Average Rates
and
Instantaneous
Rate
- What is the
average run rate
of West Indies
from the start of
their Innings till
the 2nd wicket
fall?
- What is the
average run
rate of West
Indies during
the 1st and 2nd
wicket fall?
- Do you think
West Indies will
win the match
if it continues
with the same
rate?
Average Rate of change
• The average rate of change describes how much one
variable, on average, changes when compared to another
variable.
Just like in last example, average run rate is how much
RUNS changed with respect to OVERS.
• It describes how rapidly variables change w.r.t. to other
variables.
Rate of Change: Real-life
Application
Average Rate of change
• Average rate of change over the interval �� , ��
������ �� �
=
������ �� �
�� −��
=
�� −��
Velocity- As the Average Rate of
Change
a) What is the change in
particle’s distance from � =
0 to � = 3?
Velocity- As the Average Rate of
Change
a) What is the change in
particle’s distance from � =
0 to � = 3?
You might know,
������ �� ��������
Average Speed/Velocity=
������ �� ����
What is the slope of the straight
line shown in the figure?
What is the slope of the straight
line shown in the figure?
The SLOPE of the straight line is the same
as the Average rate of change of distance
over the given interval.
The formula is the SAME…!!!
Graphical: Average Rate of
Change
• The SLOPE of the straight line passing through the points
gives us:
The average rate of change over the given interval points.
Change in Function
Average rate of change in function
is the
Average rate of change in function
is the
The line AC
representing
average rate of
change is called
Examples
Quick Exercise to check your
Understanding
Points to Ponder!
• Overall average rate of
change (Runs per over) in
first 3.5 overs for both
teams is same. …
• But after 3.5 overs,
things drastically
changed..
This means we should consider the
rate of change over shorter intervals
too, for better understanding and
analysis of data.
So for this, we learn how to estimate
Instantaneous Rate
What is the average velocity on the interval
[0,1]?
Instantaneous Rate
What is the velocity at exactly � = �?
Instantaneous Velocity Using
the Idea of a Limit
• The of an object at time � is defined
to be the
limit of the average velocity of the object over shorter and
shorter time intervals containing t.
Instantaneous Velocity= ���
∆�
∆�→� ∆�
Average rate of change
vs
Instantaneous rate of change
Average rate of change
vs
Instantaneous rate of change
Secant line vs Tangent line
Examples
Continued.. Last Example
• Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve � � =
�2 +1 at � =− 4.
Solution: We just calculated the instantaneous rate of t
function at � =− 4.
Instantaneous rate at � =− � = slope of tangent line at � =
−�
� − � −� = ���� � − −�
� − �� =− �� − ��
� =− �� − ��
GeoGebra
Activity: Download the app on mobile right now and see the
graphs of curves and tangent line.
-Plot function equation
-Plot tangent line equation
[Link]
tails?id=[Link]&hl=en_U
S
Exercise-Rates
The DERIVATIVE
Recall
• Average Rate of Change of function � � for interval [�1 , �2
� �2 − � �1
=
�2 − �1
• Or in other words, lets define for any point � and its
neighboring point � + ℎ:
Recall
• For the instantaneous rate of change at the point �, we
use smaller and smaller intervals, i.e ℎ is very small,
(almost zero or even equal to zero).
• We can EDIT the average rate of formula as:
Recall
• For the instantaneous rate of change at the point �, we
use smaller and smaller intervals, i.e ℎ is very small,
(almost zero or even equal to zero).
Recall
• For the instantaneous rate of change at the point �, we
use smaller and smaller intervals, i.e ℎ is very small,
(almost zero or even equal to zero).
Derivative Function
Derivative
• Instantaneous Rate of Change of function � � at any point
�
is (also known as)
Derivative
• Instantaneous Rate of Change of function � � at any point
�
is (also known as)
• Derivative �′ � at any point �
which is graphically
Derivative
• Instantaneous Rate of Change of function � � at any point
�
is (also known as)
• Derivative �′ � at any point �
which is graphically
• The slope of the tangent line to the function curve at �
Same thing… Different names!
• Instantaneous Rate of Change of
function � � at any point �
is (also known as)
• Derivative �′ � at any point �
which is graphically
• The slope of the tangent line to the
function curve at �