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Git Notes

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Teja Teju
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14 views40 pages

Git Notes

Ground information technology

Uploaded by

Teja Teju
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
5 “ONIT=1 Tay sire DENsIFIcaTion MmeTHoD eee Prtelsebfon f thy Stwek = Geo bechnfea} engtncegs clestan -fondation and othy ae fl, And Fs On the qrevnd alley fravestgation of the type of Soil, Chatocteysetes and. fts extend. SE the sell fe food at Shatlew depth bela the around Suyface » stations feendations Such as footings and ‘Yaphs aye Jeneraery mest eceneroftal - However ay the $i Jose below the. round Suapface & wot pond but S879 stratum ext aba greet clepth, deep eundations Seeh as pie foundation ; weuts, Cassien aye veqpved —Y Beep foundations ae quite expensive ond ave Cost effective ony Bh te Coe coheye the Skroctuge to be Supported fs quite heavy and huge Some Lfmes the Soft Conditions Oe Way poe even at the great dept, And ft & ng Pratelete tp Constyoct even deep foundations .. > In Such Cases Vayfous metheds of qretind fmprovement Can be used tp improve the pred Gnditions, + Aeheeghy the grovnel foprovement Cechnfaues age, quite expensiue Yer they May Prve to be Cost effective Sy many Cases. Scanned with CamScanner 4 techn wes! io ‘| _Hbfectives of ground Pmaprovement ec "a Soft 7 “Ty Improve the Chagacteystes oF So > To Inevease the Sheng serergth > To deevease the Payment oF Soll > b fmprove the beaging Coplty of Soll “> Decrease the Compre sbi of Sof) > Settetment Of the Skoectayes bit or tt Coq) veduee « 2 sto dense fication methods aye of 2 types They ayes "IW Sto densfiteatisn metiads: of Chasen bem aM os) Grong Sofls +. t+ Ufbyo FleBition srethod & Terva probe methed i 3. Pynamfe Compaction u Compaction by blasts Compaction piles. a IM sity densification methods oF Cohestve Softs & I pre~ Gmpreston (aq) pre Loading 2. Weqefeal dratns 3+ Sand dvains 4. Stone Columns (oa) wick drains Scanned with CamScanner s-utbye flotatfon method *- ! 4 v { [Sand Sou ta) (bo) (et) vibe float fs g Cqltadfcal tobe Consisting of a wibyatey and &t top and bottom. Wor Float 8s Sunk $n to Loose ofl up to a destred depth using loose ewotq fet tty (a) AS the watey Comes ovt from the lowey Jee, S Creates a M imenitagy quer Condition a head of the Vibvatoy Wher the — destved depth $s veached then the vibratoy The vibvefloat vfbyates Uneevatty and Causes the Compaction oF the Sells tn the hosfeontal digjection up to a svadliss oF 15m Scanned with CamScanner a 4 aX Aftey Compaction of the Sétly Ube wsatey from the Foucey fey th £0 top Jee and premiye Ps vedued 0 Que te bas Suse Enough "ansfeged fosce tp Cosiay the Sard Pouged at the top of hole f the bottom 66 the hok.#4q (b) i valsing the Ufbyofleat $n Stages and Sroolteneusly back, FIN) he hor tafth Sand the entire depth of the hole fs ited ir with Compretel Sand, Tig ee) The Spacing ok the each hole fs vaqfes between 240 3mm Th’s method $s used £04 Com action of Loose Sand cleprsited OP b& adm depth as ‘ , The vedative density 's aobfeved fn Most Cases ts F0%h) oy mere es an Vib» Flotation method effective only eshen the Sit Content fn the Cohesfon tery oth Fs few flan tae to (Sh and the Clay Content t, ten than yop Tera Probe method + Terra Prbe methed lke vibvo flotation, Vibro Compaction ot Cehestan los $4 Teva Pree Costes oF a open ended Pipe chdeees abwet 150m fo dtarnetey fw a of > st fs frevided wth & wba tony pile obiven ae tts bottom. Scanned with CamScanner of the wbvataay pile hfe then actficated ges wey Heat whyations to the tena Probe avd ft oes clewn fn to the Soll. = arty it has reached the destred depth, the fern probe fs prea vafsed epwayd evisle the wibrateay drivey Continous tp Operate. thes, the sott sty and oyevnd the prohe 4s censtfied. >The operation fs mpeated Ot noeof Locations at the Sie ~The acing of the hole fy Usvaly feept about 15. “> The Methed Con be ysed up 0 a depth of atm . This method $5 feat fe a) the Compaction of Satiyated Sand ay Torn probe methnd te doy effective than wibvofietation . — 7, “78 Probe metind ches not requlve boon {ng of sl ¥ Can be Used fo of Shoyt Location > The velathye Chasfty fs (otcey Grpaye to VibroFlotetinn. Dynamite Compaction ts > Dynamfe Compactor Es als Tap! ae Gane were \ Known as yaar Gnsoli ‘dation, heauy bomping Co) peundi : — ing welt oF > Heavy wotlte aback ao 6 wy ay ors {ons 8s chyped en the’ , Tt From the efut of pent seas? F & 35m [Leese Sind Scanned with CamScanner bus “> Hews telane Ss used Ps alto Called as pourdey Fe Consies oF a Steel block CoH) Conevete blocks “fh. inne fe. tel Uh Wee the pourdy to the rephred abe $ then $e fattened to Tat freely undey fs qratly on the Qveend Suyface. A ple fs foymed at the petnt whee the poundey fin the youn - TF AL eth point 5 to 10 peerings aye svaelved. the recon fs vepeated at other Location. > The depth oF ple at ench Leeatisn $5 1 to 3mm The qren Surface fs distuybed because of pooratng. The Seyface fs leveited astey the fovring operation fs ove « as The ekepth p upto whtch geod clenstfication octugs fan be Opprons r fPreximately determined hom the Aatowing relatfon: Ds > (muy! where, Me maw of Pourdey (9) Ho hefane af drop (m) D = depth of cknstfteatinn Cm) — The vadtss of fnflvence CR) bigond which no haymfol vibrations Ge transmitted fg Approntmately given ty the relation R= 130 0nn Scanned with CamScanner { / wthye, R = vadtos of Influence of vibration Cm) M = mo oF poundey (mg) Ctmg = os) He heat of dvop (m) Compaction by blasts > Ft fe ved to densify loose Sarely Soils => ?P/ Seyfes oF holes $s clyitied ard explostves aye placed fn thers ~% The holes aye fftted back with sel. > The explosive Create. Shock waves fn: the ground ~ Explosive Chorges Consksis ob abovt Ger/- tynarntte and-36‘h gelitin ynamile and Amenamite > “The Chasges aye > The Spacin placed ard thfcknem of Shatum i OF the holes $s kept betuxen 3m to 8m. 3 0S blasts aye vequived at each depth. > Densification by blast fs effective upto a depth if 25m TY This methed Hy quite effective toy the Sand ts fotty soiegated and noe effecttye fog pozetanty effective Sand. > Because OF heymfel utération fn the Adjacent Shructuges and Sate pvecauts Pp tons requived . > Move over a tae Oey bias. Sua face Aepressfoo ts formed at the ground Suaface Settlement UP 1 oem have been vretpyded at Some limes . Scanned with CamScanner Te | Ths method 5 lets Common Cmpaye to the Vor Ftotati,” . n Sn Chynarnfe. Compaction nethods « >, & vadfos of influence gf the Compaction fiom the blast Point §5, given by the -velation. \ Re (ae) fs wher Te Rs vadtus of influence Cm) M=> mass op erptasiye chee C9) Cz Gnstant (soroy fog Corp afynacnte) . Compaction piles ~> 8 Closed ended hellone tobley pie ‘fied Bs dias dl aoe gst dlviven fnto the qrend- Compaction > The Loose Sel Surveunded the pire fs Peles Compacted clue to ufbratin cluting Hes any d ~~ The pipe ts vemoved and the hole fs back filed wlth Sand to fig a Compaction pile > Gonpactivn piles age Construreal at “Seveqat Locations on grid pattern — > The cactus oF Influence 3 to y Hoes bf pile Atametey fog qeed vesutes the Sit Content Sheoid not qreatey than Iss a Clow Gontent Shovid Not greatey than 3) Scanned with CamScanner [ pst = Aenstficaton methods of Cohettve Sotly ¢- Az Pre - Compression methods | & Sand cain 3+ bliek rats | 4+ Stone Column | 1A: pe = Cempeston med + Pecempson 8 abe Frcen ax prcoetg (©) Suchaneg The mitiod of Precoapervan of dail‘ qioerlly aed for dof cs fared thy Sol oh Precenpretion, the qrourel 4 ‘Opieved witha enpoery Suchonge before Coattre= | ~ction- > Geotialy a Stchage “ft Sudlable hetgkt %& ated) w che ground Yo cawe Precooprestion of the ‘Sof below The Sttrcl ange fill ts Kept on he, guosnd opr a “Toug -fve. 16 Cause Couoticlion of ha Soil 1 ther qvourel 1 nae Ganchaage fil 2 seemored before thee Coutiuction of He, Shudlwe On He Tohe hetgit of he Sacharge fil vats hom 37% tom tn mest Cass, cepenct ipo athe duchage seqitied - ‘f aed carhage tt ae colin Leypnal ee. poteniter of the. sie of Coashcton lug at last Jom on all Sides do hat "untform Compre a ee | Lie neato pea nfo Compretion ofthe Soil ak he le >The piinctf Pecompreston can be explained . theo ay ape 1a. pled bis the hep of Coultltin aye qe of. leasing, untorcig and in | stuloadl tf he aoil “Ye explatacel with the. ides viedin Cune Ab inches “he | ecvense f “the. void wuttio of the coil ducing setfal dong. lhe Cove Bec Shows “he Ineveue |dha. void srartio Cath dnloadig athe Gene cro * erty “the.” decveate Fr the wid sto when He, dell te eloet LU5ge * observed hat the creme ache. | void stati clug seloackig 6 ouch |i “han “be, kdease tn Be Wd aatio asi sofkal loading chrom A +B [=> punta, Jecarpotn Veahen “he duchange | [ph as agpte te e ig Geil to he, fell | She eotl lens he. tthal Aoactig Cie, A8, | chon the cocharge Hil Semored, tinea chieg oceure along BEC- | => when He punclation 4s Conthiutlee! 0n Whe! precomprened cil, “he. seloadhg peers long He Curve cep The deereate inte void ove dung selrackg ‘% | Couidatly® Salter than chat to che vigin cal S0 tial doachig. | Scanned with CamScanner , atte dal properties cue, alty twpores! she copy fine cat deaeuee Ths lene ethan F 2 a ee afte cal 8 teed om hts te beat 3 qQ S>margcrer » the shew sheng Capacity of Ke ail ts impored + On Deevcoutolidded soll i receonpression meted f= eae cis Simple axel Coavntedts «The. Content earlh nog equipmest’ Can be used for vaish the Susface fl the melted i tneepove. if Re doll Sequived Jor Surchage fill ts avilable. % fhe Vieinty of He ite. of, Improvement of He. qrbunel Leone —> Prrecompression ensuves cert ni € aiviuales focal tahorogncowr Vand teak pate Ske poze of covotidaton of to etl can be ently moved 1 ies ple Selitemest platy “ancl plerometers, Dicadvatages “othe. main Atsacvartage of “Re. precompretion metiod te shat the “tne of Consctichction 4s quite Jong, Somestiuts Stent tats Several years St the Coubuction of te Strudle Cannot be. delayed that Jorg, har methods of Couthackto ave acted ; athe melted mequtives 4 dang. Space arcurcl “He ik Ba Coalrudin + satse Surcharge fll Sf te aie % to Congested One, “the. metiod Cannot be wre. >The metiod % expensive if cuilable maledal oy endharge fi 3 mot catty available at a foo cot- a Gard Drains As -alstady mentored ,te main , disadractage fe ~Gonpession veto d discussed 4 fa Jost cLeckion &¢ that Ks Vey Jog Rou « Vecious attempts hae been made, 1 acedenie pe- = tompte8000 proces - ~> gard chee foo ! othe “Heory of cand chat has already beers oliscanect + ~> Because ste potion of land chats in « vl ckpesits eagth ef the deeirage fatk % cletveatect i afrets the pecompretied Soil behavet ay an ave. Commonly ttedto eoluce the Hows of Gualidi- Scanned with CamScanner ~~) sa foot ketal tb the ond chratas + Conegurity he He Ne fet te achieve a tastiio chgree of couslicitn “ie Coutelembly ‘edutsd . diteg 4 ning ‘ety te. ground > A toud chai % constructed bs . wd than filtog che Cast wilh, a Suitably Graded sarc} he Casing 18 Ain Grodually asladiawn Jeasteg he and % the Gout A nomaber ef Such drates are ‘alalled i (0 Rodi of Cane Brain 2 6-9 45 0-2 cB) hoe ef Sind cletes © bie 6) pth of vcd heies fo embantmeit = 37% 359 ; The fg Stovot he ud drataa ‘nstalled / cule 0 ret hee blantet with & . one fener of- 0-6 to 19 ‘e plated wer che, “tap of ab efiz, Sand chetis Connect chery: = on the, Sond Uaaket 5 a Stuchasge Joad 46 plaucl The Swchasge load ancsally ‘nthe foro f He “clarepteal 4s GAL bute Surchaege lood , te, Conolt— dation of the day chepoett occu. pote Sand chains atulerite Me, vow. of ci2sipalton of exces pore aotlin evedlid by -the Seucharge » Bus te ont # cousliclalton 4s + Covriterably %nereasecd | > Bonen he Sard dads ose a 4p) the. pares embankment Cvistudticl for qnonys 5 Conals cle cbhreetly garltoat” “he. euch all. mus the i +, otk Sochasge fillts Saved - “et Ma duu dates Save been Wed to prakee. fir a doagrtine Peeeehy new methods have, been cleuelopedl “te Stecute. Cost of Conslicxelion» [lice ceaieg | > Prone Gud dais ave pile expeatie ts conta: He | | Geotiehnteal ongiacets have oneceanty eveleged loicp dratis. ‘Scanned with CamScanner oid dans ave. Predrabicdld Veefieal datas Conte if on . OA).fluttd plage oibors Coreved bs gessyelkeks membraite « i, “ the top af the wicks dices fle fe a. header die te itehug, \ © Fe. pore. torte The wick drain ave. ually of tee Shape of aship, abggt'\ 71 100 fem we. rms “Hr | > e tole crates de ley Crepeative than he Cand Chafee , They ~ mt epbud sie dand chala a mordem coitrueion, > Fr Gustallage Sek cual % rae Sue 00 of che wick dials ya oly deporit:, The, tale, % atte wie diafu & held Da tobe ard the tebe % pahedl Wi the HE clay epost. The tuke is hen | in he clas depot - | ~> Recently Gecial egteiprment Ord macktacr have been clevel che sulle tie, tek date expecta. oot eee cr | Advantages of wot chatag = >the wit: dias hae the hh lloikig ocliaitagu over Sand ee Trilalletig yf widt-chatas is pile gary ard Convenient. The equipment used %e Small Detling % not ofequied “is make holes to jhe ela eect. —> the dhaiage 4 ‘acod Ones. te. pore: “ain eritérg the. tol hates, Here te bite Seristaue 4 flow, | >The. tote drats alo ineveate, | he Atwile trengt of the thay cleporit 45 dome. extent - rite wie diafes cue Len capestne Ahan and chatese qodualiy ecttidvewo Leaving behind Jha wwick Chats . ty Gone, Columns ¢ Groud mprowment Ya lhe Case gf oft dla be achieved 4 faatalleg tee columns fn i. Shon 1 tolumne ave Cone Scanned with CamScanner a ge oe al sshuitid bs mating: hele % tke cepaste arc Ken -fileg, thaw, holes with Apavel f Sy 6 to Yowm- [2h ronbing 8 hole fo che cil deposit, & Vibroffat te cued +A vibrofteat; Couttts of a Cylicchical tube , about arte 3m Jog 44 200% 500 mm Sn | lender filed with th ate tllom avd atte eit edie. ras wih he, Rbvoflaat Caner a hofzeilal vibialoy motion rhe viorofttt: Xe Gun Ste the, day clepore extag the, loner woater eatnd up 76 4 iter statin below - 3 ke gavel sehen filled tolo dhe hale anck densified bs Vibroflot: as afin ont hs & Shos, ccltenn fs forred so The Mequtted Dumber af Stone, Column Ove. Coniteted ‘The pack of shore, Gluron %s qresaly Latsean W5fe 3m citer 46 Ceetavsthe. Vcltametér ef-fhe, stone. Gamer %e wualy 0-5 45 0A Ls Yow, colina, ach a9 vekeal vats tee arcl chats + Conte qareliy fee oxdte hs f consolidation ‘ eae: Besides cooiking .as dectur He Stone alum) Seinkce, Hier Soft clay deporte etaure the" deft clay % Steplacedd + | ce “oma at dtc pot Ht dey & Sept ME > Beaws the Giffoe ofthe exe. columns 4¢ veey aug a | Conpnsed cy thats of Aft “ A lage fotton of Siperimjote deed ‘ie Castted 4 Stone. Chere “Tha he. beatin Captly the chy | chegecte Me fnovenied Aad “te Sell ae. 9(eduetd. | [> yore, coltums Qe not ofectire for tices cepoute of. gy Organic olay wud crs. ye The, holes shoald Scanned with CamScanner | UNTT- Drainage , Dewatering ond wells Tatsoduction + - \ Deofnoge 5 the process of yemovol of grastty wates from @ sell mass fh exer to keep it Ta ctable conditven- 2 Dwathage roy be classtlfed fa ato 490 categories : 4) Susface. Deofrage ¥) Sub- Sisface. “Dretnoge 2) Susfoce Deatinoge suslace deofooge % jhe ethed oF cautectfon ond dtvexston othe Sucfoce sun off ©) Sub- Sastace Drotnoge «- ) Sub- Susfoce Deoinage consists of gatlectfon ord disposal > of qsound water. zt 85 also. Known 05 Denates’ing B) TE % a process of emoval of w2oles Prom © foundatfon Br when it fs stunted — elo the ground water toble os sustounded by a coffes dom Puspese of Dewotesing :- tthe puspese of Dewiotaring 5 to Keep the creat on day So thot concieting tan be done. 9. Dewotesing ternpotory FP SL AS done. ot the fe of constuction. Scanned with CamScanner a TS followed by westovalion 0s exkyfoal oles lable - rity after the stéuctuse hos bees Completed « 4 peseranent dewatering 15 weaned fey Bernoving gibsunfoce gavitatfonal —untes thoughout dhe We of structuse « B Tt moy be mecessomy fo keep -the woter ow sora the sbouctuve to check dosopness ox other Sil eff ecls Metheds of Gubs-Sudface Deatnoge 3- r v otereepter dikches 2 Sogle stage well peat 3 malt? stage well point Vaccum well pofnt $+ HosPzontol wells. Bo FMew motestal cxitesta ° 10 doing | \- Elect¥o osmosis . \\ Intesceptos Ditches « - a seesceptos gickes some pit Scanned with CamScanner \Trteccepter ditches ase used fot excovation of [tetiled deg made no CeowSe Soil. these aitches ore constaucted oteund the avea to be dewatered 3 The ditches qmust penetwate deeper than the tevel of wok pieo. Wat’ Suitable locations, Sump Pils ate constiucted aleng che ditch Fos Trctollation of the pump to ernove the wolei collected Saf the Set] fs Ree sond of lou pesreeability, belly rray occu i) Sumps and ditches. GAKS Woy be prevented by placing Gillet yes on the sides ord ot the bottom of the ditches ord Gamps. 1. Trtesceptor ditches axe most economcal for cosxging owoy the wales which — emagyeS en the slofeS on} aeos the bottom of the foundation pit Bthe rwethod con effectively used for eck fosmotion, quovel ord cooxSe = gand q St a. Jo Fre Sends and silts, there troy, be Slougring | exoston oS ansekK — Conditions to fos such setls, the method 5 ConfPned too depth of 4 to im. Scanned with CamScanner 1 Single -Stoge Well points »- — green 3 i I ! ' ' ae TH gotten, port OY galt vote 9) Elevotfon 4) section Fy: well points vole ° piscR PIPE | ¥ peodes PYPE FR. well port Tostollotton . ‘Scanned with CamScanner ——— welt psi Fy. Effect of well points A well point ts a perforoted pipe about nr olong scm tn dtametey athe pesforattons ase covered with o Saeen to prevent clogging. B.A Jetting nozale {5 provided. A Corfcol steel dive pofat & feed to the loves end of the well point to fodillttote. eactallation 4 A boll valve $s also provided neat the louex end ehich Perils flo of unter on in the downwerd dixectfon daring Fostallatfon- gre well point §5 Connected to the bottom’ of the viser pipe. of the Some diameter Gc. fees od diffesert veld points ose canmected to a hart z0n- tal pipe of 15 to 30cm dibmetes | Known as heades- Scanned with CamScanner Tirhe spacing of the well potets deperds upon the tyfe of Soil ord depth of utes Genewally, Tt vorfes between (+40 3m g well potts con be Sestotted fn a detlled bole, but generally these ose fastalled by Setting « q wales % purnped —traough the aes pfpe to the dowonuaoxd ffrectfon. ng Ht discharges though the nozzle, St d&places jhe soll below the Hp. to setting %5 contioued till the taauuitied fenetuaton of the tp % achfeved « Advantages :- 1 the advantoge of fastattalion by Jetting 15 that the wotes ondes psessute sashes outoy soil [reg meas thé tip ond leveS welatively coasse matestal. e It fosmS G potusal filter gxound the tp. Ws the bole fosmed nent the tip 5 ited with cooxse gond. 2 afte’ the yell points hove been Tnstalled asourd the owen yo be deumtesed , Purnping fs stoxted - (3. Foch well point towess the uates table axourd it ond forms a Small cone of depresston - in: VostouS cones of depsesston fot, ard a — dornmmon diotodocoq axve 85 obtoined «the umes toble thus lowered. Scanned with CamScanner 15 Well points ose sufloble for lowering the wotes table by S40 6m fo sols wstth a coeflfetent of pesmeabtltty between — 6 ty W169 enfgec. \B- The seseen rosrally provided th the well potats con Prevent medfrn and CoosSe Sond from extesing the well pofat. Te af the stutum 19 be deuptesed constets” of Bree soils , asond filter FS io be — prov?ded osourd the well pote ie at %& essertiol to conthue Pumpting once it hes been storled vrtil the — excavolion fs complete. wee TE ts stopped fo between, TE may pyole to be d&psteous, = Nulti- Stage well points , BSN GOW dyeoq > 4! Yas & Fig, Mulkt- sloge well poet Scanned with CamScanner Le wihen the voter table % 40 be lowesed for o depth greater qhan 6m) paul lP- stoge well potnts axe xequutsed . Dlg ANS methed, 4. oF move fous gf well pois xe Snstalled ol different elevations. 3-the Trstallatfon of watt points is done Yo stages. the fst SAE Well Poirt ase gcoted meas the pextrretes of he. ora, 0S fh a stale stage well point system. Wye these xe put Fh to opewotion ond the alex toble tesered by about 5m ond the osea. 8S extcovoted . &: The well pots of the second Stoge ove then fostatled with Th the owen, olseady excovated . 6 wales toble is fusthe™ — osened by about sn ond the escavation of — fusthe® 5m depth is done: a thes the totol depth gf eeconotton becomes tor: if Beauutsed the ahisd — sloge of well pofats an ol6o be testalled yo furthes — lourex the unter toble B he method is useful fos exeaiot fone up to 15m depth. % Excmotions exceeding gem depth gue genemlly — deroatered by a deep wert Systern Scanned with CamScanner Me Noccum well pofatss - swell potats cok be used Sonds others thon ond fie Sords oo5 mm: about Q. the coefftefert of permeability ptenospheste pressure rrabidiralotlesbeotbor— Lasers sy —oxfatnol wT seo ie N — sord filter (x8ids andes. vaccurn) wotey level tr Fitter Successfully Pow draining silty with gn effectNe size \e6S & sich sols % gerevally {between W150 te iot msec 3: these Sells can be effectively dacfned by using, occur well points - . Fos “installation of FoF tallanon st O veccum wet prints, 0 hele of about 95 crn dfarneles S — fosrned ground the well pott and ithe. sises ppc by Jetting = wates Undes Pe ssuve 5. when water {5 JM flosfng, medfum 40 cease cand: & fitted fo to the bole upto bout tea from the top. Scanned with CamScanner 6. the top tea postion of the hole %s then filled by tomping cloy tn to ty nM forms a gost of — Seal. 7 Fry othe’ Ynpervfous matesial con also be used fastead of cloy to fs a Seal g- well point spocing fs genewally closer thon that fm o Comentional system G-when the header fs connected to 9 vaccum pur, %t GseateS A Vaccum fa the gand filte® osound the well powt. te AS the pressuke on the ates toble fs eajud 40 the head @using flow & fneveased | by on arourt —@yunl to the accurn pressute alrrasphestc pressure, the UW the bydsoul¥e — gyadtent Sneseases gad “it overcomes the Flos yes%Stonce % the soil poxess The sound —wote* flows 10 he Begin of yaccun the well petats — gad diotinage occuss 13- AS the effentR atlee pessute on ee Sl 3 Soreased, Consalfdaton takes place: Tt, makes the Soil Sth. Ww However, the pyocess %5 slows and tt my toe geveral weeks fos the gol tg becorne At Pfft enough for eosin cul the ecatatfon Works Scanned with CamScanner 5- Host zontal wells »- \ Hostzental wells of about scm to gern diamelev hove been used 2 these 3 A pesforated Casing 5 Tastalled Sn the well fos dvafnage of KS gles. well ose defiled fm to fil at o Slighly upword slope HO collect and dischowye scatev. 4 Hostzontal wells have been Successfully Used to fastated fos hestzental length of Gom. 5. bowge hestontal tunnels have also been Successfully used -to top deep oaysifess beneath KN gtdes . & A Contbined System con be used to dat stati fted ¢gs 7. Tn this systern, | the vevtfcal wells Fntescept of wslfeal wets and osfeontal wielle deposits the Aquifer and d&chowye the oler nto pezontol well. 8: the ot oo wote® — Collected by host zontal well %& dtechowqed Suitable — peat . Scanned with CamScanner L v Electso- Ogrnasts * - pat eo ON ot i) Yvy aN luo of wells 5 fou Gq vulls NN / ‘odes, Cathodes) re (cathodes ) \ Fleclso - osmosis & a erethod of dwirage of cohetve Sells fo which a dyect cusvent used - % when a divect — cussent 5 pogsed ksough 0 Satusoted gotl between oo postive electwode Lenode) ond a cegotive elect¥ode , pose watery eisotes 40 the cathode. 3 the cothele fs 0 well Pot abtch collects the wotey damned — fworn the Sct + uy ‘the woles collected 5 di&chasged, 05 fH a Conventional well goint — syslem. B tre gheromencn ef electio- oSrre8S an be exploted with the hel? of the cleclseal double loye- 6. Cottons ose Sosened in pose. waotes when the déssolved ceresals 30 to” galuton Scanned with CamScanner A qhese cloy rfhemls to 8 6 the unter mekcules acts os attwet the rogatve end of q when the the attached umtes relecules, Cations eeaie towds the negatively chaned suslace of Satisty the cleckifeal charge dfpcles the ealinS algo dfpoles » - aliens mot to the gathede, “thay take with thera , lo. To foct, the ertfie outes post of the aPffuse double lay ex kth fs olery ao plane W only ake fnnex most past of wernais gktached to the particle Be pmales os Fo the farm of glesl weds located eas the tee of the slope of 4re excavation WB. cathodes oe Sh the fom of pesforated Pres, sesembliy well portS | fnstalled fm the stl mass about to gm auny fron the aloe fhe cut W othe clecksodes ie G> asvanged F& loo of wotes %5 — gerented form the CB CONDLOD . eosely adsorbed to the ofl foalteles get sheave] the loge’ bout to AP thScize trot the nobusal d¥section ard 5 d¥sected aunay cut. Scanned with CamScanner 'S The ostorgement % seqused to puter loushfog of the slopes 6 Jo eromy cases, ese reversing of the dicta of flax So Saceeasing the stability ef the slope even ff theve 8g no Synifcast —decsease iy the. umes Caolent of seth Wn ee. Trthe systern geass haut 90:0 20 arapeses of electsfct ly Per well oh o veltoge of be sto Bo Ard the ConSurnption ot eresyy between 0S to to whe? of scl dothed We Because ef Spectaltsed enutpment and bith electsiet ty corGumngtion, dhaSrage by elects osmosis — expensive corpoted with thes methods. 1. the dain —methed —ghould be used only Sn exceptional coses when dhes methods ant be used. to TE WS noverally used to duty cater tho ccbestve Seif af ed — pesmeabrlity - ’ 1+ Flertso osmos’s also helps a —reseastng Shear stvength of ake cobesPve — getl. Scanned with CamScanner GRourin g a Frevking a 4 % a ps teprd atlfned “feeb ha (ke rel A Soils ond. racks sS ‘uae fy oondaltg fee duit se “ aphudlfog and aPler Cerphucle ly ts alto H pesmink* works % 2 vid Conhd %n shake Nw of * Otc of gr a j ' Gevat stood be retant “ch ig : QR. Gunt chad ale 4o feprease + Goat amet oe “lo. peneltte t1fo the vet and the tected - see 4. Goat dhold ‘be less cock aed ehaull ees hardened prjertias. anes uses 3 — \. weed co) sel? Ps shruchoyed a. Gytoq good adchored ples, stock hes, Concrete pile uallg relate "] walls, -tonnels ete. 3. De ws osed fa enable sil we a tenliae a level. * Guegks ox oppaktop 2 o— Wes oe ~heo ype sont r a. Soluhion qr 4. Sepensfon Fa Suspended - e cullose afer of “ening wings wth V chamfeal properties. . Exe 2 ale fs gaoatel well cont, tent Sotl » tnalton 8 assockled with “unter : - hwo & Siukion gas: oe pote es These aye. 1m for a arfgfn of —- sig at stoke al on) °% colloidal «sdicns. Sepeneion ress is Onsyiets= f L- “uA AL Corb tay ty acts *_palvert fuel C09), aan Wroled oxfded of abemiator, foes Lenlortle — ~ dag =. “Aap - eral, = Sand, all akove Sertinalts ce Stadt gosls s— Pranpesi—- ' Pryseons sdubion ,— : Stteake deatvalfves, , 2 Coe detulived . doxtvalives, 4. Pees 1 amedeg a dubrowtth ee vas Choe alae Bie cathe Fron Apress, Ga 3 : \ t reais 3. human 3. Ssluent Hem. 3. pocducts, os sith rund $ _ Ereond Suber salls Coe) Saline wader. 4 Cali 4 sales S “AIL enfoaral selubins «. oe poplicatteas 2— a7 je. Cothol A aatsltenktan 3. vibelioq contol 4. - Compocted, exS, * methods of ooking 3— OAR theve. axe. 2 28). osed Br gon fepeatat 0 ba " “ry ia get 2 cee gy 1 Sc gong, * San ly > Dh terhusen grovl seals ont Fracluyes fm vocks orsoils ae filled "4 rach gq: 1d Fieen the. > The fi © fet waarted toto the otek m Grenned with CamScenner TP Somelines, ihe piped oye taceited froen ctonnels or other crt tothe g rood > “the prt ts shen fafecled by - WE oko “he phpeS, Gut ted Pesuneds > ha meta ads eof takes ; tet (ries pameatit oF the of the a ft tel eee! Cremer cani 9 ts aed . } t% Enshusion gortiog ? : ased for the shondab, ot Baler eater Shuahoes Sach ag, damg) be pale “he Scnne 4 Gensicbin gicton ah > Corp goal sei clasp 9. >a thes method, a -thfo PS fected “obo the. proond under rh pressure “throgin aagipe ~to form aserfeg Fobraskng ers a ~ “the Gould be Re, isttha, oe 5 Fem Pete tg “thick, TE ches, Tab pn ene dep rah “>The ey eel of se ah to the ®S to conpsat -the aapetll sl, a teen & hoeud | (ane *S gle effeelte for lease cchastooless Usstls, Dt fsalto used fee | shy Fine - id sctls. > “The Yeethed Canta be aa eS; dad Mh Soils bacauge pore pressure Senipet to these ‘tls oud wneven, er Setllona thers, _ {Get oe sl ale - i Gmpactton Faalihg corey sed to ~estore the he dra teh have Sdfered excessive Settlements, 7 Compachter geting tepeves “the gkeongth of ‘he crdarphg Sor) cleo) ya ces) the éelllanarts he exist ea eee oT 1 | 3. pertaat fon, hp: sal | —? ae akin grodking, arthto B Infected fo the. | sal dapat Teal toto the uss of thesdl. | —F Becouge -te ° ot E Te Sal ees Distal 4 | oes, the SI | oot gat oq oe E fs ae foto an almest- Rameakion geking > Mer prrrenfon ety p the Sei] becomes fmpemeatte, _~ and > AHS method t Grimentsy ased lo statilce Sil before shore exetaben ng operating, q 4 Be goats ey 3 > Met artig: 2 Space pe Filled ustth hoaontal f FeiB PS owed, = Te GAS tojak the oat foto ~the st] ender high pressure. ~? he fe 8S Rik fserted foto the ground ~o “the ‘agatred doo, than Tafeckon of qe ts : > The Pipe % Pret fosested fobo-the aroord to the vepuiced oepth and shen -thus & cdumn Trealed Sol of es Sil % formed around “ths plpe. el whe 2 es pe : ond ‘Trapermeale . +8 “ye oaks wooly el “cuaber Coola! prefects, Sils pny ae el ’s alto SStable eae stadt eaghtey a sete. ee i % peat he aut, fecls : — Git ONIT- REINFORCE EARTH Refiyforce eth 3— Ge the SI Can be shabiled by tok ‘hin chips in IE. Do svefofarced eoxth, thtn metal shits of Slid of whe of prs aye xed o% vehhorceniet? to vello he essintat fealege oF the veinforced easth & tak Riteq develops yng the retnfrceriaat and -the sy! b ree. ~the Soil means oF Fickons the S| -Wranskes “he forces built oP Fothe ech, enass fo the veitfarcemal ». Thes tens devel leps fh the vetforcenseaty thon the Sel mass [Link] -fo sha ke fesse under’ leads, * Coyeals ¢ seed, eth 2— At -the exposed verlteal Sorface of the. mass, a alarints sje used to povile acxt oF borReY & tal the sd as Contained ' Beh Scie oils age gently prefatstéalil from units. > Which ase gall and IBhE & 4 the: Seil. 8 an be PaoNG | ]- cet ~trangpsited and placed “NN fp Po poston, i Back Fill. : > These aoe cally‘ made of sleel aluminurn, relhforced “Gaciate or plate, 7 “These shauld be bo enough to ~ =e hold tack ~the keke Po “d ae —— TP The moreover, these sheold be =m mIRC | Sech +thab-the, vetnfoxcomant; esa] a fan be cag? > The Ro fastened to them, 5g woilS aensrall Yegu%e a Small plato condzate. Rak wah -the & fi wt Za bork. d Scanned with CamScanner 4. rately ell a = ap mets > “the elofecaonts f% connect “lo-Ihe fac lomatth ‘fp cod exlenled back Sato the bck(t zi. the Ftclaq develeped to he. vetife excel veshtys “the. Facing elena. Fist aloyey or ey ships ts placed tt “he level gone (J surface nel the backl wi ts loge with “rT Soil. op . pata poset No. 200 steve Psused. > The 8 usth less tha 15 > the ante process oF i ales = ste fe wad A the veyed hep of “the weipforcedd ey wallatged.. SSof|_ beck Fell 8 GAeble Sell a Casals and vsed Br Sil backP * Rinetples (or) Advaillages 3— \. Reel exatth walls oe yi He n a he can reatst-forces, Toendakiog eforinalifo9s Coy) Sellen 3 Retofoveed ccc with hands eaath ake forces and all a ‘Gals te os ‘weoforced extth oe “hongarted andl Cegshucted osthy = reldforced emit aye, available Fr voofouk shape ond _ SBes, Hrnongion Ss. Scanned with CamScanner # Apaleos ™ He bk Al ive of se coors a. embacknagts 3. Bndalurs 4. Haborys 5. a ions shucleyes S onder oond huchoyes Rest : f ie SSE Peebles of stpfrced sil eg walls 2 Pessamplns 3 — 1 Back Gil ?s haticntel wsithaals jane Sorcharge , ee Pear adlhg an Quart laine 2s Same ag, nak ats Bie (i? wa Meal ia ieee . Cobexthe wall Ss Panki hy mt cot oa “tod Re oclue eaauyye held , fatlee plane makes ag le of 4st d cath hateontedl, whore | ihe Bah : poe oP sell wablance , = ‘Resin eho an cttforced earth walls — Let aa cogstder ckagy of velatnin: wall ‘Ag! of a a Wl (i vlhsn eoall yates above the. et A a back) ‘a! Lalor. | Scanned with CamScanner plane ‘ac! feng, which makes an “fe of (uston’) with the’ boroglal B Adive presse ccling ory tll iy ckpth (2) keoww the! ee Surface % qe ‘y Ae I h “tal, presse per orit lenath, of coal w| 4 «fs afer wy n q ‘ ep 5 2 , " Re Yo ¥ Hky i FF { hy 454 > let oS dle ‘y! fo the to Small [wary ee . ——" 4a Te?) hes sie. Diiky Spreng lek ze ke the vel fncenat strip (3) * Povesage pressure Ph Yarka let us assume velo foretac skips aye fied st iglewels oF ‘h So Abak Yension developed ml each ship fs Aaven as, TH Pata ~ 2 kp hes sor all chips, # “T= Sp, : ‘sith. im Ships 2 — A‘ depth 22 , Fete westslanee eP should Conese FH RET 0 Sts ae of hele “than, P= (aetan se (sidlace oqea cf aay ship) , & 2, 7 : ea + Finstiq ckuelaped % each shp with espa; “0 Suiface ficloq Fy = Yar ban § Scanned with CamScanner Serface cepa Ships, efi sty *b fs opel to aire ag 3 evlatee develops an ath faces oF ships Soblthide Fr fn opal Ffe Yetlang yable Bee Fachor of Safe % Sabet ships, Lele fete Vazb bang 4 seond bas cr) Rods , Le = FsT: d= dia of bay We 22 bon § sheats, Le 2 pT a tae | WBF teng ¢ Secle, EPR ence Age FL Fo ¥T: Fs Fs As = Fs Gas ka)hs Es (ris Pre A) F SLabslily of call for) evlenal shtdthy of wall B— the back Rl of wall should be Jee aa tata pose “heer Foner end oF yehGrea cloak, factor oF ogaeat os belweaq veiqforced £aAand fearing Sil ‘shoul be tess thong. 7 ter Slopes fern facloy of ont us ghoold be onswed Scanned with CamScanner Note :~ pesee cbshalig anual wal exceed allowable = \ Capaote oF -Ronckil bey Si, * Sell nailing SSI paslti -fechaty, ae, oseel sto reinforce S| to eoeke FE) moe slate. Added “lo tek, aL ts osed fr Skepes, exca- vations, velatintng walls ele, lo make eb ecoce Slable, this aalede «sil shel th Se] mailing elechotee, Us Ayped and sitakens ern > Pinta HRs oP Si eal L. dtedlay OF cxithi, yelsdnthg, wall ny fo extan 20 fos hh and =e fact thea! landeldle vader plan. erakonkemantis and Mt shestedty oF ‘Td avcl | a st ds 5. ~Tamel petals fo unealle and lecp chaatifeed sl Sloped & Copstoaction aod velrofflben lathe abaments, F shecp eatlin i shebiltalsng, 8 calflrmg Yee over cheap exkktn, exilncialhs R. Sreaualtng relate vee ral ta 4d. provide ey Jer, alatstet “fo extslirg Concrete. Shuchees whats demetehrer onl vetuilding cl lo, “sf ‘ ‘femporeny exeavalion sha Scanned with CamScanner #°Sit_tutling echtyie. press 2— “ TA he ~lecheue, SSI % veofored lh dendor elemanbs Sich 08 veforeig- bays actch aye. ealed ad eels. aa tllushated fo these vata kes se fostalled foto pe~ ailled ales and ha quate. molzover, ~these antl ae caallled a an fetgdio, oP tea dares ata ~A\s the cxeaslto proceeds 1» the shatexete, Concrete or othe pea coatertals, oe applied an “the excavate face 40 great: We vefofercing cleet of oetls. flluchrate ayco4 See rata newer, San ¥ Epped of al netlng o \. “Detited and aridted Soil jlefltg method . 2. Driven Set rele ( onathed . 3. garp detlte d y Sot en methad . vet Grovled sof wail " method , Scanned with CamScanner

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