EMA 151S: INTEGRATION 2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA
October 18, 2024
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 1 / 26
SUBTITLES
1 Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
2 Integrals with integrands of the form 1/(Z 2 + A2 )
3 Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
A2 −Z 2
4 Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 +A2
5 Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 +A2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 2 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Consider the integral
dZ
Z2 − A2
Note: the denominator can be factorized and that the function can
therefore be expressed in its partial fractions
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 3 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Z
1 1 P Q
= = +
Z 2 − A2 (Z − A)(Z + A) Z −A Z +A
∴ 1 = P(Z + A) + Q(Z − A)
1 1
Put Z = A =⇒ P = and Put Z = −A =⇒ Q = −
2A 2A
1 1 1 1 1
2 − A2
= · − ·
Z Z Z 2A Z − A Z2A Z +A
1 1 1 1 1
∴ = dZ − dZ
Z 2 − A2 2A Z −A 2A Z +A
Z
1 1 1
= · ln(Z − A) − · ln(Z + A) + C
Z 2 − A2 2A 2A
1 Z −A
= ln +C
2A Z +A
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 4 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Example
Z
1
dx
x2 + 4x + 2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 5 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Solution: Complete the square with the first two terms
1 Add the square of half the coeficient of x
x 2 + 4x + 2 = x 2 + 4x + 22 + 2 − 22
2 Subtract an equal amount, i.e. 4, to keep the identity true.
x 2 + 4x + 2 = x| 2 + 4x 2
{z + 2} +2 − 4
=(x+2)2
Hence,
Z Z
1 1
dx = dx
x 2 + 4x + 2 (x + 2)2 − 2
R 1
3 Write the integral in the for Z 2 −A 2 dZ
( √ )
x +2− 2
Z
1 1 1
2
dx = 2
√ 2 dx =⇒ √ ln √ +
(x + 2) − 2 (x + 2) − ( 2) 2 2 x +2+ 2
| {z } | {z }
Z2 A2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 6 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Find
Z
1
dx
2x 2 + 20x + 36
Solution:
Note: The coefficient of x 2 must be 1. Take out the factor 2
Z Z
1 1 1
2
= 2x 2 20x 36
dx
2x + 20x + 36 2
2 + 2 + 2
x 2 + 10x + 18 = x| 2 − 10x 2
{z + 5} +18 − 25
(x−5)2
√
= (x − 5)2 − 7 =⇒ (x − 5)2 − ( 7)2
√
x −5− 7
Z
1 1 1
∴ = · √ ln √ +C
2x 2 + 20x + 36 2 2 7 x −5= 7
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 7 / 26
Activity
Z
1
dx
x2 + 6x + 4
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 8 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Similarly
Z
dZ 1 A+Z
2 2
= ln +C
A −Z 2A A−Z
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 9 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form ±1/(Z 2 − A2 )
Example:
Z
1
dx
6 − 6x − 5x 2
Solution:
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 10 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form 1/(Z 2 + A2 )
Consider the integral
Z
dZ
Z2 + A2
Note: the denominator cannot be factorized, and the rule of partial
fractions cannot be applied
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 11 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form 1/(Z 2 + A2 )
1 Let Z = A tan θ
Then Z 2 + A2 = A2 tan2 θ + A2 = A2 (1 + tan2 θ) = A2 sec2 θ
dZ
Also, dθ = A sec2 θ and dZ = A sec2 θdθ
The integral now becomes
Z Z Z
1 1 2 1 1
dZ = A sec θdθ = dθ = θ + C
Z 2 + A2 A2 sec2 θ A A
2 Express θ in terms of the original variable Z
Z = A tan θ, θ = tan−1 ZA
Z
1 1 −1 Z
dZ = tan +C
Z 2 + A2 A A
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 12 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form 1/(Z 2 + A2 )
Determine
Z
1
dx
2x 2 + 12x + 32
Solution:
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 13 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
A2 −Z 2
Consider the integral
Z
1
√ dZ
A2 − Z2
Note: the rule of partial fractions cannot be applied because of the root
sign
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 14 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
A2 −Z 2
1 Let Z = A sin θ
Then
A2 − Z 2 = A2 − A2 sin2 θ
= A2 (1 − sin2 θ) = A2 cos2 θ
p
A2 − Z 2 = A cos θ
dZ
Also, dθ = A cos θ =⇒ dZ = A cos θdθ
2
Z Z Z
1 1
√ dZ = A cos θdθ = dθ = θ + C
A − Z2
2 A cos θ
3 Express θ in terms of original variable Z = A sin θ =⇒ θ = sin−1 Z
A
Z
1 −1 Z
√ dZ = sin +C
A2 − Z 2 A
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 15 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
A2 −Z 2
Determine
Z
1
√ dx
14 − 12x − 2x 2
Solution: √
Divide the expression by 2, but note that this becomes 2 when brought
outside the root sign
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 16 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 +A2
Consider the integral
Z
1
√ dZ
Z 2 + A2
Note: the rule of partial fractions cannot be applied because of the root
sign.
Convert the function into the hyperbolic identities and put Z = a sinh θ
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 17 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 +A2
1 Let Z = A sinh θ
Then
Z 2 + A2 = A2 sinh2 θ + A2 = A2 (sinh2 θ + 1)
since cosh2 θ − sinh2 θ = 1 =⇒ cosh2 θ = sinh2 θ + 1
p
Z 2 + A2 = A2 cosh2 θ =⇒ Z 2 + A2 = A cosh θ
dZ
Also, dθ = A cosh θ =⇒ dZ = A cosh θ dθ
2
Z Z Z
dZ 1
√ = A cosh θ dθ = dθ = θ + C
Z 2 + A2 A cosh θ
3 Express θ in terms of original variable Z = A sinh θ =⇒ θ = sinh−1 Z
A
Z
1 −1 Z
√ dZ = sinh +C
Z 2 + A2 A
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 18 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 +A2
Determine
Z
1
√ dx
x 2 + 5x + 12
Solution:
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 19 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 −A2
Consider the integral
Z
1
√ dZ
Z 2 − A2
Note: the rule of partial fractions cannot be applied because of the root
sign.
Convert the function into the hyperbolic identities and put Z = a cosh θ
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 20 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 −A2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 21 / 26
Integrals with integrands of the form √ 1 dZ
Z 2 −A2
Determine
Z
1
√ dx
x 2 + 6x + 1
Solution
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 22 / 26
Class Exercise
Determine the following integrals:
i. Let W = A · sinh(y ). By applying hyperbolic substitution, show that:
A2
Z p
2 2 −1 W Wp 2
W + A dW = sinh + W + A2 + C
2 A 2
ii. Using your result from part (i) and completing the square, determine:
Z p
y 2 + 6y + 13 dy
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 23 / 26
Solution - Part 1
1. Show
A2
Z p
2 2 −1 W Wp 2
W + A dW = sinh + W + A2 + C
2 A 2
Let W = A · sinh(y ) =⇒ dW = A cosh(y )dy . The square root becomes:
W 2 + A2 = A2 sinh2 (y ) + A2 = A2 (sinh2 (y ) + 1) = A2 cosh2 (y )
Thus, the integral becomes:
Z q
A2 cosh2 (y ) · A cosh(y ) dy
Since A2 cosh2 (y ) = A cosh(y ), the integral simplifies to:
Z
2
A cosh2 (y ) dy
We use the identity:
1 + cosh(2y )
cosh2 (y ) =
2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 24 / 26
Thus, the integral becomes:
A2
Z Z
1 + cosh(2y )
A2 dy = (1 + cosh(2y )) dy
2 2
Now, integrating term by term:
A2
sinh(2y )
y+ +C
2 2
Substituting back y = sinh−1 W
A , we get:
A2
W Wp 2
sinh−1 + W + A2 + C
2 A 2
This completes part (i).
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 25 / 26
Solution - Part (ii)
Compute the integral: Z
(y 2 + 6y + 13) dy
Step 1: Completing the Square
Rewrite y 2 + 6y + 13 by completing the square:
y 2 + 6y + 13 = y 2 + 6y + 9 + 4 = (y + 3)2 + 4
Let W = y + 3 and A = 2, so the integral becomes:
Z
(W 2 + 4) dW
Step 2: Applying the Result from Part (i)
A2
Z p
W Wp 2
W 2 + A2 dW = sinh−1 + W + A2 + C
2 A 2
Z
W Wp 2
(W 2 + 4) dW = 2 sinh−1 + W +4+C
2 2
Z
y +3 y + 3p
(W 2 + 4) dW = 2 sinh−1 + (y + 3)2 + 4 + C
2 2
DR. O.P. BABALOLA EMA 151S October 18, 2024 26 / 26