CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The relevant review of literature related to the present topic concerning the issues related
to affordable housing for poor people, with special reference to urban slums, various
governmental schemes and their implementing strategies and impact of the schemes on
beneficiaries in the developed and developing countries including India has been studied
and presented in this chapter. The review of literature is based on various secondary
sources such as books, journals, PhD thesis, dissertations, websites, magazines,
newspapers, census, various government housing reports, documents and guidelines etc.,
and studied the objectives, hypothesis, theoretical and methodological approach, research
findings and conclusion to a topic. Since the topic is about newly introduced government
affordable housing scheme, namely “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)”, the
concerned government officials of Ahmedabad, the study area were approached and
discussed about project areas, allotment procedure, including first allotment and the
number of beneficiaries. The detailed discussion with the officials is also presented in this
chapter. The present review of literature has been discussed under the following five sub-
headings, namely:

1. Urbanisation and housing challenge

2. Defining affordable housing
3. Government’s affordable housing Schemes- Global
4. Government’s affordable housing Schemes in India
5. Impact of affordable housing on beneficiaries

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2.2 URBANISATION AND HOUSING CHALLENGE

Urban areas are the centers of economic growth. Urbanisation and migration leading to a
rise of population in urban areas is a global issue. Demographers defined urbanisation as
the increasing share of population living in urban areas (Poston and Bouvier, 2010: 307–
311). Urban areas are defined differently in different countries, but are generally taken to
be settled areas that are more populous and dense than rural settlements, and more
suitable for locating administrative facilities and functions. Significantly more than half
the countries providing data on urban population use administrative criteria in their
definition, slightly more than half use population-related criteria, and very few use
neither (Buettner, 2014; UN DESA, 2012).“Urbanization is the increasing number of
people in urban areas resulting to the development of towns and cities. This is usually as
a result of the movement of people from rural to urban areas leading to population growth
in towns and cities” (United Nations Department of Public Information, 2008).In 2016,
1.7 billion people, 23 per cent of the world’s population lived in a city. By 2030, a
projected 27 per cent of people worldwide will be concentrated in cities (UN, 2016).

Around a quarter of the world’s urban population lives in a slum that is rising fast. The
number of slum dwellers in developing countries increased from 689 million in 1990 to
880 million in 2014, according to the United Nations World Cities Report 2016. The
widespread growth of slums or informal urban settlements, particularly in the developing
world became a central policy issue during the last two decades. Slums represent part of
the unfinished business of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) or part of the
“old” urban agenda that need to be addressed by the new urban agenda. This is why
Target 11.1 of Goal 11 of the sustainable development agenda seeks to ensure by 2030,
access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade
slums (UN, 2015). As cited by Tesfaye (2007), urbanization and demand for houses are
positively correlated and thus as the urban society of a city expands so does the needs for
more housing. In the case of most developing countries, these needs have largely been
unmet (Jaycox, 1977; Lim, 1987; Chirisa, 2008). Consequently, housing shortage in
developing countries has escalated to unprecedented rates making the percentage of slum

36
dwellers that reside illegally in a place without authorization and property rights
extremely high (Lim, 1987; Renaud, 1987; UNFPA, 2007).

The concept and reality of slums, poverty, and housing shortages are not new to this day
and age, or to developing countries but rather date back to the early cities of
Mesopotamia visibly present in the histories of London during the 19th century industrial
revolution and New York in the early 20th century (UNFPA, 2007). In the case of
developing countries, these manifestations transpired largely after the Second World War
with a rapid urbanization starting in the 1950s that demanded more housing facilities than
were being produced at the time (Okpala, 1992). Since then, least developed countries
have been experiencing what is now called the second wave of urbanization following the
first urbanization that took place in North America and Europe over the course of two
centuries from 1750-1950 showing an increase from 10 percent to 52 percent
urbanization. In the second wave (1950-2030), it is estimated that developing countries
will undergo a high rise in urbanization from 18 percent to about 56 percent and that
urban population in Africa and Asia will double between the years 2000 and 2030
(UNFPA, 2007).

There are many reasons for the growth of slums and squatter settlements. The main
reason lies in an inability to employ sound housing policies (Jaycox, 1977).

The slum challenge continues to be one of the faces of poverty, inequality and
deprivation in many cities in developing countries (UN-Habitat, 2003). UN-Habitat
defines slums, as a contiguous settlement that lacks one or more of the five conditions,
access to clean water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area that is not over
crowded, durable housing and secure tenure (UN-Habitat’s operational definition for a
slum household was agreed through an Expert Group Meeting convened in 2002 by UN-
Habitat, the United Nations Statistic Division and the Cities Alliance) (cited in UN-
Habitat, 2016, p-57, 68).

37
In an attempt to discourage the expansion of subserviced and overcrowded slums, some
governments in developing countries have resorted to such measures as demolishing
illegal houses to which the low-income groups have been compelled to call home and
offering resettlement in subsidized public housing for a small percentage of these
households. These measures have proven ineffective (Lim, 1987). According to Jaycox
(1977) even when strongly enforced, they have been unsuccessful and have therefore
ceased to be carried out by some governments while others in Korea, India, Philippines,
Mexico, and Venezuela still practice these policies.

Housing is a residential structure where man lives and grows. It is therefore, Universally
acknowledged as one of the most basic human needs for survival (Akingbohungbe, D. O.
and Akinluyi, M.L., 2012). The demand for housing has been an issue of global concern,
as the housing provision remains one of the most difficult problems facing humanity
(Konadu-Agyemang, K., Noonam, J.M., and McCord, D., 1994). It was reported that
more than one billion people, i.e. about one quarter of the world population live without
shelter or in unhealthy and unacceptable housing conditions. The most adversely affected
by inadequate or lacks of housing are the urban poor, who constitute the majority in the
developing countries (UN-Habitat, 2006).

According to United Nations – Habitat’s World Cities Report 2016, housing is where
successive generations find shelter to keep healthy, develop, socialize, be educated and
prepare for fulfilling adult lives. In this sense, housing speaks to every dimension of
personal human development, hopefully generating a double sense of identity and social
belonging. Both are essential to sustainable cities and their participatory governance. If
the “emerging futures” of our cities are to become sustainable, then the housing
conditions of slum residents must become sustainable, too (p-52).

Urbanisation and migration led to a rise of population in urban areas. This puts a pressure
on the housing demand in the city, particularly in the lower end. Affordable housing is a
major concern across the country and Ahmedabad is no different. Availability of housing,
particularly in the Economically-Weaker Section (EWS) and Lower Income Group (LIG)

38
segments, seem to be grossly undersupplied. This is clear by the number of people living
in rental accommodations. As per Census 2011, the total number of rented units under the
EWS and LIG categories (urban population) was around 1,84,600. This can be
considered the unmet housing demand in these segments in 2011. Thus, it can be
estimated that in 2014 this unmet demand would have grown to about 2,80,119 units.
Even though the government authorities AUDA (Ahmedabad Urban Development
Authority) and AMC (Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation) are coming up with schemes
to cater to this ever growing demand in these segments, participation of private players is
still limited. Thus, there still exists a huge scope for development in this sector (Kurup E
Jayashree, [Link]. nd).

Housing shortfalls represent a challenge to development agenda. India, being a

developing country is also experiencing the challenge to pursue the development agenda.
The government, policymakers, designers, urban planners, developers, stake holders are
taking vigorous efforts on the upgrading of slums by providing affordable houses and
upgrading the existing housing issues.

2.3 DEFINING AFFORDABLE HOUSING

The researchers had defined housing affordability in various terms. Housing affordability
is commonly used as an indicator of household’s ability to own a house (Norazmawati,
2012). The root definition of housing affordability is the income capability to cover the
cost of purchasing a house (Wilcox, 2003; Stone, 2006; Burke, 2007; Wilcox 2007; Wan
et al., 2010; Hashim, 2010). Kajimo and Evans (2006) argued a house is a very valuable
asset and has much wider economy, social, cultural and personal significance.

Davidson (2009) argued that affordable housing could be many things such as a
fundamental right, a critical source of shelter and a contested locus of community. Most
commonly, affordable housing is associated with low income households who are not
able to enter the homeownership market without any state assistance due to the definition
of it is a critical source of shelter (Agus, 2002; Byrne and Diamond, 2009; O’Mahony,
39
2009; Norazmawati; 2012). Ndubueze (2009) PhD thesis on urban housing affordability
and housing policy dilemma suggested that the significant housing affordability is
different between socio-economic, housing tenure and states. Norazmawati’s (2007) PhD
thesis suggested that the main variables that affect housing affordability to own a house
includes household income, household expenditure, type of occupation, level of
education and working household.

Housing affordability is one of the key factors that can describe the socio-economic
stability and development of a country (Suhaida et al., 2010). Affordable housing refers
to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could be income
level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio
of house price to annual income (High Level Task Force on Affordable Housing for All,
December 2008, p. 7).

Affordable housing is generally considered houses, which meet the needs of households
whose incomes are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing in the
market. Decent housing has been universally accepted as one of the basic needs of
individuals, the family and the environment (Adeboyejo, 2005).

Internationally, housing affordability is defined in multiple ways. One of the most helpful
definitions of housing affordability was offered by MacLennan and Williams (1990, p.9)
as being “concerned with securing some given standard of housing (or different standard)
at a price or a rent which does not impose, in the eye of some third party (usually the
government) an unreasonable burden on household incomes.” Bramley (1990, p.16)
further specified that “households should be able to occupy housing that meets well
established (social housing) norms of adequacy (given household type and size) at a net
rent which leaves them enough income to live on without falling below some poverty
standard.” Freeman, et al (1997,p.2) asserted that housing affordability concentrates on
the relationship between housing expenditure and household income and defines a
(relative or absolute) standard in terms of that income above which housing is regarded as
unaffordable. Affordability considers not just housing but also what quality of housing is

40
consumed and whether the household has enough income remaining for other necessities
of life after offsetting the cost of housing. As cited in DTZ Research (2004), the
Australian Government’s National Housing Strategy (ANHS) defines affordability as
“the notion of reasonable housing costs in relation to income: that is, housing costs that
leave households with sufficient income to meet other basic needs such as food, clothing,
transport, medical care and education” (Berry and Hall, 2001, p.10). In United States and
Canada, a common accepted criterion for affordable housing is that the cost of housing
should not be more than 30 percent of a household's gross income. Housing costs include
taxes and insurance for owners, and utility costs (cited in Vibrant Gujarat, 2017).

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) uses a simple
percentage-of-income measure to define housing affordability. It states that a household
spending more than 30 percent of its gross annual income on total housing costs
(including principal and interest payments on the mortgage, property taxes, utilities, and
insurance) has a housing cost burden, and if a household spends more than 50 percent of
their gross annual income on housing the household has a severe housing cost burden.
The HUD measurement, or ratio, implies that total housing costs at or below 30 percent
of gross annual income are “affordable” (Belsky et al., 2005).

One of the most commonly accepted definitions of affordability refers to housing

affordability which is taken as a measure of expenditure on housing to income of the
household. This is also accepted by the Indian Government, which states “Affordable
housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which
could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of
EMI size or ratio of house price to annual income” (High Level Task Force on
Affordable Housing for All, 2008).

2.4 AFFORDABLE HOUSING – GLOBAL CONCEPT

The concept of housing affordability has been widely used for the past 15 years or so
(Robinson, Scobie and Hallinan, 2006). Gopalan Kalpana and Madalasa Venkataraman

41
(2015) mentioned in their article, “Affordable housing: Policy and practice in India”, that
“globally, affordable housing initiatives fall into two broad strategic approaches.
Countries such as Singapore, the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark follow the universal
approach, whereby the entire population is provided with acceptable and affordable
housing. More common is the targeted approach of countries like Canada, Malaysia and
USA, wherein weaker sections are the focus so that they would not get excluded from the
housing market. Both supply side (public housing or assistance to developers) and
demand side subsidies (periodic cash allowances or capital grants to support housing
costs) are common practice; ranging from subsidized rentals in the Netherlands to
subsidized ownership in Spain. Many countries combine rental and ownership schemes.
Private participation is encouraged in various ways: density bonuses are provided in the
US, mixed use housing in the UK, and fee waivers and fast tracking procedures in
Malaysia and Canada. Malaysia has also established public-private partnerships (PPPs)
with role definitions for the public (land and procedures) and private players (finance and
execution). California has emerged as a leading state in the US with a comprehensive
legislative package for low-income housing with inclusionary zoning. Singapore and
Hong Kong have experimented successfully with commercial-low cost cross
subsidization”

Ahmad Ariffian Bujang, et. al. (2010) in their research article on “The Relationship
between Demographic Factors and Housing Affordability; Malaysian”, mentioned that
the relationship between demographic factors, house prices and housing affordability, is
important, in the context of such need, since there is an increasing volume of literatures
detailing the relationship between affordable housing needs and populations in Malaysia.
The objectives of the paper was to study the level of affordable housing price in urban
areas and the relationship between demographic factors and housing affordability, by
taking in Johor Bahru as a case. A survey was carried out by using questionnaires
distributed among 200 respondents in the district of Johor Bahru. The results were
analysed using frequency, Likert Scaling, cross tabulation, Pearson and bivariate
correlation. The study found that there was a significant correlation between demographic
factors in determining affordable housing within Johor Bahru area. Demographic factors

42
such as marital status, number of household, age distribution, educational level, and
household income of different respondents might have influenced the housing market and
have resulted in different levels of affordability.

Government intervention was seen as necessary in Australian studies on necessity of

providing affordable homes to the poor. It was stated from the studies that the provision
of housing alone did not result in increase in overall well being of the citizens. Two
options were suggested to be adopted as per the study, namely addressing people ' s
impoverishment, but leaving housing market the same and increasing the supply of
affordable housing that poor people can access, but not addressing the issue of relative
poverty. The concept of addressing people's basic needs and eradicating poverty were
seen to have more sustainability in addressing housing solution and overall well being
(Parsell and Marston 2012). Rogal, Brian (2006) in the study on affordable housing
challenges in the US describes the concept of subsidized housing practised in the country.
The house residents typically occupied by low to moderate income families are required
to pay 30 percentage of their income towards housing while the government subsidies the
rest of the money towards providing housing solutions.

Menshawy A E, Shafik S and Khedr F (2016) in their paper titled “Affordable Housing as
a Method for Informal Settlements Sustainable Upgrading” stated informal settlement is
one of the biggest challenges faced by developing countries. Affordable housing is one of
the approaches for upgradation of informal settlement. According to the study, affordable
housing introduced many new strategies in order to provide low cost housing with new
techniques. Affordable housing is concept more applicable to developing countries
because the government in such countries cannot afford to fund all informal settlement
projects. The objective of the research is to explore the relationship between affordable
housing and upgrading informal settlement. Based on two examples of Dharavi and
Zeinuhm, the study concluded that affordable housing policies are strong approach to
upgrade informal settlements because policies are used for different upgrading
programmes in different ways. Active participation of resident is an important factor in
order to grantee successful affordable housing upgrading policies.

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Rowley, S. and Phibbs, P. (2012) reported that government policy about affordable
housing hampered due to lack of basic understanding about the nature of housing supply,
relationship between housing supply and land, and challenges in increasing supply
through infill development. Report based on the view of panel of 50 experts from private
and public sector selected from Sydney and Perth. The objective of the paper was to
develop suggestions to increase housing supply on infill sites. The authors suggested that
without government intervention within the development approval process, the market
mechanism would not be in a position to deliver a product considered affordable to those
on low to moderate incomes in all, but the lowest value areas. Government intervention
must be in the form of clear, well established and efficiently managed policy linked to
development, which ensured that developers should have adequate incentive to deliver
affordable housing.

Lam A (2016) mentioned that in response to challenges of affordable housing,

government around the world have formulated housing policies, programmers and
strategies to promote inclusive access to affordable housing for all, especially poor and
vulnerable section of the society. Research study is based on Morocco’s Fogarim
Guarantee Fund and U.S. Housing Finance. According to study although the issue of
affordable housing in Morocco is quite different than US, there is not much difference in
government response. Fogarim guarantee of Morocco is quite similar to that in the United
States. The innovative guarantee mechanism of Morocco’s Forgarim has succeeded in
expanding lending to borrowers with low income. Over a period of time this experience
of Forgarim present an important opportunity to exchange practices on sovereign
guarantee mechanisms and to evaluate their role in promoting access to affordable
housing, especially as the United States continues to assess reforms to its own housing
finance system. Study concluded that Fogarim program demonstrates the need for
continued monitoring and evaluation to better inform housing finance reform in the
United States. The persistence of affordable housing issues in the United States requires
innovative approaches to achieving a sustainable and inclusive housing finance system.

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This study of Ramlan Hamidah and Eleeza Eleena Zahari (2016) aimed to review the
issue of housing among urban dwellers in Malaysia with special reference towards the
affordability of home ownership. They found that the monthly income had a significant
relationship with a type of home using correlation test. The result showed a negative
relationship between type of home and monthly income at 1 percent significance level. It
showed that monthly income has a relationship to profitability. The correlation test shows
that house price and time taken to buy have a positive correlation. For the regression test,
only monthly income no significant impact towards the home type of ownership. There
was a significant impact between the home type of ownership with time taken to buy and
house price at 1 percent significant level.

Vivianad'Auria (2017) has reviewed the work” affordable housing in the global urban
south: seeking sustainable solutions” in order to reassert the role of housing for achieving
sustainable urbanization by placing emphasis on its multi-dimensional nature and the
consequent requirement of both an institutional and a disciplinary integration for housing
delivery. The objective of the review is to contribute to the national debate on the new
urban agenda and is reflected in the variety of contributions by well-established authors
and experienced researchers in the field. According to the author, the dimensions of
affordability and sustainability are the selected entry points to advocate for pro-poor
pluri-form housing solutions and to influence the habitat agenda. Along with discussion
on these two central dimensions with regard to housing delivery, the relevance of a
stakeholder approach is highlighted with vigor as part and parcel of the plea to
incorporate self-managed housing practices in public and formal delivery systems.

Khaled M S, Yusof1 N A, Roosli R B and Al-Abed A (2014) did a study on “PPPs as a

Housing Delivery for Affordable Housing Development in Yemen”. According to them
government at the developed and developing countries have attempted to tackle the issue
of housing discrepancy to their nations for period more than three decades. Study made
an attempt to understand the problem of housing with special emphasize on the issue that
a realistic housing policy in Yemen should make an effort to resolve the contradictions
among "need", "demand" and “supply” in the housing market. Paper covers the scrutiny

45
the experience of housing policies in developed and developing countries. Researchers
have presented the Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a promising housing policy in
both developed and developing countries. Study has specifically explored the evolution
of housing policy in Aden city of Yemen as a case signifying that (PPP) is a promising
housing policy which if adopted carefully adopted. Study concluded that PPPs must be
developed and refined through greater research on identifying and examining the pros,
cons, potentials, means and problems of co-ordination between different modes of
housing provision in specific contexts in developing countries similar to Yemen. It also
pointed out that before adopting (PPPs) as a national housing policy in Yemen, further
research in these areas is required.

Azeez T and Mogaji-Allison B (2017) made an evaluation study on “Constraints of

affordable housing through cooperative societies in tertiary institutions in Lagos State,
Nigeria”. The study was based on both secondary and primary data. Researchers have
used descriptive and inferential statistical techniques of data analysis. The results of the
study shows that the provision of general loans, housing construction loan, specific loans
for the purchase of land, loans for renovation of existing buildings and collective
purchase of land for building construction etc. are the most dominant strategies adopted
by the cooperative societies as part of their activities leading to provision of affordable
housing for members in the study area. The study also revealed that cost of materials of
construction and unnecessary bureaucracy were the most significant constraints to
affordable housing provision by the cooperative societies. The study concluded that non-
availability of affordable housing is an issue across the state irrespective of the class and
people with the low-income earners facing the problem the most.

Zhifu Z and Juan L (2014) in their article titled “Analysis on Advantages and
Disadvantages of China's Insurance Funds to Participate in the Affordable Housing”
stated that with speeding up of affordable housing construction process in China, the
shortage of capital has become more and more serious issue. This study revealed various
issues involved in China’s affordable housing finance and insurance sector. The authors
had recommended that China's insurance companies should set up the special investment

46
fund operated with the model of government-led and commercial operation whereby
construction of affordable housing should be guided by the government and managed by
commercial companies. Authors had suggested that government should cooperate with
insurance companies to promote the development of affordable housing projects.

Vale J, Shamsuddins S, Gray A and Bertumen K (2014) in their article titled “What
Affordable Housing Should Afford: Housing for Resilient Cities” reported that a well-
designed affordable housing requires something more than just the provision of safe,
decent, and inexpensive shelter. Researchers have extended the issue of affordable
housing to take into account factors beyond physical boundaries of buildings and include
the arrangements in terms of social, economic, environmental, and political relationships,
which helps in connecting housing with cities. According to them, affordable housing
engage as far as possible should support the community social structure and economic
system. It should reduce environmental risk of residents, reduce the stress level, and
enhance personal security. The affordable housing projects should empower the
community through capacity development and governance. These principles of affordable
housing were illustrated with the help of four examples from San Francisco and in
Iquique, Chile and New Orleans and in Banda Aceh, Indonesia.

Katz B (2003) in the discussion paper on rethinking local affordable housing strategies
stated that efforts on the side of government to provide affordable housing required
change with the passage of time which shifting responsibility to state and local actors.
With changing the demographic profile and migration is complication the increasing
demand for affordable housing. In order to support the efforts of state government, this
policy paper examines the lesions of seven decade of major policy approaches and
direction for local level reforms. The policy paper found that past and current efforts
made by the policy makers to expand rental housing assistance, promotion of home
ownership and increasing affordable housing through land use regulations has not been
equally effective promoting stable families, and healthy communities.

47
Rameli Norizan,Dani Salleh and Mazlan Ismail (2016) conducted a study on Malaysian
Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. The study mentioned that the combination of
affordability and homeownership led to research on factors that affect the affordability of
homeownership, especially in terms of socio-economic households inclusively. Socio-
economic factors as discussed include income, household expenditures, job type,
education level, number of dependents, monthly housing loan and financial savings. Each
factor plays the role of its own to ensure the affordability level of homeownership. In
fact, the factors that affect the homeownership affordability are different between
households. According to the researcher, analysis of the socio-economic factors is
necessary because homeownership affordability issues impact the quality life of mankind.

Ramlan H and Zahari E E (2016) conducted a study with the main objectives to review
the issue of housing among urban dwellers in Malaysia. The main focus of the study was
towards the affordability of home ownership in Malysia. The results showed significant
relationship of monthly income with the type of home. The analysis showed that monthly
income and profitability are related ot each other. With regards to time taken to buy
house, study found it to be positively realted to house prices. The regression analysis
performed in the study shows that only monthly income no significant impact towards the
home type of ownership, where as there was significant impact between the home type of
ownership with time taken to buy and house price at one percent level of significant.
Based on the results, the researchers had recommonded that governments should focus
more on the housing for middle and lower income group, especially in urban areas.

Yin Miao, Geng and Sun (2018) published an article “Assessment of Residential
Satisfaction and Influence Mechanism - A Case Study of Jinan City”. The study quantifies
the residential satisfaction and its influencing mechanism. The result reflected that the
different consumers’ satisfaction is distinct resulting from public facilities, property
service, housing physical conditions, location and the corporate image. The dominant
factor is the public facilities. Residential satisfaction assessment is established to
quantitatively analyze the relationship between residential satisfaction and the impact
factors.

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Feldman R (2002) in a working paper titled “The Affordable Housing Shortage:
Considering the Problem, Causes and Solutions” stated that the issue of affordable
housing shortage or affordable housing crisis resulted from too many households lives in
unaffordable rental houses. The paper attempted to understand an issue by measuring the
magnitude of problem, causes and solutions for policy makers. Two most likely causes of
problems examined are (a) low income households spend most of their income on basic
necessities like housing, (b) government regulations increases the cost of housing making
it unaffordable. Based on exhaustive review, researcher concluded that a shortage of
income is the main reason behind housing affordability. The policy makers are required
to recognize the issue that government financing of new housing units many not be cost
effective. Study recommended that if policy makers believe that housing cost-to-income
ratios are too high for low-income households, they should provide low-income
households with additional cash or federal support, such as food stamps, for accessing
other necessities such as food and medicine.

Public housing projects across the world are developed for the main purpose of
improving the living conditions of citizens in the different countries. In Nigeria for
instance, the goal of the current housing policy is to ensure that all Nigerians own or have
access to decent, safe and sanitary housing in a healthy environment with infrastructural
services at affordable cost, and with secure tenure (National Housing Policy, 2012).

2.5 GOVERNMENT’S AFFORDABLE HOUSING

SCHEMES IN INDIA

Affordable housing is a termed accepted by researchers in providing solutions, guidelines

and frameworks especially in formulating housing policy and schemes. For years, the
Indian government has tried to provide affordable housing, mainly through public sector
housing programs, slum redevelopment and provision of land with access to
infrastructure (Sheth 2013). With urbanization and growing economic disparity, the

49
challenges associated with housing availability, housing provisioning, and uses have
become far more extenuated in India (Tiwari and Rao, 2016).

The Indian Government has formulated many policies for housing since the late eighties
including the National Housing Policy of 1988 (Table 2.1). The first policy specific to
urban housing was the National Urban Housing and Habitat policy (NUHHP) in 2007
(Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2007). It focused on affordable
housing as a key objective for sustainable urban development. The other policy
framework for affordable housing provided were the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM-2005), Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP),
Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) and the Rajiv Awas
Yojana.

Table 2.1 List of Housing Policies in India

Sr. No. Policy Year of
Commencement
1 National Housing Policy 1988
2 National Housing and Habitat policy 1994
3 National Housing and Habitat Policy 1998
4 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 2005
5 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy 2007
6 Rajiv Awas Yojana 2009
7 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Housing for All by 2020 2015
NB: Apart from the above-mentioned policies, each of the twelve five-year plans allotted
specific funds to the housing needs of the country. Specifically from the seventh five-year
plan onwards (i.e. from 1975 onwards), urban housing shortage and slum development
programmes have been receiving special focus.
Source: Sarkar, [Link]. (2016)

Sarkar A, Agrawal V and Morris S (2016) in their article on “Examination of Affordable

Housing Policies in India” made a critical review of Government of India’s programmes
for affordable housing in India, viz. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) and Housing for All
2022. The paper analyzed the efficacy of these policies in being able to provide the
sections of the population who are unable to avail housing from the formal market, both
through direct support. Study also addresses the distortions which made the housing

50
unnecessarily expensive taking away much of the value to consumers. Research study
argued that while these programmes and policies are a major advancement over the
previous approaches, they do not fully exploit the potential that is there in an increased
FSI, appropriate exploitation of location value, judicious use of government land, reform
of titles and squatter rights, and more efficient land use regulations. Benefits to these
government programmes are also constrained by an inability to distinguish between what
the markets can be coaxed to deliver and where state intervention becomes necessary.

In the paper, “Examination of Affordable Housing Policies in India”, Sarkar, [Link]. (2016)
analyzed the Government of India's programmes for affordable housing in India, namely
the Rajiv Awas Yojana and Housing for All 2022. They analysed the efficacy of these
policies in being able to provide thee sections of the population who were unable to avail
housing from the formal market, both through direct support and most importantly in
addressing the many distortions that have made the housing unnecessarily expensive,
while taking away much of the value to consumers. Puttkamer Laura von (2016)
analysed that the Indian Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA)
launched its ambitious Housing for All scheme (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana,
PMAY) in 2015 with the goal to make India slum-free by 2022. This scheme is based on
similar former programs and shows promise regarding the number of houses that will be
built with the help of the government’s credit-linked subsidies for low-income groups in
India. He argued that the programme has many shortcomings, especially from a people-
centered perspective: beneficiaries are often perceived as passive, there are few
empowerment measures in the scheme, access to benefits is exclusive, and long-term
effects are neglected. He concluded that PMAY is mainly an image campaign for the
government and lacks sustainable elements. Based on current research and interviews
with Indian housing experts from April and May 2016, this paper intends to suggest
possible lessons from this Housing for All scheme. The focus lies on potentials found in
decentralized municipal policies, public-private partnerships for upgrading existing
housing and providing basic facilities, and on slum dweller empowerment. These three
elements are discussed based on an inclusive and people-centered approach to
development.

51
Gill H S and Sharma P K (2014) in their article on “Smart Cities and Affordable Housing
in India’ reported that government has made an announcement to build 100 smart cities
and provision for house for all by 2022. Article is an attempt to provide framework for
the establishment of smart cities and strategy for providing houses for urban poor through
composite living through cross subsidy by unlocking of land prices. Paper provide details
of the concept of smart city, status of housing in India and approaches to housing in
India. According to the study circular cities based on public transportation model,
propelled by clear energy provides a sustainable model supporting the development of
districts and businesses. For smart cities normative norms and standards of services,
approval process and application of technology is prime moving factor. Technological
development will support India to move from low to high level of urbanization model and
helps in making entry to new arena by providing clean living cities. The analysis suggests
that there is a need to introduce right mix approach for selection of such cities from
existing as well as green field cities. Study recommended that at initial stage of each
project, there is a requirement of funds but in the long-run, it could turn out to be
financially sustainable model provided innovative approaches are followed. Such
approach also helps in reduction of crime, use of energy and other natural resources.

Mahadevi D, Bhatia N and Bhonsale B (2014) have made an attempt to examine ‘The
Regulations for Rehabilitation and Redevelopment ofthe Slums 2010, Gujarat’ which has
been prepared on lines of Mumbai’s Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) model. The
study has been conducted at two slum areas of Ahmedabad viz. Kailashnagar, Sabarmati
and Abhuji Na Chhapra, Ambawadi. Working paper has coverd extensive documenting
implementation process of the scheme. Study highlights the roles of the stakeholders viz,
developer,competent authorities, slum dwellers and the external agency / non-
governmental organization (NGO) etc. It has been found that Ahmedabad has around 834
slums and during the periood of more than three years since release of the 2010
regulations, only 11 settlemetns were coverd under the scheme, which comes to mearly
1.3 percent. The coverage of the scheme itself raise question about the vaiability of this
approach. It has also been found that developers are not familiar to work with low-
income households and in particular slum households to understand the their needs,

52
social organization, politics and affordability. Major issue of all stakeholders are
highlighted in the report.

A thrust on affordable housing will not only lead to better quality of life, but also
significantly provide a boost to the GDP of the country. (Gopalan and Venkataraman,
2015).

In India, there is a drastic housing shortage of about 50 million homes (Indian Express
2015). The poorest families are most affected, especially those living in urban slums
(Kumar 2015). For years, the Indian government has tried to provide affordable housing,
mainly through public sector housing programs, slum redevelopment and provision of
land with access to infrastructure (Sheth 2013). However, the poorest segments of society
benefitted least from these programs since the ready-made houses were too expensive and
the number of houses built was too small (Sheth 2013). Therefore, there still is a lack of
adequate housing and basic amenities while the urbanization rate of India is increasing
steadily, meaning that more and more people will need affordable urban housing (Kumar
2015).

Ramakrishnan H (2015) has taken case of Bangalore city to study reality and challenges
of affordable housing. Bangalore has been attracting large number of people from rural
areas and other cities, other countries in search of job, which resulted in population
multiplying manifold. This situation had created stress on the infrastructure, especially
housing. In order to support the initiatives of the government, it has been decided to
invite private participation to aid housing for these low-income segment of the society. In
the city of Bangalore, there was marginal effort from private sector side in the area of
affordable housing. Government encouraged the private developers by allowing them to
build multi-storeyed housing, which created upward pressure on house price. The supply
and demand gap has also been explored by the study. Study recommended that only
formula to rationalize prices is to unleash supply, which will benefit both the
economically weaker sections and the middle class. The demand for housing is there but
prices are just too high because of short supply and government policies.

53
The study result of the thesis of Yadav Ajay Singh (2015) reflected the status of
JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) in the state of Uttar
Pradesh. The study result showed that 23 percent of urban population lives in slum areas
characterized by poor structural condition and inadequate infrastructural facilities.
Analysis of housing scenario in UP did not give a good picture of living condition of its
habitats.

The study of De (Pandit) Shelly (2017) revealed the role of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
(Urban), 2015 as an important tool of Financial Inclusions in India. The Mission, in order
to expand institutional credit flow to the housing needs of urban poor implemented credit
linked subsidy component as a demand side intervention. Credit linked subsidy was
provided on home loans taken from banks by eligible urban poor (economically weaker
section/ lower income group) for acquisition and construction of house. In cities many of
the urban poor who lived in slum areas did not have any bank account or they didn’t get
any financial service from financial institution. The study reflected that to get subsidy to
reconstruct/renovate their houses and to improve their lifestyle they must take the
opportunity to get housing loans from this Yojana. Therefore, they have to open a bank
account, which will be linked with their Aadhaar number, must fulfill the aim of financial
inclusion.

In 2017, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) partnered with Indian Housing
Federation (IHF) conducted a quantitative study of more than 3,000 households in nine
notified and five non-notified slums in Nagpur. The aim of this study was to understand
housing needs in the city towards informing housing provision in the context of the
Housing for All Mission and the land titling (malki patta) initiatives of the local
government. Overall, the analysis of data in comparison with PMAY guidelines reflected
that there is a glaring gap between people’s aspirations, their capabilities and state
imagination of housing provision. People’s preferences were reflective of the reality that
large scale housing provision had been created by people themselves and going ahead
people would want to seek assistance to improve homes and neighborhoods they had
built.

54
2.6 IMPACT OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING ON
BENEFICIARIES

In an attempt to investigate and understand how public housing schemes meet the
expectations of end users, different types of evaluation of such projects have been carried
out by researchers in the different countries. The review of literature shows that one of
the most common approaches used by researchers to investigate and understand the
performance of public housing schemes is the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) also
known as building evaluation or building in use (Ibem, Adeboye and Alagbe, 2015).
According to Ibem and Amole (2010), the main reason for housing programmes is to
ameliorate or improve on existing poor housing conditions of individuals or groups of
persons, and thus enhance their quality of life. In the 1970s when the completion and
occupation of many public housing schemes in the United States triggered a barrage of
public complaints, housing authorities, policy makers and scholars have invested
enormous interest in exploring methods of measuring the success and failure of
completed housing projects, and applying findings in the development of new public
housing schemes (Kantrowitz and Nordhaus, 1980).The evaluation of public housing
stemmed from the need to document the problems of public housing, develop solutions to
them and make recommendations and guidelines for future public housing policies and
programmes (Kantrowitz and Nordhaus,1980 and Hsieh, 2008).

Olusegun, Rasak Tiamiyu and Tanko, Bruno Lot (2015) carried out a research work to
evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHP) in Bauchi
State. The research revealed that most of the respondents, family heads/occupants of
government housing programmes were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their
vicinity.

The housing satisfaction has become the most widely used indicators to access the
performance of housing (Paris and Kangari, 2005; Adriaance, 2007). Ogu (2002) defined
housing satisfaction as the degree of contentment experienced by a household with

55
reference to the current housing situation, and it is a non-economic and normative quality
evaluation approach to assess the quality of housing units. User’s satisfaction with
dwelling units is a measure of the performance of residential building in meeting their
needs and expectations (Eziyi et al., 2013).

Housing satisfaction is recognized as an important component of home owners' general

quality of life (Adam, 1984). The degree to which home owners' needs and aspirations
are matched by their housing conditions is a concern for housing developers. Measures of
housing satisfaction provide necessary information to evaluate the performance of the
current and future housing development projects (Preiser, 1989; Natham, 1995). Housing
evaluation is relevant to housing developers as it provides the necessary information to
improve the development of housing projects (Preiser, 1989). In order to evaluate the
performance of housing, a suitable indicator has to be developed. Amongst the various
indicators developed, the concept of satisfaction has become the most commonly used to
evaluate the performance of housing (Adriaanse, 2007; Kellekc and Berkoz, 2006; Paris
and Kangari, 2005). Households judge their housing conditions based on the actual
housing situation and housing norms. Households are likely to express a high level of
satisfaction with housing and neighborhood if the households' current housing situation
meets the norms. On the other hand, incongruence between housing needs and norms may
result in a housing deficit, which in turn gives rise to housing dissatisfaction (Morris and
Winter, 1975).

In the paper of Tan and Khong (2012) on, “The Link between Homeownership
Motivation and Housing Satisfaction”, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to
examine the link between homeownership motivation and housing satisfaction. Results
showed that social capital investment and residential stability of homeownership appears to
be important determinants of housing satisfaction. The findings also indicated that
interdependencies among homeownership motivation variables were important extensions
of the housing satisfaction model because they help improve the ability of model to predict
housing satisfaction.

56
The result of the study conducted by Nedo Ngezu Atutu (2014) showed that the low-
quality affordable housing provision is often unsuitable for dwellers because of developer
constraints, and the lack of power or means of households to direct or influence the
inception or delivery of the projects. Recommendations were proposed in this paper to
improve the quality of affordable housing projects provision for dwellers in Sarbagita
metropolitan.

A research study was conducted by Ibem, Adeboye and Alagbe (2015) among 517
residents in public housing in Ogun State, Nigeria. The result of the study of 517
showed that the residential satisfaction, tenure and income emerged as the three strongest
predictors of housing adequacy, while housing adequacy, employment status and sex of
the respondents were the three strongest predictors of residential satisfaction. Age of the
respondents was found to be the only predictor of both housing adequacy and residential
satisfaction. The key implication of the study is that, in housing research, each of these
two concepts can serve as a surrogate for each other. It also implies that to improve the
living conditions of residents of public housing, housing policy makers and developers
should pay sufficient attention to the needs of all categories of residents by making sure
that the housing preferences of workers in the different sectors and age groups are
properly incorporated into future housing projects. Mohit et al. (2010) described
residential satisfaction as a measure of the extent to which residents are satisfied with
their current housing situations.

The research article of Baqutaya, Ariffin, and Raji (2016) examined that how certain
issue of housing affordability affects societal well being. The purpose of the study was to
present an overview of affordable housing problem and to set out a series of options that
should be considered as part of a comprehensive “way in managing these issues”. Data
was gathered from fifty respondents. The accumulated data were then analyzed;
descriptive statistics were used to interpret these issues. The findings indicated that three
main housing issues faced by middle-income groups are housing price, housing loan and
housing schemes’ policy. Hence, it is highly advisable to address these issues to ensure

57
the vast majority of the population are affordable to own livable property and directly
may enhance the quality of life in Malaysia.

The research study of Sulaiman F C, Hasan R and Jamaluddin E R (2016) on “Users

Perception of Public Low Income Housing Management in Kuala Lumpur”, revealed that
Kuala Lumpur being crowded by the urban poor is finding hard to get affordable house.
Objective of the study is to examine the strategy for providing low-cost housing base in
Malaysia and to identify the perception regarding the management of low-cost housing.
The researchers attempted to evaluate the management of low-cost housing provision to
the low-income group. A primary survey of 100 respondents was conducted from the
residents of low-cost houses. Results of the study showed that maintenance of facilities
always had problems such as lift not functionally, roof leakage, vandalism, refuse
disposal, poor maintenance and disrupted water supply. Study concluded that both
cooperation and commitment from public residential management centre could make the
harmonies situation without conflict and challenges.

Ibem E O, Adeboye A B and Alagbe O A (2015) had conducted a research based on two
different concepts, housing adequacy and residential satisfaction. The objective of the
study was to know as to what extent housing schemes were meeting the expectations of
residents. Research study investigated the differences and similarities in residents’
perception of housing adequacy and residential satisfaction with the main objective to
identify various dimensions of housing adequacy and residential satisfaction evaluation,
and the factors influencing them. Primary data for the purpose of research were collected
from the sample of 517 residents from public housing in Ognu State, Nigeria. The results
of the analysis showed that residents have evaluated housing adequacy on the basis (a)
ambient (b) utilities and neighbourhood facilities (c) social infrastructure and (d) sizes of
main activity areas. Acccording to the study, income, gender and tenure had emerged as
predictor of housing adequacy , while housing adequacy and employment status have
emerged has predictor of residential satisfaction. Research conclude that in order to
improve the living conditions of house owners, policy makers and developers are

58
 required to pay attention to the needs of all categoreis of residents considering their
preferences, employment status, age, etc.

The report “Baseline Survey in Bihar” conducted by Transparency International India

(2017) with support of India Development and Relief Fund, is a result of a three month
survey. The study has attempted to find out to find out the ground situation and to explore
the potential areas for the interventions under Project Pahal. Various welfare Schemes
including PMAY were selected for baseline survey assessment. The report mentioned
that 95 percent respondents were aware about PMAY, 15 percent availed the benefit. 96
percent cited other problems that they face while availing the benefits of PMAY like,
irregular payment of installments, favouritism and nepotism etc.

2.7 MOST RELEVANT REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Based on the objectives of the present thesis, the most relevant review of literature
consisting of the results / findings of is shown in Table 2.2.

TABLE 2.2 Most relevant review of literature

Sr. Author/s Year Key findings National/
No. International
Factors influencing beneficiaries for availing housing schemes.
1 Rameli 2016 The study mentioned that the combination of affordability and International
Norizan, Dani homeownership led to research on factors that affect the
Salleh and affordability of homeownership, especially in terms of socio-
Mazlan Ismail economic households. Socio-economic factors as discussed
include income, household expenditures, job type, education
level, number of dependents, monthly housing loan and
financial savings. Each factor plays the role of its own to
ensure the affordability level of homeownership. In fact, the
factors that affect the homeownership affordability are different
between households.
2 Ramlan 2016 They found that the monthly income had a significant International
Hamidah and relationship with a type of home using correlation test. The
Eleeza Eleena result showed a negative relationship between type of home
Zahari and monthly income at the 1 percent significance level. It
showed that monthly income has a relationship to profitability.
The correlation test shows that house price and time taken to
buy have a positive correlation. For the regression test, only
monthly income no significant impact towards the home type

59
 of ownership. There was a significant impact between the
home type of ownership with time taken to buy and house price
at 1 percent significant level.
Sr. Author/s Year Key findings National/
No. International
3 Azeez T and 2017 The results of the study shows that the provision of general International
Mogaji- loans, housing construction loan, specific loans for the
Allison B purchase of land, loans for renovation of existing buildings and
collective purchase of land for building construction etc. are
the most dominant strategies adopted by the cooperative
societies as part of their activities leading to provision of
affordable housing for members in the study area. The study
also revealed that cost of materials of construction and
unnecessary bureaucracy were the most significant constraints
to affordable housing provision by the cooperative societies.
The study concluded that non-availability of affordable housing
is an issue across the state irrespective of the class and people
with the low-income earners facing the problem the most.
4 Youth for 2017 Quantitative study of more than 3,000 households in nine National
Unity and notified and five non-notified slums in Nagpur. , the analysis of
Voluntary data in comparison with PMAY guidelines reflected that there
Action is a glaring gap between people’s aspirations, their capabilities
(YUVA) and state imagination of housing provision. People’s
preferences were reflective of the reality that large scale
housing provision had been created by people themselves and
going ahead people would want to seek assistance to improve
homes and neighborhoods they had built.
5 D’Souza 2019 The author argued that India’s housing strategy should not be National
Renita confined to merely creating affordable housing stock to tackle
the shortage, as such an approach is myopic. Instead, a sound
housing strategy must be informed by an adequate
understanding of the multiple facets of housing poverty,
including the factors that are responsible for the proliferation of
slums. This paper understands an effective housing scheme as a
means to correct market distortions and other anomalies that
upset the incentive structure underlying the affordable housing
segment in the country.
Difficulties faced during application procedure and allotment procedure of housing schemes.
6 Ramakrishnan 2015 The study reflected that in Bangalore city, there was marginal National
H effort from private sector side in the area of affordable housing.
Government encouraged the private developers by allowing
them to build multi-storeyed housing, which created upward
pressure on house price. The supply and demand gap has also
been explored by the study. Study recommended that only
formula to rationalize prices is to unleash supply, which will
benefit both the economically weaker sections and the middle
class. The demand for housing is there but prices are just too
high because of short supply and government policies.

60
Sr. Author/s Year Key findings National/
No. International
8 Baqutaya S., 2016 The findings indicated that three main housing issues faced by International
A. S. Ariffin, middle-income groups are housing price, housing loan and
and F. Raji housing schemes’ policy. Hence, it is highly advisable to
address these issues to ensure the vast majority of the
population are affordable to own livable property and directly
may enhance the quality of life in Malaysia.
9 Transparency 2017 The report “Baseline Survey in Bihar” is a result of a three National
International month survey. The study has attempted to find out to find out
India the ground situation and to explore the potential areas for the
interventions under Project Pahal. Various welfare Schemes
including PMAY were selected for baseline survey assessment.
The report mentioned that 95 percent respondents were aware
about PMAY, 15 percent availed the benefit. 96 percent cited
other problems that they face while availing the benefits of
PMAY like, irregular payment of installments, favouritism and
nepotism etc.
Post allotment problems by the beneficiaries.
10 Nedo Ngezu 2014 The result of the study showed that the low-quality affordable International
Atutu housing provision is often unsuitable for dwellers because of
developer constraints, and the lack of power or means of
households to direct or influence the inception or delivery of
the projects. Recommendations were proposed in this paper to
improve the quality of affordable housing projects provision
for dwellers in Sarbagita metropolitan.
11 Yadav Ajay 2015 The study result reflected the status of JnNURM (Jawaharlal National
Singh Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) in the state of Uttar
Pradesh. The study result showed that 23 percent of urban
population lives in slum areas characterized by poor structural
condition and inadequate infrastructural facilities. Analysis of
housing scenario in UP did not give a good picture of living
condition of its habitats.
Satisfaction of the beneficiaries with housing schemes.
12 Ogu 2002 Defined housing satisfaction as the degree of contentment International
experienced by a household with reference to the current
housing situation, and it is a non-economic and normative
quality evaluation approach to assess the quality of housing
units.
13 Tan and 2012 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine the International
Khong link between homeownership motivation and housing
satisfaction. Results showed that social capital investment and
residential stability of homeownership appears to be important
determinants of housing satisfaction. The findings also indicated
that interdependencies among homeownership motivation
variables were important extensions of the housing satisfaction
model because they help improve the ability of model to predict
housing satisfaction.
14 Olusegun, 2015 The research revealed that most of the respondents, of International
Rasak government housing programmes were satisfied with the
Tiamiyu and impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHP)
Tanko, Bruno within their vicinity.
Lot

61
Sr. Author/s Year Key findings National/
No. International
15 Yin Miao, 2018 The study quantifies the residential satisfaction and its International
Geng and Sun influencing mechanism. The result reflected that the different
consumers’ satisfaction is distinct resulting from public
facilities, property service, housing physical conditions,
location and the corporate image. The dominant factor is the
public facilities. Residential satisfaction assessment is
established to quantitatively analyze the relationship between
residential satisfaction and the impact factors.
Relationship between demographic factors and availing housing scheme.
16 Ahmad 2010 The result of their study revealed that there was a significant International
Ariffian correlation between demographic factors in determining
Bujang, et. al. affordable housing within Johor Bahru area. Demographic
factors such as marital status, number of household, age
distribution, educational level, and household income of
different respondents might have influenced the housing
market and have resulted in different levels of affordability.
17 Ibem, Adeboye 2015 The result of the study of 517 residents in public housing in International
and Alagbe Ogun State, Nigeria showed that the residential satisfaction,
tenure and income emerged as the three strongest predictors of
housing adequacy, while housing adequacy, employment
status and sex of the respondents were the three strongest
predictors of residential satisfaction. Age of the respondents
was found to be the only predictor of both housing adequacy
and residential satisfaction.
18 Ramlan H and 2016 The results showed significant relationship of monthly income International
Zahari E E with the type of home. The analysis showed that monthly
income and profitability are related ot each other. With regards
to time taken to buy house, study found it to be positively
realted to house prices. The regression analysis performed in
the study shows that only monthly income no significant
impact towards the home type of ownership, where as there
was significant impact between the home type of ownership
with time taken to buy and house price at one percent level of
significant.

2.8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE MAPPING

The review of literature mapping is shown in Figure 2.1. This is to visualise at a glance
the systematic approach of review of various literature.

62
 REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

International SOURCES National

Libraries News papers Websites National policy documents /

reports

Journal Book Thesis/Dissertations Census Government housing reports Government housing

schemes / guidelines

Most Relevant Review of

Literature

PMAY Guideline
Table 2.2 Helped in

Research Design Identify research gaps Framing hypothesis Tool Designing Understanding PMAY scheme

No PMAY Evaluation Study on

EWS beneficiaries

Figure 2.1 Review of Literature Mapping (Source: Researcher)

63
2.9 RESEARCH GAP

While analysing the review of various related literature, a number of studies on

affordable housing was observed. It was observed that in India, a number of housing
programmes have been implemented since independence by different governments.
However, these programmes lacked continuity and interconnectedness, which has drawn
attention of the earlier researches to assess housing policies and programmes in India.
Recently launched affordable housing scheme, PMAY-Housing for All (Urban) is
drawing attention of some of the researchers in critically analysing the programme.
Considering the importance to evaluate the impact of the PMAY schemes allotted for the
first time to the EWS beneficiaries and having the research gap for no such study has
been done yet, the present research was proposed to be conducted, which have been
focused to evaluated the PMAY schemes allotted to the EWS beneficiaries in the scheme
areas of Ahmedabad City. The researcher of the present study therefore, aims to evaluate
the impact of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Affordable Housing scheme for
Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Ahmedabad city of Gujarat state of India.

64
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