• Outer Layer
• Cornea
• Sclera
• Middle Layer (Choroid) – Blood Vessels
• Inner Layer (Retina) – Photoreceptors (rods &
cones)
• Lens
• Aqueous Chamber (Between cornea & lens)
• Filled with aqueous humor
• Vitreous Chamber (Between lens & retina)
• Filled with Vitreous humor – Jelly like protein
These fluids help in holding the lens at its
appropriate place & in proper shape.
• Accommodation – a processs through which
the lens changes its shape in order to focus the
objects at varying distances. This process is
regulated by ciliary muscles in lens.
• Iris – Disc like membrane responsible for light
intensity
• Retina – 5 types of photosensitive cells
• Rods – scotopic vision (night vision) – colourless
vision
• Cones – Photopic (day light vision) – chromatic vision
100 million rods & 7 million cones
• The cones are highly concentrated around
central region of retina – fovea (Yellow spot)
• Beside photoreceptors, retina also contains the
bundle of axons of a cell (ganglion cell) that
forms the optic nerve , which leads to the
brain.
• The cones are highly concentrated around
central region of retina – fovea (Yellow spot)
• Beside photoreceptors, retina also contains the
bundle of axons of a cell (ganglion cell) that
forms the optic nerve , which leads to the
brain.
• Blind Spot
• Adaptation
• Light Adaptation
• Dark Adaptation
• Rhodospin
• Iodospin
• Colour Vision
• The dimension of colour
• Hue
• Saturation
• Brightness
• After Vision
• Attention – the process through which certain stimuli are selected from a group of
others is referred to attention
• Concentration – It refers to focusing of awareness on certain specific objects while
excluding others at the moment.
• Focus or Focal point of attention – When the field of awareness is centered on a
particular object or event.
• Fringe of attention - When the objects or events are away from the center of
awareness and one is only vaguely aware of them, they are said to be at the fringe of
attention.
• Factors affecting selective Attention
• External factors
• Internal factors
• Motivational factors
• Cognitive Factors
• Theories of Selective Attention
• Filter theory
• Filter-attenuation theory
• Multimode theory
• Sensory Representation
• Semantic Representation
• Sensory & semantic representation
• Factors affecting selective Attention
• Sensory Modality – Auditory are superior than Visual
• Clarity of Stimuli –
• Temporal uncertainty – Regular Interval vs Irregular Interval
• Spatial uncertainty – fixed place are readily attented
• Span of attention
• ADHD
• We give meaning to stimuli by using our learning, memory, Motivation, emotions &
other psychological processes. The process by which we recognise, interpret, or give
meaning to the information provided by sense organ is called Perception.
• Bottom-Up Processing
• Top-Down Processing
• Motivation
• Expectations or Perceptual Sets
• Cognitive Styles
• Cultural Background & Experiences
• Form Perception
• Gestalt Psychologists - Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer.
• Good Figure or Pragnanz
• Figure-ground segregation
1. The Principle of Proximity
2. The Principle of Similarity
3. The Principle of Continuity
4. The Principle of Smallness
5. The Principle of Symmetry
6. The Principle of Surroundedness
7. The Principle of Closure
1. The Principle of Proximity
2. The Principle of Similarity
3. The Principle of Continuity
4. The Principle of Smallness
5. The Principle of Symmetry
6. The Principle of Surroundedness
7. The Principle of Closure
1. Monocular Cues (Psychological Cues)
1. Relative Size
2. Interposition or Overlapping
3. Linear Perspective
4. Aerial Perspective
5. Light & Shade
6. Relative Height
7. Texture Gradient
8. Motion Parallax
2. Binocular Cues (Physiological Cues)
2. Binocular Cues (Physiological Cues)
1. Retinal or Binocular Disparity
2. Covergence
3. Accomodation
Size Constancy
Shape Constancy
Brightness Constancy
Geometrical Illusions
Apparent Movement Illusion