Chapter 2 Atomic structure

Sodium is made of tiny Diamond is made of carbon atoms Mercury is made of mercury
particles called sodium atoms. –different from sodium atoms. atoms – different again!
 Atoms are the smallest particles of matter, that we cannot break
down further by chemical means.

The elements
 Sodium is made of sodium atoms only, so it is an element.
 An element contains only one kind of atom.
 Around 90 elements have been found in the Earth and
atmosphere. Scientists have made nearly 30 others in the lab.

3
 Dalton's atomic theory
a. element- tiny indivisible particles (atoms)
b. atom of same element are identical
c. can physically mix together or chemically combine
d. atoms separated, joined, rearranged - chemical reaction

4
 Important change in Dalton's atomic theory -
atoms is divisible
 it can be broken down into subatomic particles.

 At the centre of an atom is a tiny nucleus

3 kinds of subatomic particles

 electrons (e)
 protons (p)
 neutrons (n)

protons and neutrons - nucleons

5
Particle Symbol Relative Relative Actual mass
Charge Mass (g)
electron e- 1- 1/1840 9.11 x 10-28
proton p+ 1+ 1 1.67 x 10-24
neutron n0 0 1 1.67 x 10-24

6
7
 = Element name
Atomic number of an element - the number of
protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element.

How can you find the atomic number of an element?

8
 Mass number is the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus. (Nucleon number)

Mass number = p+ + n0

Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

9
10
Mass number
197
Au Element
symbol
Atomic number 79

Gold - 197

11
 Example: Oxygen

Atomic number is 8 = number of p+ = e-

(So oxygen has 8 electron s and 8 protons.)

Mass number is 16 = number of p+ plus the number of n0.

(So oxygen has 8 neutrons)

Number of neutron = mass number – atomic number

Write symbol of the oxygen atom

How to use element name?

12
8 18
33 75
16 15 31

13
14
 Workbook P 17 Q 1, 2
P 21 Q 8abcd (due 9/23)
 Read chapter 2.3

 Understanding atomic structure - a timeline

of discovery (due 9/23)
A4 one page hard copy

 Class on Sep 18 Wed – R 307

 Test on chapter 1 – Sep 19 Thu

15
The atoms of the first 20 elements

 So the numbers of protons and electrons increase by 1 at a

time – and are always equal.
 What do you notice about the number of neutrons?

16
17
18
 Each of the electron energy levels can hold only a
certain number of electrons.
⚫ First energy level - up to 2 e
⚫ Second energy level - up to 8 e
⚫ Third energy level - up to 18 e (8 e for K, Ca)
 The electrons fill the energy levels starting from
the energy level nearest to the nucleus, which has
the lowest energy.

19
20
 1 2,1 2,8,1 2,8,8

Period 1 2 3 3
Number of occupied energy levels
Group 1 1 1 18/8A
Number of valence electrons

21
[Link] 22
Group VIII, a special group
 The elements in Group VIII have a very stable arrangement of
electrons.
 Their atoms all have 8 outer-shell electrons, except for helium,
which has 2. (It has only one shell.)

helium atom full outer neon atom full outer shell argon atom outer shell
shell of 2 electrons of 8 electrons of 8 electrons
stable stable stable
 This stable arrangement of electrons has a very important
result: it makes the Group 0 elements unreactive.
 They exist naturally as single atoms.

23
24
 Workbook P 17-20 Q 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Read chapter 2.2 (Due 9/23)

 Test on chapter 1 – tomorrow (Pen, Pencil,

Ruler, eraser)

25
Write the chemical symbols for three isotopes of
oxygen. Oxygen 16, oxygen 17, and oxygen 18.

Mass Number
(# protons + # neutrons)

16 17 18
O O O
8 8 8

Atomic number
(# proton = # electrons)

26
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have same
number of protons, but a different mass (nucleon) number
(different numbers of neutrons).

27 27
 same chemical properties
slightly different physical properties

Isotopes –
Some are radioactive (Hydrogen-3) -radioisotope
✓Unstable- break down over a period of time- decay
✓Radiation may be harmful
Some are non-radioactive.

Uses of isotopes
Medical uses
✓Kill cancer cells (radiation- cobalt)
✓Sterilize medical equipment
Industrial uses
✓Check for leaks in oil or gas pipelines
✓Archeology-test how old is the ancient stuff
28
28
atomic mass unit (amu)- 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Atomic mass of an element is a weighted average mass of
the atoms in the naturally occurring isotopes of that element.

Carbon = 12.011 29 29
 The atomic mass of copper is 63.546.
Which of copper’s two isotopes is more abundant:
copper-63 or copper-65?

 Atomic mass of 63.546 is closer to 63 than 65,

thus copper-63 must be more abundant.

30
Atomic mass = multiply the mass of each isotope by
its natural abundance, expresses as a decimal, and
then add the products.
Element X has two natural isotopes.
The isotope with a mass number of 10 has a abundance of
19.91%.
The isotope with a mass number of 11 has a abundance of
80.09%.
Calculate the atomic mass of this element.

Atomic mass = (10 x 0.1991) + (11 x 0.8009)

= 10.80

31
Copper–63 has 69.2% abundance. Copper-65 has
30.8% abundance. What is copper’s average atomic
mass?

Atomic mass = (63 x 0.692) + (65 x 0.308)

= 63.6

32
 Understanding atomic structure - a timeline
of discovery (Due 9/23)
A4 one page hard copy
 Workbook P 17 Q 1, 2
P 21 Q 8abcd
 Workbook P 17-20 Q 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

 Workbook P 21 Q 8e, 9
 Workbook P 24-25 Q 11
 (Due 9/23)

33
34
35
❖ John Dalton (1766-1844)
❖ All elements are composed of tiny invisible
particles called atoms.

❖ Atom – tiny, solid sphere

36
The electrons were like plums embedded in a
positively charged “pudding,” thus it was called the
“plum pudding” model.
Positive charged sphere with negatively charged
electrons.
[Link]
37
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray (-) tube to prove the presence of a
negatively charged particle.

Electron – negatively charged particle

38
❑ The nucleus is small, dense and
positively charged.
❑ N ucleus - occupy almost all the
mass.
❑ Electrons – outside the nucleus,
occupy almost all the volume.

39
❑ Most of the particles passed right through
❑ A few particles were deflected
❑ VERY FEW were greatly deflected

[Link]
40
❖ Electron is in specific electron shell (energy
level) around nucleus.
❖ Electron can gain or lose energy to change its
energy level.

Electron cloud model

❖ The electron cloud is a visual model of the
probable locations of electrons in an atom.
❖ Electrons are found in denser regions of the
cloud.

41
42