.8 0.72
2 9
J 1 0.54545 0.78571 0.71428
5 4 6
A 1 0.66666 0.66666
7 7
S 1 0.86666
7
O 1

Table 9: Average values of the Sorenson similarity index at S3 of Asan wetland during the
two years of study period.

N D J F M A M J J A S O
N 1 0.9375 0.971429 0.971429 0.9375 0.83871 0.740741 0.692308 0.785714 0.740741 0.903226 0.909091
D 1 0.909091 0.909091 0.933333 0.896552 0.8 0.75 0.769231 0.8 0.827586 0.903226
J 1 1 0.909091 0.875 0.714286 0.666667 0.758621 0.714286 0.875 0.941176
F 1 0.909091 0.875 0.714286 0.666667 0.758621 0.714286 0.875 0.941176
M 1 0.827586 0.8 0.75 0.692308 0.72 0.827586 0.903226
A 1 0.833333 0.782609 0.8 0.75 0.714286 0.866667
M 1 0.947368 0.857143 0.8 0.666667 0.769231
J 1 0.9 0.842105 0.695652 0.72
J 1 0.857143 0.8 0.740741
A 1 0.75 0.769231
S 1 0.866667
O 1
The average values of the Sorenson similarity index during the two years of study period at S1,
S2, S3 are mentioned in Tables 7,8,9. The maximum similarity was found between the winter
months at all the sites.

SHA N N O N - W E I NE R DI VE RSI T Y SHA NNO N - W E I NE R DI VE RSI T Y

I NDE X(H') I NDE X(H')

SHANNON-WEINER DIVERSITY INDEX(H')

2 0 2 1 - 2 2 AT SI T ES S1 , S2 , S3 . 2 0 2 2 - 2 3 AT SI T ES S1 , S2 , S3 .
SHANNON-WEINER DIVERSITY INDEX(H')

3 3.5

3
2.5

VALUES
2.5
VALUES

2
2
1.5 S1 S1
1.5
S2 S2
1 1
S3 S3
0.5 0.5

0
0
N D J F M A M J J A S O
N D J F M A M J J A S O
MONTHS
MONTHS

Fig 3: Showing Shannon-Weiner diversity index(H')2021-22 & 2022-23 at sites S1, S2, S3.

MARGELEF INDEX 2021-22 MARGELEF INDEX 2022 -23

AT SITES S1, S2,S3. AT SITES S1,S2,S3.

3.5 3.5
3 3
MARGELEF INDEX VALUES

MARGELEF INDEX VALUES

2.5 2.5
2 S1 2
S2 S1
1.5 1.5
S3 S2
1 1
S3
0.5 0.5
0
0
N D J F M A M J J A S O
N D J F M A M J J A S O
MONTHS
MONTHS

Fig 4: Showing margelef index 2021-22 & 2022-23at sites S1, S2,S3.

The values of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index during both study years are presented in Figs.
3 and 4. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index values at all sites were high during both years in
winter in the month of January (2.427 at S1, 2.495 at S2, 2.562 at S3) & (2.29 at S1, 2.435 at S2,
2.467 at S3) during 2021-22 & 2022-23 repectively while minimum in the monsoon season (
1.099 at S1, 1.099 at S2, 1.676 at S3) in 2021-22 & (1.311 at S1, 1.834 at S2, 1.594 at S3) in
2022-23. margelef

The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of periphyton among different sites during both
years of the study is presented in Fig-.5. CCA suggested that S3 was more diverse followed by
S1 and S2. Results show that, Axes 1 & 2, represented 64.93% & 35.07%, of the variance with
eigenvalues of 0.01794, 0.00968 respectively. The dominant genera found at Site 1 included
Synedra, Cladophora, Nithchia, Oedogonium, Fragillaria, Ulothrix. These genera are typically
more tolerant of higher turbidity, free Co2 and nutrient conditions like total nitrogen, total
phosphorous, chlorides, sodium, potassium. These environmental conditions favour periphyton
species that are tolerant of fluctuating and often challenging water quality conditions.

Acronyms:

FIGURE 5: The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of periphytonAT THE SITES(S1,

S2, S3)in the Asan wetland during the study from Nov 2021 to oct 2023 .(Average values).

S2 was associated with spirogyra, Diatoma, cosmarium and was goverened by DO, TDS, COD
and BOD. The presence of Cosmarium (a desmid) indicates favorable growth conditions, such as
slightly alkaline pH and good light availability. S3 was associated with most of the genera Genera
such as Cymbella, Phormidium, Gomphonema, Navicula, Tabellaria, Microspora, Meridion,
Chlorella, Zygnema was goverened by the factors such as electrical conductivity, water
temperature, pH, Total Alkanity, transparency, Total hardness.
FIGURE 6: Cluster analysis of Periphytes at site (S1, S2, S3) in the Asan Wetland
during the study from Nov 2021 to oct 2023.(Average values)

FIGURE 7: The principal component analysis (PCA) of periphyton at the sites

(S1, S2, S3) in the Asan wetland during the study from Nov 2021 to oct 2023.
(Average values)

The multivariate cluster analysis showing the similarity of periphyton at three different
sites during two year of study period is presented in Fig-6. The dendro-gram formed
thus suggested that sites S2 & S3 were similar while S1 was showing different group.
The S3 is different from these similar kinds of groups.

The principal component analysis (PCA) of periphyton among different sites during
both years of the study is presented in Fig- 7. Here, PCA suggested that PC1 & PC2
was represented by 93.98% & 6.015% of variance with eigen values 279.149 &
17.8675 respectively. Results shows that SITE-1 is not directly associated with any of
the genera clustered near the center, suggesting that the environmental conditions at
this site are not conducive to the growth of most of the periphyton genera. Instead, it
indicates that SITE-1 is likely characterized by extreme or highly disturbed conditions
(such as high turbidity or nutrient pollution).
SITE-2 is positioned closer to genera like Fragilaria (FRAG), Ulothrix (ULOT),
Nitzschia (NIT), and Diatoma (DIA), Cosmarium(cos), spirogyra(spi),
Oedogonium(oed). This indicates that these genera are well-adapted to the
environmental conditions present at SITE-2. The proximity of SITE-2 to these genera
suggests that it offers favorable conditions such as moderate nutrient levels, adequate
dissolved oxygen, and stable substrates.
SITE-3 is associated with most of the genera presentgenera like Cymbella (CYM),
Gomphonema (GOMPHO), Navicula (NAV), and Chlorella (CHLO), (Cladophora,
Microspora, Meridion, Phormidium, Zygnema,Synedra, Tabellaria. These genera are
typically indicative of clear, well-oxygenated, and stable water conditions with good
light penetration and balanced nutrient levels.
One way ANOVA of periphytes at S1, S2, S3 in the Asan wetland during the study
period (November 2021–October 2022) is presented in Table-10. The p-value thus
obtained (0.0796) represented that there is no significant difference between the three
sites in the density of periphytes.
Table 10: One- way Anova of Periphytes at sites (S1, S2, S3) in the Asan wetland
during the study from Nov 2021 to oct 2023.
Source of SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between Groups 68201.7 2 34100.8 2.73482 0.07962 3.28491
2 6 8 1 8
Within Groups 411480. 33 12469.1
6 1
Total 479682. 35
3
Acronyms: SS-Sum of squares, df- Degree of freedom, MS- Mean Square, F- F
statistic, P- value-P- value, F crit- Critical F- value

Discussion
This study fills a gap in our knowledge of the Asan Wetland's ecological health by
analyzing periphyton populations and a number of physicochemical characteristics
across three selected sites (S1, S2, and S3) from November 2021 to October 2023.
The findings emphasize site-specific environmental factors and monthly fluctuations
and their impact on periphyton density and diversity.
The findings reveal significant ecological fluctuations among the three sites, influenced
by variations in water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, total
dissolved solids (TDS), transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity,
total alkalinity, total hardness, BOD, COD, and nutrients.

At every site, the water temperature showed similar seasonal patterns, peaking in the
summer and falling to the lowest levels in the winter. A consistent pattern was noted
across all chosen sampling locations, attributable to the prevailing environmental
circumstances. These variations are in accordance with prior research on wetland
ecosystems, which has demonstrated that temperature fluctuations significantly
influence biological activities, such as the metabolic rates of aquatic organisms and
periphyton growth and also same seasonal pattern The elevated temperatures at Site
3 may be ascribed to site-specific characteristics including diminished shade,
shallower depth, and heightened exposure to direct sunlight. These conditions may
result in localized warming, affecting periphyton metabolism and community structure.
(Bhatt et al., 2022) identified the analogous trend of low temperatures in winter and
high temperatures in summer and monsoon months in the Kosi River and also tell that
Temperature plays a central role in the growth, dispersal and reproduction of aquatic
flora and fauna, while (Kumar et al., 2016) observed similar patterns in the Rawsan
stream of Garhwal Himalayas, and (Semwal and Rayal, R, 2023).Same trend was
observed in the earlier studies of Asan Wetland in relation to water quality and
limnology by (Sharma and JS Rawat, 2009; Singh, Tripathi and V Jeeva, 2016; Kumar,
Sharma and RC Sharma, 2018a).
The majority of chemical reactions that occur in soil and water are governed by pH,
making it one of the most crucial factors. Many living biotas may perish as a result of
pH levels that are too high or too low. All three sites had a constant slightly alkaline
pH, with January typically recording the highest pH values and July and August
showing the lowest values. The wetland water is consistently alkaline, with higher pH
values at Site 3. This could be because of carbonate-rich substrates or because of
increased biological activity, such as photosynthesis, which consumes CO₂ and raises
pH. A similar trend of elevated and diminished pH levels was noted in the urban
wetland of Delhi and Harike Wetland, as reported by(Mabwoga, Chawla and Thukral,
2010; Joshi, Siva Siddaiah and Dixit, 2021) respectively. The growth of sensitive
periphyton species is supported by stable pH values, which are maintained by
alkalinity, a critical parameter in wetlands. All of the sites had moderate alkalinity
levels, which suggests that the wetland is protected from acidification and provides a
stable habitat for aquatic life. Numerous researchers have indicated that pH levels are
elevated in winter months (7.9-8.2) due to algal proliferation, while they are diminished
during the monsoon season (7.2-7.4) (Bahuguna et al., 2018; Tariq et al., 2020;
Mamgain et al., 2021; Tariq and Kotnala, CB, 2022; Mustfa et al., 2023), (Chauhan
and Sharma, 2016a; Baluni et al., 2018; Kumar, Sharma and RC Sharma, 2018a;
Bhatt et al., 2022) also reported the highest pH levels during the monsoon season in
different water bodies. The permissible limit of turbidity in the drinking water is up to
0.5 NTU as per WHO standards and 1.0 NTU as per BIS standards. Turbidity levels
were found lowest in December and January and increased drastically during the
month of July which collaborates the findings of (Tuboi, Irengbam and SA Hussain,
2018) in Loktak lake, (Kant Shukla et al., 2020) Study the water quality and pollution
status of some major rural village ponds situated in the industrial activity zone of
Allahabad district, Uttar Pradesh.(Sonal, Jagruti and P Geeta, 2010) the study deals
with the interactions between these abiotic factors and bird diversity of one such pond
in semiarid zone of Gujarat, India. (Rana, Sharma and Tiwari, 2018) reported the same
trend of turbidity minimum in the month of January and maximum in the month of June
during the rainy month also explained turbidity and the intensity of scattered light are
directly proportional to each other. It also meant that as the turbidity of water increases,
the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water decreases. The permissible limit of
turbidity in the drinking water is up to 0.5 NTU as per WHO standards and 1.0 NTU as
per BIS standards. Increased turbidity during the monsoon is linked to sediment runoff,
leading to lower water clarity. Higher turbidity affects periphyton growth, reducing light
penetration. Sites 1 and 2 may be more exposed to runoff or human activities,
contributing to greater suspended particulate matter, especially during rainy seasons.
Transparency was inversely related to turbidity; this reflects the effect of suspended
particles in reducing water clarity during periods of high runoff. The higher
transparency at Site 3 correlates with its lower turbidity levels, indicating clearer water
that allows more sunlight to penetrate. This could benefit aquatic plants and
periphyton, enhancing primary productivity at Site 3 compared to the other sites
(Sharma and RC Chhipa, 2016; Kumar, 2017; Rana, Sharma and Tiwari, 2018;
Sharma, Jindal and UB Singh, 2018; Sharma et al., 2021; R Sharma et al., 2022; Rohit
Sharma et al., 2022) also reported the same trend of turbidity and transparency.
Electrical conductivity followed the TDS trends, TDS and EC levels were lowest in
January and increased during the monsoon in the month of August. Similar patterns
were observed at all sampling sites. EC was closely related to TDS. The more the
value of TDS, the more the value of EC. The more salt dissolved in water, the higher
the EC value. The high value of TDS in wetlands was runoff from the catchments
basin, and another is a heavy load of tourists in other seasons than in winter. (G Matta,
2014; Tripathi, Pandey and CK Jain, 2015; Seth et al., 2016; Matta et al., 2017)
reported the same findings of EC and TDS.
DO plays an important role in aquatic life and any abrupt decrease in it would be lethal.
Its relationship with water bodies provides both direct and indirect information on
bacterial activity, photosynthesis, nutrient availability, and stratification. (Malik,
Chauhan and P Rathi, 2023a). Dissolved oxygen levels were highest in the month of
January, while lower values were recorded during the warmer and monsoon months,
especially in August. A similar pattern was observed in all selected sites. The
decrease in DO during the monsoon season is likely due to increased microbial activity
and the decomposition of organic matter, which reduces oxygen availability. High
dissolved oxygen during winter months and low during monsoon months were also
reported by (Malik, Chauhan and P Rathi, 2023a),(Sharma et al., 2021),(Sharma et
al., 2007; Rashid et al., 2013; Baluni et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2018; SAGIR and AK
Dobriyal, 2020; Tariq et al., 2020a; Bahuguna, undefined Rajani, et al., 2021a; Gulzar,
Agric and 2017, no date)Sharma and Sharma (2016). The dissolved oxygen in water
is crucial for aquatic organisms, and any abrupt decrease in it would be lethal. A similar
pattern was observed in all selected sites.
Total alkalinity is another essential factor in an aquatic ecosystem, and it neutralizes
the acid present. Total Alkanity was found to be maximum in the month of January at
all sites, while minimum values were observed in the months of July & August. Similar
results in alkalinity were also reported by (Tariq, Kotnala, and AK Dobriyal 2022; Malik,
Chauhan, and P Rathi, 2023; Semwal, Rayal, and AS Rawat, 2023). The moderate
alkalinity values suggest that the Asan Wetland is not highly susceptible to
acidification, maintaining a stable environment conducive to aquatic life. However, the
slightly lower alkalinity observed during the monsoon season may be due to dilution
effects from heavy rainfall, which could lower the concentration of carbonate
compounds in the water. Total hardness is a crucial factor representing the calcium
and magnesium ions present in water. Total hardness at all sites was generally higher
in December and dropped during the monsoon season, in July and August.
(Bahuguna, Negi and Dobriyal, 2019) found that the total hardness was high (134.5
mg.l-1) during winter in January.
BOD & COD values were found to be higher in the month of August while lowest in
the month of January. An almost similar pattern of BOD & COD during the previous
studies was observed at selected sampling sites by(Malik, Chauhan and P Rathi,
2023a),(Ishaq and Khan, 2013; Malik and R Chauhan, 2023) in the Asan wetland.
Nitrogenous fertilizers are the main source of nitrate in the wetland; the maximum
concentration of nitrogen was in the monsoon season, and the minimum concentration
of nitrogen was in the winter season at all sites. Maximum potassium concentration
was recorded in the month of July and minimum in the month of February. Potassium
is an essential element for plant growth, but it is less likely to cause eutrophication
compared to nitrogen and phosphorus The values of chloride concentration in the
present study were recorded to be maximum in the month of August & minimum in the
month of March. A similar pattern was recorded in all selected sampling sites. In many
studies, water runoff from agricultural lands, forests, and pastures has significantly
increased the concentrations of nutrients and organic matter in lotic ecosystems
(Malik, Chauhan and P Rathi, 2023b).
When phosphorus levels are too high, eutrophication can occur, which in turn can
cause the wetland's water to become unclear, infested with algae, and oxygen-
depleted (Jones and GF Lee, 1982; Rathore, SS, 2016). It is essential to control
phosphorus inputs, which are probably from domestic or agricultural runoff, in order to
stop additional nutrient enrichment and preserve the wetland's natural equilibrium.
According to USEPA recommendations, the acceptable range for total phosphorus in
streams to prevent eutrophication is 0.01–0.03 mg/L, but the OECD rules state that
the desired limit of phosphorus for lakes and reservoirs is less than 0.05 mg/L. The
phosphorus levels at the Asan Wetland are substantially higher than the acceptable
threshold for preventing eutrophication. Phosphorus concentrations exceeding 0.05
mg/L can stimulate excessive algal proliferation and adversely affect water quality,
potentially resulting in eutrophication. Nitrate is a crucial nutrient for plant growth;
nevertheless, high levels can result in eutrophication.(Ansari, Gill and Khan, 2010;
Ngatia, Grace and D Moriasi -, 2019) The USEPA's recommended limit for nitrate in
freshwater to prevent eutrophication is less than 1 mg/L. (Dodds and EB Welch,
2000). Nitrate concentrations at all three sites are moderate, suggesting that nutrient
inputs are relatively consistent throughout the wetland, presumably from agricultural
runoff or wastewater discharge. These concentrations are relatively similar. These are
hardly concerning levels, but continued nitrate intake may make nutritional enrichment
worse, especially if it is coupled with high phosphorus levels. To avoid detrimental
ecological effects, nitrate sources must be continuously monitored and controlled.
Potassium is also an important component of plant growth; it is less likely to contribute
to eutrophication than nitrogen and phosphorus(Sardans and Peñuelas, 2015) . The
regulatory limit for potassium in water bodies is not specified; however, potassium
levels in natural waters typically range from 0 to 10 mg/L (Bhateria and Jain, 2016).
Although potassium and sodium are both in the moderate range and are not expected
to negatively impact the quality of the water, they do add to the wetland's total nutrient
load and may promote the growth of macrophytes and algae. The breathing of aquatic
life and the breakdown of organic substances produce free CO2 in water. In algae and
aquatic plants, it is a necessary part of photosynthesis. At all sites, free CO2 levels
were nearly almost similar, rising in February and falling in September. All sites have
comparatively mild CO2 levels, which suggests that aquatic plant life can thrive there
without negatively affecting pH or other water quality indicators. On the other hand, a
large rise in CO2 levels might cause pH shifts that could pressure aquatic life. For
aquatic life to thrive, free CO2 levels in freshwater should normally not be more than
5 mg/L. The respiratory system of aquatic species may be impacted by concentrations
of more than 5 mg/L (Singh, Tripathi and Jeeva, 2016; Kumar, Sharma and RC
Sharma, 2018b; Arya et al., 2020)
The analysis of periphyton density and diversity revealed that periphyton was
represented by 18 periphytic genera belonging to 3 classes in which Bacillariophyceae
(diatoms) made the largest contribution to the periphyton community across all sites,
followed by Chlorophyceae (green algae) and Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae). The
maximum periphytic density was in January, in which all three classes were found to
be maximum at S3 in January, while the lowest densities were observed during the
monsoon months (June to August).
The maximum density during the winter months (December, January, and February)
was due to stable environmental factors like optimum temperature, pH, and a good
amount of DO, light penetration and the density was minimal during the monsoon
(July, August, and September) due to perturbed ecological conditions like turbidity.

Maximum density of periphyton in winter and lower in monsoon is in agreement with

the findings of (Baluni et al., no date b; Harkal, sciences and 2015, 2015; Singh,
Tripathi and Jeeva, 2016; Lohani, Pant and H Tewari, 2017; Dutta, Dutta and N
Bhagobaty, 2018b; Kumar, Sharma and RC Sharma, 2018b; Srivastava et al., 2019b;
Bahuguna, Rajani, et al., 2021; Tariq, Kotnala and A Dobriyal, 2021; Tariq, Kotnala
and Dobriyal, 2022; Mustfa et al., 2023b)(Sabater et al., no date a; SAGIR, of and
2020, no date; Baluni et al., no date b; Baba et al., 2011; Khanna and Natural, 2013;
Harkal, sciences and 2015, 2015; Singh, Tripathi and Jeeva, 2016; Lohani, Pant and
H Tewari, 2017; Moss, 2017; Kumar, 2017; Dutta, Dutta and N Bhagobaty, 2018b;
Kumar et al., 2018; Kumar, Sharma and RC Sharma, 2018b; Srivastava et al., 2019b;
Bahuguna, undefined Rajani, et al., 2021a; Tariq, Kotnala and A Dobriyal, 2021;
Bahuguna, Rajani, et al., 2021; Tariq, Kotnala and Dobriyal, 2022; Mustfa et al.,
2023b). They also reported Bacillariophyceae dominance in periphyton count.
According to them, the factors that influence the growth of periphyton population are
light, temperature, water current, substrate, scoring effects of floods, water chemistry
and grazing. The influence of light on periphyton assemblages can be substantial. The
dominance of periphytic communities belonging to Bacillariophyceae was also
reported in the glacier-fed streams of the Himalayan region by (Singh and Himalaya,
2024) in the western and central Himalaya (Acharjee, 2013) in Teesta and Rell
river.(Sharma and MK Hatimuria, 2017) in the Brhmaputra river basin, (Kumar et al.,
2020) in the Mandakini river,(Pandit, Kumari and Sharma, 2020) in River Ganga at
Bihar,(Jain, Malik and Tomar, 2018) in the Alaknanda river.

The Sorensen Similarity Index is a useful and intuitive way to measure the degree
of similarity between two sets, making it an essential tool in ecological studies to
assess the overlap of species between different habitats or study areas. The maximum
similarity was found between the winter months at all the sites. This is because similar
conductive environmental characteristics during different sampling periods show close
positive [Link] trends in simiarity were also found by Dobriyal et al. (2011)
in the Nayar River of Garhwal Himalaya during the close win-ter months.. Bhatt and
Yousuf (2002) observed periphytonic community of seven springs of Kashmir and
noticed a total of 50 taxa of periphytic algal community of which 33 belonged to
Bacillariophyceae, nine to Chlorophyceae, five to Cyanophyceae, two to
Chrysophyceae and one to Euglenophyceae. Periphyton species activity is restricted
to certain temperature range. Brown and Hannah (2008) stated that temperature is
recognizedas a major role player for species distribution in spring water. Maximum
abundance of periphyton was observed during winter season (November - February)
in the Lastar Gad springs, which may be due to increased growth efficiency of
periphyton during this period in addition to favorable physicochemical attributes. Welch
(1952) and Dobriyal et al. (1999) suggested that the adverse effect of velocity and
turbidity is always due to the blanketing bottom effect of suspended bottommaterial,
which interferes with the photosynthetic activity. Bhatnagar (1971) and Dobriyal et al.
(1999) noticed that high turbidity during monsoon floods greatly reduced the light
penetration which adversely affected the rate of photosynthesis.

The Shannon-Weiner Index provides a balanced view of species diversity, accounting

for both the number of species and how evenly the individuals are distributed among
them. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index values at all sites were high during both
years in winter in the month of January while minimum in the monsoon season. This
indicates a good diversity of species in the winter months and limited diversity in the
monsoon months
The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) shows the correlation between biotic
and abiotic factors. The analysis of the CCA indicates the significance of a given
variable by its vector length. For analysis, eleven environmental variables were
examined with the eighteen genera to establish the relationship of each genus with
the selected physicochemical parameters. The presence of genera like Nitzschia and
Synedra suggests that these species are well-adapted to higher turbidity conditions &
can tolerate pollution and be used as sewage pollution indicators (Macintyre et al.,
2011). Usually, suspended particles in the water cause increased turbidity because
they might hinder light penetration. These taxa are capable of surviving and thriving
on substrates in these low-light conditions, which suggests their resilience to
sediment-rich and disturbed environments. The increased levels of free CO₂ suggest
that there has been an increase in respiration and organic decomposition, which may
be associated with a higher input of organic matter. In these conditions, genera such
as Oedogonium and Ulothrix can effectively utilize the additional CO₂ for
photosynthesis, which provides them with a competitive advantage. Generally, the
genera that are present at Site 1 are more tolerant of nutrient-rich conditions. Total
nitrogen and total phosphorus are essential determinants of primary productivity.
Genera such as Cladophora (a filamentous green alga) and Fragilaria (a diatom) can
flourish in environments with elevated nutrient levels, suggesting that Site 1 is subject
to increased nutrient discharge or point-source pollution inputs.
Site 1 may have been affected by agricultural runoff or urban discharge because to
the elevated chloride levels. Genera like Synedra and Nitzschia exhibit tolerance to
mild elevations in chloride concentrations, indicating their ability to regulate internal
ionic balances for survival in such environments. High levels of sodium and potassium
may result from agricultural or soil runoff. Ulothrix and Cladophora are recognized for
their ability to tolerate a range of ionic concentrations, which accounts for their
dominance at Site 1. Additionally, these ions affect the growth and metabolic functions
of these periphyton species by contributing to the osmotic balance. Finding Spirogyra,
Diatoma, and Cosmarium at Site 2 suggests that it has a fairly nutrient-rich
environment with good oxygenation and ionic concentrations that don't change much.
Due to the favorable environmental circumstances, a variety of diatoms and green
algae can develop in the habitat and make use of the organic stuff that is present. S3
was linked to the majority of the genera. A number of variables, including electrical
conductivity, water temperature, pH, total alkanity, transparency, and total hardness,
governed genera including Cymbella, Phormidium, Gomphonema, Navicula,
Tabellaria, Microspora, Meridion, Chlorella, and Zygnema. Cymbella, Phormidium,
Gomphonema, Navicula, Tabellaria, Microspora, Meridion, Chlorella, and Zygnema
are the dominant species at Site 3, which suggests a well-balanced and stable
environment. The presence of a diverse array of diatoms, green algae, and
cyanobacteria indicates that Site 3 provides optimal conditions for a diverse array of
periphyton species. Cluster Analysis is a statistical technique used to group sampling
sites based on species composition or environmental parameters, helping to identify
similarities between sites. The resulting dendrogram shows which sites are closely
related in terms of ecological conditions and helps identify regions that require similar
management strategies. In this study, the dendrogram formed thus suggested that
sites S2 and S3 were similar, while S1 showed a different group. The S3 is different
from these similar kinds of groups. CCA and cluster was also performed by (Nautiyal,
Mishra and Semwal, 2015b, 2015a; Chauhan and Sharma, 2016b; Singh Rana et al.,
2019; Malik, DS, 2020; Tariq et al., 2022b; Tariq, Kotnala and AK Dobriyal, 2020;
Tariq, Kotnala and L, 2020; Tariq et al., 2020b; S. F. Ikram, Uniyal and Kumar, 2022;
S. Ikram, Uniyal and Kumar, 2022; Mustfa et al., 2023c; Tabassum et al., 2024) to
study the lineage of physicochemical parameters toward the different benthic and algal
communities in the Rivers and streams of Uttarakhand. They found that the CCA plot
clearly depicted the lineage of different physicochemical parameters toward the
benthic biota.
The PCA plot highlights the ecological variability among the three sites in the Asan
Wetland. It displays the principal components (PC1, PC2, etc.), which are linear
combinations of the original variables. The first principal component (PC1) explains
the largest amount of variance, while the second principal component (PC2) explains
the second-largest amount, and so on.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique used for Analyzing
relationships between species distributions and environmental factors. The results
indicate that SITE-1 is not conducive to the growth of most periphyton genera, likely
due to extreme or disturbed conditions such as high turbidity or nutrient pollution.
SITE-2 is associated with genera like Fragilaria, Ulothrix, Nitzschia, Diatoma,
Cosmarium, Spirogyra, and Oedogonium, suggesting that it provides favorable
conditions with moderate nutrient levels, adequate dissolved oxygen, and stable
substrates. In contrast, SITE-3 supports a wider range of genera, including Cymbella,
Gomphonema, Navicula, Chlorella, Cladophora, Microspora, Meridion,
Phormidium, Zygnema, Synedra, and Tabellaria, indicating clear, well-oxygenated,
and stable water conditions with good light penetration and balanced nutrients. One-
Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method used to determine whether
there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more
independent groups. In this study there is no significant difference between the three
sites in the density of periphytes.

Conclusion
This study provides valuable insights into the ecological variability of the Asan Wetland
and the influence of physico-chemical parameters on periphyton communities. The
results underscore the significance of maintaining stable environmental conditions to
support diverse periphyton communities and prevent nutrient-driven eutrophication.
The findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and management
interventions to preserve the ecological balance and health of the Asan Wetland.
This study integrates physicochemical analysis with multivariate statistical techniques
to offer a comprehensive assessment of the Asan Wetland’s ecological status. Future
research should focus on exploring the long-term impacts of nutrient enrichment and
developing sustainable management practices to enhance water quality and
periphyton diversity in this vital ecosystem.
Implications for Management and Conservation
The findings of this study emphasize the need for targeted management strategies to
maintain the ecological health of the Asan Wetland. The distinct differences in
environmental conditions and periphyton diversity among the three sites highlight the
importance of controlling external inputs such as nutrient runoff and sedimentation.
Reducing turbidity levels and managing nutrient sources are critical to preventing
further degradation of water quality and ensuring the sustainability of the wetland
ecosystem
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